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136 relations: Action Française, Alexis Carrel, Antisemitism, Association football, École nationale d'administration, Édouard Daladier, Badminton, Basque pelota, Battle of France, Battle of Verdun, Benito Mussolini, Charles Maurras, Class conflict, Clericalism, Collaboration with the Axis Powers, Communalism, Constitution of France, Cooperative, Corporatism, Counter-revolutionary, Cult of personality, Decree, Demographics of France, Drancy internment camp, Eugène Schueller, Eugenics, Euthanasia, François de La Rocque, François Lehideux, France in the twentieth century, Freemasonry, French Communist Party, French Historical Studies, French nationality law, French Popular Party, French Resistance, French Revolution, French Social Party, French Third Republic, Georges Hébert, Georges Mandel, History of far-right movements in France, History of the Jews in France, Hitler Youth, Homosexuality, Ideology, Integralism, Internment camps in France, Interwar period, Jacques Barnaud, ..., Jacques Doriot, Jean Borotra, Jean Luchaire, Jean Ybarnégaray, Jeu de paume, Joseph Darnand, L'Histoire, L'Oréal, La Cagoule, Léo Lagrange, Léon Blum, Le Temps (Paris), Legitimists, Liberté, égalité, fraternité, Louis XIV of France, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Lucien Romier, Maréchal, nous voilà !, Marcel Bucard, Marcel Déat, Maurice Gamelin, Maxime Weygand, Metic, Modernism, Modernity, Monarchism, Mouvement Franciste, Multi-party system, Natalism, National Popular Rally, Naturalization, Nazi concentration camps, Nazi eugenics, Nazi Germany, Neosocialism, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Non-conformists of the 1930s, Numerus clausus, Olivier Wieviorka, Olympic Games, Opera Nazionale Balilla, Opportunism, Organicism, Orléanist, Parliamentary system, Paul Reynaud, Personalism, Philippe Henriot, Philippe Pétain, Pierre de Coubertin, Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, Pierre Laval, Pierre Pucheu, Planned economy, Popular Front (France), Professional sports, Racial policy of Nazi Germany, Radical Party (France), Radio Paris, Reactionary, René Belin, René Rémond, Riom Trial, Robert Brasillach, Robert Paxton, Romani people, Rugby league, Scouting, Separation of powers, Serge Berstein, Service d'ordre légionnaire, Strike action, Table tennis, Technocracy, The Four Musketeers (tennis), The Holocaust, Tradition, Travail, famille, patrie, United Kingdom, Vichy anti-Jewish legislation, Vichy France, World War II, X-Crise, Xenophobia, Yellow badge, Yves Bouthillier. Expand index (86 more) »
Action Française
Action française (AF; French Action) is a French right-wing political movement.
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Alexis Carrel
Alexis Carrel (28 June 1873 – 5 November 1944) was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques.
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Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
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Association football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball.
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École nationale d'administration
The École nationale d'administration (generally referred to as ÉNA;; National School of Administration) is a French grande école, created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle, and principal author of the French Constitution, Michel Debré, to democratise access to the senior civil service.
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Édouard Daladier
Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French "radical" (i.e. centre-left) politician and the Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War.
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Badminton
Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net.
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Basque pelota
Basque pelota (pilota in the original Basque language also pelota vasca in Spanish, pelote basque in French) is the name for a variety of court sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, a wooden bat or a basket, against a wall (frontis or Fronton) or, more traditionally, with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net.
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Battle of France
The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War.
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Battle of Verdun
The Battle of Verdun (Bataille de Verdun,, Schlacht um Verdun), fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916, was the largest and longest battle of the First World War on the Western Front between the German and French armies.
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Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who was the leader of the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF).
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Charles Maurras
Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic.
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Class conflict
Class conflict, frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle, is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes.
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Clericalism
Clericalism is the application of the formal, church-based, leadership or opinion of ordained clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import.
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Collaboration with the Axis Powers
Within nations occupied by the Axis Powers in World War II, some citizens and organizations, prompted by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, antisemitism, opportunism, self-defense, or often a combination, knowingly collaborated with the Axis Powers.
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Communalism
Communalism usually refers to a system that integrates communal ownership and federations of highly localized independent communities.
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Constitution of France
The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958.
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Cooperative
A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise".
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Corporatism
Corporatism is the organization of a society by corporate groups and agricultural, labour, military or scientific syndicates and guilds on the basis of their common interests.
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Counter-revolutionary
A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.
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Cult of personality
A cult of personality arises when a country's regime – or, more rarely, an individual politician – uses the techniques of mass media, propaganda, the big lie, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies to create an idealized, heroic, and worshipful image of a leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise.
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Decree
A decree is a rule of law usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution).
