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211 relations: Abdolonyme Ubicini, Abolitionism, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, Ad hoc Divans, Aferim!, Age of Enlightenment, Alexander I of Moldavia, Alexander Mourouzis, Alexander Pushkin, Alexander Ypsilantis, Alexandru II Ghica, Ataman, Austria-Hungary, Austrian Empire, Župa, Balkans, Barbarian, Berghahn Books, Bessarabia, Bessarabia Governorate, Bistrița, Bogdan IV of Moldavia, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Boyar, Boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia, Boyash, Bran Castle, Bucharest, Budjak, Bukovina, Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine law, Cantacuzino family, Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, Central Europe, Central European University Press, Cezar Bolliac, Charles-Frédéric Reinhard, Chernivtsi, Common law, Compensated emancipation, Compulsory education, Conservatism, Constantine Mavrocordatos, Constantine Ypsilantis, Corvée, Cossacks, Crimean Tatars, Crusades, ..., Cumans, Dan I of Wallachia, Danube, Danubian Principalities, Demetrius of Thessaloniki, Dionisie Fotino, Division of labour, Domestic worker, Doudou Diène, Dowry, Eastern Europe, Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, Economic liberalism, Education in Romania, Egyptians, Elena Marushiakova, Emancipation reform of 1861, Eufrosin Poteca, Extended family, Ștefan Golescu, Ștefan Răzvan, Fair, Farrier, Făgăraș, Fief, Filiki Eteria, Foot whipping, Forgery, Foundation of Wallachia, France, Fugitive slaves in the United States, Galicia (Eastern Europe), Gândul, German language, Gheorghe Asachi, Gheorghe Bibescu, Gold mining, Gold panning, Golden bull, Golden Horde, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Greek language, Greek Orthodox Church, Grigore Alexandru Ghica, Habsburg Monarchy, Heresy, Historical Romanian taxes, Historiography, History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty, History of slavery, Hospodar, Humanitas (publishing house), Hunter-gatherer, Intelligentsia, Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Ion I. Câmpineanu, Ironmongery, Isabella Jagiellon, Islam, Jean Alexandre Vaillant, Jews, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Josephinism, Județ, Kalderash, Khazars, Kholop, Kingdom of Hungary, Kitchen utensil, Knyaz, Kuruş, Lăutari, Liberalism, Liberalism and radicalism in Romania, List of Polish monarchs, List of rulers of Moldavia, List of rulers of Transylvania, List of rulers of Wallachia, Logothete, Manslaughter, Memorial, Mental disorder, Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja, Michael I Apafi, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Mihail Sturdza, Moldavia, Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongols, National Agency for the Roma, Neagu Djuvara, Nicholas Mavrocordatos, Nicolae Golescu, Nicolae Iorga, Nogai Horde, Nomad, October 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics), Old Church Slavonic, Ottoman Empire, Paris, Petrache Poenaru, Petre Mavrogheni, Petre P. Panaitescu, Petru Rareș, Phanariotes, Prime Minister of Romania, Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Prisoner of war, Progressivism, Racial integration, Racism, Radu cel Frumos, Radu Jude, Rape, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Recea, Brașov, Regulamentul Organic, Romani people in Romania, Romania, Romanian language, Romanian literature, Romanian Orthodox Church, Romanian Revolution, Romanians, Romanticism, Russian Empire, Salt mining, Saracen, Scăieni Phalanstery, Sedentism, Serbia, Serfdom, Serfdom in Russia, Slavery in Africa, Slavery in medieval Europe, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire, Social engineering (political science), Social integration, Springer Science+Business Media, Stephen III of Moldavia, Sturdza family, Taraf, Tatars, Târgoviște, Tithe, Transylvania, Tsardom of Russia, Ukraine, UNESCO, United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, University of Hertfordshire, Ursari, V. A. Urechia, Vasile Alecsandri, Vlad II Dracul, Wallachia, Wallachian Revolution of 1848, Western Europe, William Wilkinson (diplomat). Expand index (161 more) »
Abdolonyme Ubicini
Jean-Henri-Abdolonyme Ubicini (20 October 1818 – 28 October 1884) was a French historian, journalist and honorary member of the Romanian Academy.
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Abolitionism
Abolitionism is a general term which describes the movement to end slavery.
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Abram Petrovich Gannibal
Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal, or Abram Hannibal or Abram Petrov (Абра́м Петро́вич Ганниба́л; 1696 – 14 May 1781), was a Russian military engineer, general, and nobleman of African origin.
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Ad hoc Divans
The two Ad hoc Divans were legislative and consultative assemblies of the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), vassals of the Ottoman Empire.
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Aferim!
Aferim! (Bravo!) is a 2015 Romanian drama film directed by Radu Jude.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Alexander I of Moldavia
Alexander the Good (Alexandru cel Bun or Alexandru I Mușat) was a Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia, reigning between 1400 and 1432, son of Roman I Mușat.
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Alexander Mourouzis
Alexander Mourouzis (Αλέξανδρος Μουρούζης; Alexandru Moruzi; died 1816) was a Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire who served as Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia.
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Alexander Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (a) was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic eraBasker, Michael.
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Alexander Ypsilantis
Alexander Ypsilantis, Ypsilanti, or Alexandros Ypsilantis (Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης Alexandros Yipsilantis; Alexandru Ipsilanti; Александр Константинович Ипсиланти Aleksandr Konstantinovich Ipsilanti; 12 December 179231 January 1828), was a member of a prominent Phanariot Greek family, a prince of the Danubian Principalities, a senior officer of the Imperial Russian cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars, and a leader of the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization that coordinated the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.
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Alexandru II Ghica
Alexandru II or Alexandru D. Ghica (1796–1862), a member of the Ghica family, was Prince of Wallachia from April 1834 to 7 October 1842 and later caimacam (regent) from July 1856 to October 1858.
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Ataman
Ataman (variants: otaman, wataman, vataman; Russian: атаман, отаман) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.
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Župa
A župa (or zhupa, županija) is a historical type of administrative division in Central Europe and the Balkans, that originated in medieval Slavic culture, often translated into "county" or "district".
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Balkans
The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.
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Barbarian
A barbarian is a human who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive.
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Berghahn Books
Berghahn Books is a publisher of scholarly books and academic journals in the humanities and social sciences, with a special focus on social & cultural anthropology, European history, politics, and film & media studies.
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Bessarabia
Bessarabia (Basarabia; Бессарабия, Bessarabiya; Besarabya; Бессара́бія, Bessarabiya; Бесарабия, Besarabiya) is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.
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Bessarabia Governorate
Bessarabia Oblast was an oblast (1812–1871) and later a guberniya (Guberniya of Bessarabia, 1871–1917) in the Russian Empire.
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Bistrița
Bistrița (Bistritz, archaic Nösen; Beszterce) is the capital city of Bistrița-Năsăud County, in northern Transylvania, Romania.
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Bogdan IV of Moldavia
Bogdan IV of Moldavia was Prince of Moldavia from 1568 to 1572.
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Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (26 February 1838 &ndash) was a Romanian writer and philologist, who pioneered many branches of Romanian philology and history.
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Boyar
A boyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Kievan, Moscovian, Wallachian and Moldavian and later, Romanian aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes (in Bulgaria, tsars), from the 10th century to the 17th century.
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Boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia
The boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia were the nobility of the Danubian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.
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Boyash
Boyash (or Bayash; Romanian: Băieşi, Hungarian: Beás, Slovak: Bojáš, South Slavic: Bojaši) refers to a Romani ethnic group living in Romania, southern Hungary, northeastern Croatia, western Vojvodina, Slovakia, the Balkans, but also in the Americas.
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Bran Castle
Bran Castle (Castelul Bran; Törzburg; Törcsvár), situated near Bran and in the immediate vicinity of Brașov, is a national monument and landmark in Romania.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.
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Budjak
Budjak or Budzhak (Russian, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian: Буджак; Bugeac; Bucak, historical Cyrillic: Буӂак; Bucak) is a historical region in Ukraine.
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Bukovina
Bukovina (Bucovina; Bukowina/Buchenland; Bukowina; Bukovina, Буковина Bukovyna; see also other languages) is a historical region in Central Europe,Klaus Peter Berger,, Kluwer Law International, 2010, p. 132 divided between Romania and Ukraine, located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.
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Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).
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Byzantine law
Byzantine law was essentially a continuation of Roman law with increased Christian influence.
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Cantacuzino family
The Cantacuzino or Cantacuzène family is a Romanian aristocratic family that gave several Princes of Wallachia and Moldavia, descending from a branch of the Byzantine Kantakouzenos family, specifically from the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (reigned 1347–1354).