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Demographics of France
The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE).
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Drancy internment camp
The Drancy internment camp was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German military administration of Occupied France during World War II.
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Eugène Schueller
Eugène Paul Louis Schueller (20 March 1881 – 23 August 1957) was a French pharmacist and entrepreneur who was the founder of L'Oréal, the world's leading company in cosmetics and beauty.
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Eugenics
Eugenics (from Greek εὐγενής eugenes 'well-born' from εὖ eu, 'good, well' and γένος genos, 'race, stock, kin') is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population.
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Euthanasia
Euthanasia (from εὐθανασία; "good death": εὖ, eu; "well" or "good" – θάνατος, thanatos; "death") is the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering.
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François de La Rocque
François de La Rocque (6 October 1885 – 28 April 1946) was the leader of the French right-wing league named the Croix de Feu from 1930 to 1936 before he formed the more moderate nationalist Parti Social Français (1936–1940), which can be seen as a precursor of Gaullism.
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François Lehideux
François Lehideux (30 January 1904 – 21 June 1998) was a French industrialist and member of the Vichy government.
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France in the twentieth century
The History of France from 1914 to the present includes.
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Freemasonry
Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.
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French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) is a communist party in France.
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French Historical Studies
French Historical Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering French history.
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French nationality law
French nationality law is historically based on the principles of jus soli (Latin for "right of soil"), according to Ernest Renan's definition, in opposition to the German definition of nationality, jus sanguinis (Latin for "right of blood"), formalized by Johann Gottlieb Fichte.
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French Popular Party
The Parti Populaire Français (French Popular Party) was a French fascist and anti-semitic political party led by Jacques Doriot before and during World War II.
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French Resistance
The French Resistance (La Résistance) was the collection of French movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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French Social Party
The French Social Party (Parti Social Français, PSF) was a French nationalist political party founded in 1936 by François de La Rocque, following the dissolution of his Croix-de-Feu league by the Popular Front government.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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Georges Hébert
Georges Hébert (27 April 1875 – 2 August 1957) was a pioneering physical educator in the French military who developed a system of physical education and training known as "la méthode naturelle" ("Natural Method"), which combined the training of a wide variety of physical capacities with the training of courage and morality.
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Georges Mandel
Georges Mandel (5 June 1885 – 7 July 1944) was a French journalist, politician, and French Resistance leader.
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History of far-right movements in France
The far-right tradition in France finds its origins in the Third Republic with Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair.
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History of the Jews in France
The history of the Jews in France deals with the Jews and Jewish communities in France.
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Hitler Youth
The Hitler Youth (German:, often abbreviated as HJ in German) was the youth organisation of the Nazi Party in Germany.
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Homosexuality
Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender.
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Ideology
An Ideology is a collection of normative beliefs and values that an individual or group holds for other than purely epistemic reasons.
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Integralism
Integralism or Integrism is used in the context of Catholicism to refer to an organization of the state which rejects "the separation of politics from concern with the end of human life, holding that political rule must order man to his final goal." Though less commonly referred to in modern theology, Integralism defines the social order of medieval Christendom and is part of the social teaching of the Catholic Church.
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Internment camps in France
There were internment camps and concentration camps in France before, during and after World War II.
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Interwar period
In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939.
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Jacques Barnaud
Jacques Barnaud (born 24 February 1893 in Antibes – died 15 April 1962 in Paris) was a French banker, businessman and member of the collaborationist Vichy regime during the Second World War.
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Jacques Doriot
Jacques Doriot (26 September 1898 – 22 February 1945) was a French politician prior to and during World War II.
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Jean Borotra
Jean Laurent Robert Borotra (13 August 1898 – 17 July 1994) was a French tennis champion.
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Jean Luchaire
Jean Luchaire (21 July 1901 – 22 February 1946) was a French journalist and politician who became the head of the French collaborationist press in Paris during the German military occupation.
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Jean Ybarnégaray
Michel Albert Jean Joseph Ybarnégaray (16 October 1883 – 25 April 1956) was a French Basque politician and founder of the International Association for Basque Pelota.
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Jeu de paume
Jeu de paume ("palm game") is a ball-and-court game that originated in France.
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Joseph Darnand
Joseph Darnand (19 March 1897 – 10 October 1945) was a French soldier, leader of the Vichy French collaborators with Nazi Germany and a Waffen-SS officer.
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L'Histoire
L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French magazine dedicated to historical studies, recognized by peers as the most important historical popular magazine (as opposed to specific university journals or less scientific popular historical magazines).
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L'Oréal
L'Oréal S.A. is a French personal care company headquartered in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine with a registered office in Paris.