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Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
Călin Constantin Anton Popescu-Tăriceanu (born 14 January 1952) is a Romanian politician who was the Prime Minister of Romania from 29 December 2004 to 22 December 2008.
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Central Europe
Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe.
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Central European University Press
Following the founding of the Central European University by George Soros, the Central European University Press was established in 1993.
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Cezar Bolliac
Cezar Bolliac or Boliac, Boliak (March 23, 1813 – February 25, 1881) was a Wallachian and Romanian radical political figure, amateur archaeologist, journalist and Romantic poet.
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Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
Charles-Frédéric, comte Reinhard (born Karl Friedrich Reinhard; 2 October 1761 – 25 December 1837) was a Württembergian-born French diplomat, essayist, and politician who briefly served as the Consulate's Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1799.
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Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi (Černivci; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine, situated on the upper course of the River Prut.
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Common law
Common law (also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law, or case law) is that body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals.
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Compensated emancipation
Compensated emancipation was a method of ending slavery in countries where slavery was legal.
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Compulsory education
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by government.
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Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
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Constantine Mavrocordatos
Constantine Mavrocordatos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Constantin Mavrocordat; February 27, 1711November 23, 1769) was a Greek noble who served as Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals.
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Constantine Ypsilantis
Constantine Ypsilantis (Κωνσταντίνος Υψηλάντης Konstantinos Ypsilantis; Constantin Ipsilanti; 1760–1816), was the son of Alexander Ypsilanti, a key member of an important Phanariote family, Grand Dragoman of the Porte (1796–99), hospodarEast, The Union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859, p. 178.
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Corvée
Corvée is a form of unpaid, unfree labour, which is intermittent in nature and which lasts limited periods of time: typically only a certain number of days' work each year.
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Cossacks
Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.
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Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans (Crimean Tatar: Qırımtatarlar, qırımlar, Kırım Tatarları, Крымские Татары, крымцы, Кримськi Татари, кримцi) are a Turkic ethnic group that formed in the Crimean Peninsula during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from the Turkic tribes that moved to the land now known as Crimea in Eastern Europe from the Asian steppes beginning in the 10th century, with contributions from the pre-Cuman population of Crimea.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Cumans
The Cumans (Polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation.
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Dan I of Wallachia
Dan I was the ruler of Wallachia from 1383 to 1386.
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Danube
The Danube or Donau (known by various names in other languages) is Europe's second longest river, after the Volga.
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Danubian Principalities
Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene, translit) was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century.
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Demetrius of Thessaloniki
Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki (Άγιος Δημήτριος της Θεσσαλονίκης) is a Christian martyr of the early 4th century AD.
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Dionisie Fotino
Dionisie Fotino was a Romanian historian and high ranking civil servant of Greek origin.
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Division of labour
The division of labour is the separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialize.
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Domestic worker
A domestic worker, domestic helper, domestic servant, manservant or menial, is a person who works within the employer's household.
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Doudou Diène
Doudou Diène (born 1941) of Senegal was United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in 2002—2008.
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Dowry
A dowry is a transfer of parental property, gifts or money at the marriage of a daughter.
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.
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Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar
The Eastern Orthodox Liturgical Calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
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Economic liberalism
Economic liberalism is an economic system organized on individual lines, which means the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals or households rather than by collective institutions or organizations.
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Education in Romania
Education in Romania is based on a free-tuition, egalitarian system.
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Egyptians
Egyptians (مَصريين;; مِصريّون; Ni/rem/en/kīmi) are an ethnic group native to Egypt and the citizens of that country sharing a common culture and a common dialect known as Egyptian Arabic.
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Elena Marushiakova
Elena Marushiakova is a Romani studies scholar, of Slovak and Russian origin, lived and studied in Slovakia and Bulgaria.
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Emancipation reform of 1861
The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia (translit, literally: "the peasants Reform of 1861") was the first and most important of liberal reforms passed during the reign (1855-1881) of Emperor Alexander II of Russia.
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Eufrosin Poteca
Eufrosin Poteca (born Radu Poteca; 1786 – 10 December 1858) was a Romanian philosopher, theologian, and translator, professor at the Saint Sava Academy of Bucharest.
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Extended family
An extended family is a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, consisting of parents like father, mother, and their children, aunts, uncles, and cousins, all living nearby or in the same household.
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Ștefan Golescu
Ștefan Golescu (1809 – 1874) was a Wallachian Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs for two terms from 1 March 1867 to 5 August 1867 and from 13 November 1867 to 30 April 1868, and as Prime Minister of Romania between 26 November 1867 and 12 May 1868.
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Ștefan Răzvan
Ștefan Răzvan (died December 1595) was a Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia (between 24 April 1595 and August 1595) of Romani descent from the historical Romanian state of Wallachia.
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Fair
A fair (archaic: faire or fayre), also known as funfair, is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities.
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Farrier
A farrier is a specialist in equine hoof care, including the trimming and balancing of horses' hooves and the placing of shoes on their hooves, if necessary.
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Făgăraș
Făgăraș (Fogarasch, Fugreschmarkt, Fogaras) is a city in central Romania, located in Brașov County.
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Fief
A fief (feudum) was the central element of feudalism and consisted of heritable property or rights granted by an overlord to a vassal who held it in fealty (or "in fee") in return for a form of feudal allegiance and service, usually given by the personal ceremonies of homage and fealty.
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Filiki Eteria
Filiki Eteria or Society of Friends (Φιλική Εταιρεία or Εταιρεία των Φιλικών) was a secret 19th-century organization whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule of Greece and establish an independent Greek state.
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Foot whipping
Foot whipping or bastinado is a method of corporal punishment which consists of hitting the bare soles of a person's feet.
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Forgery
Forgery is the process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive for the sake of altering the public perception, or to earn profit by selling the forged item.
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Foundation of Wallachia
The foundation of Wallachia (Descălecatul Țării Românești), that is the establishment of the first independent Romanian principality, was achieved at the beginning of the 14th century, through the unification of smaller political units that had existed between the Carpathian Mountains, and the Rivers Danube, Siret and Milcov.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Fugitive slaves in the United States
The phenomenon of slaves running away and seeking to gain freedom is as old as the institution of slavery itself.
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Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Galicia (Ukrainian and Галичина, Halyčyna; Galicja; Czech and Halič; Galizien; Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics; Galiția/Halici; Галиция, Galicija; גאַליציע Galitsiye) is a historical and geographic region in Central Europe once a small Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and later a crown land of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, that straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine.
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Gândul
Gândul ("The Thought") is a Romanian daily newspaper published in Bucharest.
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German language
German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.
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Gheorghe Asachi
Gheorghe Asachi (surname also spelled Asaki; March 1, 1788 – November 12, 1869) was a Moldavian, later Romanian prose writer, poet, painter, historian, dramatist and translator.
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Gheorghe Bibescu
Gheorghe Bibescu (1804–1873) was a hospodar (Prince) of Wallachia between 1843 and 1848.
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Gold mining
Gold mining is the resource extraction of gold by mining.
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Gold panning
Gold panning, or simply panning, is a form of placer mining and traditional mining that extracts gold from a placer deposit using a pan.
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Golden bull
A golden bull or chrysobull was a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors.
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Golden Horde
The Golden Horde (Алтан Орд, Altan Ord; Золотая Орда, Zolotaya Orda; Алтын Урда, Altın Urda) was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
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Grand Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Duchy or Grand Principality of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye), also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Moscovia, was a late medieval Russian principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Greek Orthodox Church
The name Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἑκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía), or Greek Orthodoxy, is a term referring to the body of several Churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Koine Greek, the original language of the Septuagint and New Testament, and whose history, traditions, and theology are rooted in the early Church Fathers and the culture of the Byzantine Empire.
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Grigore Alexandru Ghica
Grigore Alexandru Ghica or Ghika (1803 or 1807 – 24 August 1857) was a Prince of Moldavia between 14 October 1849, and June 1853, and again between 30 October 1854, and 3 June 1856.
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Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.
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Heresy
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization.
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Historical Romanian taxes
This is a glossary of historical Romanian taxes used in the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia.
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Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
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History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
The rule of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland between 1386 and 1572 spans the late Middle Ages and early Modern Era in European history.
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History of slavery
The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day.
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Hospodar
Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning "lord" or "master".
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Humanitas (publishing house)
Humanitas (Editura Humanitas) is an independent Romanian publishing house, founded on February 1, 1990 (after the Romanian Revolution) in Bucharest by the philosopher Gabriel Liiceanu, based on a state-owned publishing house, Editura Politică.