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La Cagoule
La Cagoule (The Cowl, press nickname coined by the Action Française nationalist Maurice Pujo), officially called Comité secret d'action révolutionnaire (Secret Committee of Revolutionary Action), was a French fascist-leaning and anti-communist terrorist group that used violence to promote its activities from 1935 to 1941.
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Léo Lagrange
Léo Lagrange (28 November 1900, in Bourg (Gironde) – 9 June 1940, in Évergnicourt) was a French Under-Secretary of State for Sports and for the Organisation of Leisure during the Popular Front (1936-1938).
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Léon Blum
André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French politician, identified with the moderate left, and three times Prime Minister of France.
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Le Temps (Paris)
Le Temps (The Times) was one of Paris's most important daily newspapers from 25 April 1861 to 30 November 1942.
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Legitimists
The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.
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Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Liberté, égalité, fraternité, French for "liberty, equality, fraternity", is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto.
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Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
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Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Louis-Ferdinand Céline was the pen name of Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961), a French novelist, pamphleteer and physician.
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Lucien Romier
Lucien Romier (Moiré, 19 October 1885 – Vichy, 5 January 1944) was a French journalist and politician.
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Maréchal, nous voilà !
"Maréchal, nous voilà !" ("Marshal, here we are!") is a French song dedicated to Marshal Philippe Pétain.
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Marcel Bucard
Marcel Bucard (December 7, 1895, Saint-Clair-sur-Epte – March 13, 1946, Fort of Châtillon) was a French Fascist politician.
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Marcel Déat
Marcel Déat (7 March 1894 – 5 January 1955) was a French socialist politician until 1933, when he initiated a spin-off from the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) along with other right-wing 'Neosocialists'.
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Maurice Gamelin
Maurice Gustave Gamelin (20 September 1872 – 18 April 1958) was a senior French Army general.
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Maxime Weygand
Maxime Weygand (21 January 1867 – 28 January 1965) was a French military commander in World War I and World War II.
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Metic
In ancient Greece, a metic (Ancient Greek: μέτοικος, métoikos: from μετά, metá, indicating change, and οἶκος, oîkos "dwelling") was a foreign resident of Athens, one who did not have citizen rights in their Greek city-state (polis) of residence.
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Modernism
Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Modernity
Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era), as well as the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of Renaissance, in the "Age of Reason" of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century "Enlightenment".
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Monarchism
Monarchism is the advocacy of a monarch or monarchical rule.
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Mouvement Franciste
The Francist Movement (Mouvement Franciste, MF) was a French Fascist and Antisemitic league created by Marcel Bucard in September 1933; it edited the newspaper Le Francisme.
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Multi-party system
A multi-party system is a system in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum run for national election, and all have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition.
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Natalism
Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is a belief that promotes reproduction of sentient life.
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National Popular Rally
The National Popular Rally (Rassemblement national populaire, RNP, 1941–1944) was a French political party and one of the main collaborationist parties under the Vichy regime of World War II.
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Naturalization
Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country.
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Nazi concentration camps
Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (Konzentrationslager, KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War.
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Nazi eugenics
Nazi eugenics (Nationalsozialistische Rassenhygiene, "National Socialist racial hygiene") were Nazi Germany's racially based social policies that placed the biological improvement of the Aryan race or Germanic "Übermenschen" master race through eugenics at the center of Nazi ideology.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Neosocialism
Neosocialism was the name of a political faction that existed in France during the 1930s and in Belgium around the same time and which included several revisionist tendencies in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Non-conformists of the 1930s
The non-conformists of the 1930s were groups and individuals during the inter-war period in France that were seeking new solutions to face the political, economical and social crisis.
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Numerus clausus
Numerus clausus ("closed number" in Latin) is one of many methods used to limit the number of students who may study at a university.
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Olivier Wieviorka
Olivier Wieviorka (born 1960), is a French historian specializing in the history of World War II and the French Resistance.
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Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (Jeux olympiques) are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions.
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Opera Nazionale Balilla
Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) was an Italian Fascist youth organization functioning between 1926 and 1937, when it was absorbed into the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), a youth section of the National Fascist Party.
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Opportunism
Opportunism is the conscious policy and practice of taking advantage of circumstances – with little regard for principles, or with what the consequences are for others.
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Organicism
Organicism is the philosophical perspective which views the universe and its parts as organic wholes and - either by analogy or literally - as living organisms.
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Orléanist
The Orléanists were a French right-wing (except for 1814–1830) faction which arose out of the French Revolution as opposed to Legitimists.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.
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Paul Reynaud
Paul Reynaud (15 October 1878 – 21 September 1966) was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany.
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Personalism
Personalism is a philosophical school of thought searching to describe the uniqueness of 1) God as Supreme Person or 2) a human person in the world of nature, specifically in relation to animals. One of the main points of interest of personalism is human subjectivity or self-consciousness, experienced in a person's own acts and inner happenings—in "everything in the human being that is internal, whereby each human being is an eyewitness of its own self". Other principles.
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Philippe Henriot
Philippe Henriot (7 January 1889, Reims – 28 June 1944, Paris) was a French poet, journalist, politician, and Minister in the French government at Vichy, where he directed propaganda broadcasts.
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Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun, and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944.
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Pierre de Coubertin
Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (born Pierre de Frédy; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937, also known as Pierre de Coubertin and Baron de Coubertin) was a French educator and historian, and founder of the International Olympic Committee, as well as its second President.
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Pierre Drieu La Rochelle
Pierre Eugène Drieu La Rochelle (3 January 1893 – 15 March 1945) was a French writer of novels, short stories and political essays.
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Pierre Laval
Pierre Jean-Marie Laval (28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician.
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Pierre Pucheu
Pierre Firmin Pucheu (27 June 1899 – 20 March 1944) was a French industrialist, fascist and member of the Vichy government.
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Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment and the allocation of capital goods take place according to economy-wide economic and production plans.
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Popular Front (France)
The Popular Front (Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period.
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Professional sports
Professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, are sports in which athletes receive payment for their performance.
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Racial policy of Nazi Germany
The racial policy of Nazi Germany was a set of policies and laws implemented in Nazi Germany (1933–45) based on a specific racist doctrine asserting the superiority of the Aryan race, which claimed scientific legitimacy.
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Radical Party (France)
The Radical Party (Parti radical, also Parti radical valoisien, abbreviated to Rad.) was a liberal and social-liberal political party in France.
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Radio Paris
Radio Paris was a French radio broadcasting company best known for its Axis propaganda broadcasts in Vichy France during World War II.
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Reactionary
A reactionary is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary status quo of a society.
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René Belin
René Belin (14 April 1898 – 2 January 1977) was a French trade unionist and politician.
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René Rémond
René Rémond (30 September 1918 – 14 April 2007) was a French historian, political scientist and political economist.
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Riom Trial
The Riom Trial (Procès de Riom; 19 February 1942 – 21 May 1943) was an attempt by the Vichy France regime, headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, to prove that the leaders of the French Third Republic (1870–1940) had been responsible for France's defeat by Germany in 1940.
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Robert Brasillach
Robert Brasillach (31 March 1909 – 6 February 1945) was a French author and journalist.
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Robert Paxton
Robert Owen Paxton (born 1932) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism, and Europe during the World War II era.
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Romani people
The Romani (also spelled Romany), or Roma, are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern Indian subcontinent, from the Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Sindh regions of modern-day India and Pakistan.
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Rugby league
Rugby league football is a full-contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field.
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Scouting
Scouting or the Scout Movement is a movement that aims to support young people in their physical, mental and spiritual development, that they may play constructive roles in society, with a strong focus on the outdoors and survival skills.
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Separation of powers
The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state.
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Serge Berstein
Serge Berstein (born in 1934) is a French historian, well known as a specialist of the French Third Republic.
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Service d'ordre légionnaire
The Service d'ordre légionnaire (SOL, "Legionary Order Service") was a collaborationist militia created by Joseph Darnand, a far right veteran from the First World War.
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Strike action
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.
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Table tennis
Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using small bats.
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Technocracy
Technocracy is a proposed system of governance where decision-makers are selected on the basis of their expertise in their areas of responsibility, particularly scientific knowledge.
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The Four Musketeers (tennis)
The Four Musketeers, (Les Quatre Mousquetaires) after a popular 1920s film adaptation of Alexandre Dumas' classic,Chris Bowers,, Davis Cup News, February 27, 2009 were French tennis players who dominated the game in the second half of the 1920s and early 1930s, winning 20 Grand Slam titles and 23 Grand Slam doubles.
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.
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Tradition
A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.
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Travail, famille, patrie
Travail, famille, patrie (Labor, family, fatherland) was the tripartite motto of the French State (usually known as Vichy France) during World War II.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II.
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Vichy France
Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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X-Crise
The Groupe X-Crise (or X-Crise) was a French technocratic movement created in 1931 as a consequence of the 1929 Wall Street stock market crash and the Great Depression.
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Xenophobia
Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.
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Yellow badge
Yellow badges (or yellow patches), also referred to as Jewish badges (Judenstern, lit. Jewry star), are badges that Jews and Christians were ordered to sew on their outer garments to mark them as Jews and Christians in public at certain times in certain countries, serving as a badge of shame.
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Yves Bouthillier
Yves Bouthillier (26 February 1901 – 4 January 1977) was a French politician.
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Redirects here:
National Revolution, Ordre Nouveau (1940s), Revolution nationale.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Révolution_nationale