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Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.
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Intelligentsia
The intelligentsia (/ɪnˌtelɪˈdʒentsiə/) (intelligentia, inteligencja, p) is a status class of educated people engaged in the complex mental labours that critique, guide, and lead in shaping the culture and politics of their society.
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Ion Heliade Rădulescu
Ion Heliade Rădulescu or Ion Heliade (also known as Eliade or Eliade Rădulescu;; January 6, 1802 – April 27, 1872) was a Wallachian, later Romanian academic, Romantic and Classicist poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician.
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Ion I. Câmpineanu
Ion I. Câmpineanu (October 10, 1841 – November 13, 1888) was a Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Justice from January 27, 1877 to September 23, 1877, Minister of Finance in two terms, from September 23, 1877 to November 25, 1878 and from February 25, 1880 to July 15, 1880, and Minister of Foreign Affairs from November 25, 1878 until July 10, 1879 during the existence of United Principalities.
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Ironmongery
Ironmongery originally referred, first, to the manufacture of iron goods and, second, to the place of sale of such items for domestic rather than industrial use.
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Isabella Jagiellon
Isabella Jagiellon (Izabella királyné; Izabela Jagiellonka; 18 January 1519 – 15 September 1559) was the oldest child of Polish King Sigismund I the Old and his Italian wife Bona Sforza.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Jean Alexandre Vaillant
Jean Alexandre Vaillant (1804 - 21 March 1886) was a French and Romanian teacher, political activist, historian, linguist and translator, who was noted for his activities in Wallachia and his support for the 1848 Wallachian Revolution.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
John Benjamins Publishing Company is an independent academic publisher in social sciences and humanities with its head office in Amsterdam.
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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to his death.
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Josephinism
Josephinism was the collective domestic policies of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1765–1790).
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Județ
A județ (plural județe) is an administrative division in Romania, and was also used from 1998 to 2003 in Moldova, before it returned to raions.
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Kalderash
The Kalderash are a subgroup of the Romani people.
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Khazars
The Khazars (خزر, Xəzərlər; Hazarlar; Хазарлар; Хәзәрләр, Xäzärlär; כוזרים, Kuzarim;, Xazar; Хоза́ри, Chozáry; Хаза́ры, Hazáry; Kazárok; Xazar; Χάζαροι, Cházaroi; p./Gasani) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people, who created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Khaganate.
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Kholop
A kholop (p) was a feudally dependent person in Russia between the 10th and early 18th centuries.
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Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the twentieth century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920).
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Kitchen utensil
A kitchen utensil is a small hand held tool used for food preparation.
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Knyaz
Knyaz or knez is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times of history and different ancient Slavic lands.
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Kuruş
The kuruş (.kuruşlar) is a Turkish currency subunit.
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Lăutari
The Romanian word Lăutar denotes a class of traditional musicians.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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Liberalism and radicalism in Romania
This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Romania.
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List of Polish monarchs
Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).
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List of rulers of Moldavia
This is a List of rulers of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862, when it united with Wallachia, the other Danubian Principality, to form the modern-day state of Romania.
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List of rulers of Transylvania
List of rulers of Transylvania, from the 10th century, until 1918.
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List of rulers of Wallachia
This is a list of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union with Moldavia in 1862, leading to the creation of Romania.
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Logothete
Logothete (λογοθέτης, logothétēs, pl. λογοθέται, logothétai; Med. logotheta, pl. logothetae; логотет; logoteta; logofăt; логотет, logotet) was an administrative title originating in the eastern Roman Empire.
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Manslaughter
Manslaughter is a common law legal term for homicide considered by law as less culpable than murder.
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Memorial
A memorial is an object which serves as a focus for memory of something, usually a person (who has died) or an event.
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Mental disorder
A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.
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Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja
The Metropolis of Wallachia and Dobrudja, headquartered in Bucharest, Romania, is a metropolis of the Romanian Orthodox Church.
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Michael I Apafi
Michael Apafi (1632 – 15 April 1690) was a Hungarian Prince of Transylvania.
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Mihail Kogălniceanu
Mihail Kogălniceanu (also known as Mihail Cogâlniceanu, Michel de Kogalnitchan; September 6, 1817 – July 1, 1891) was a Moldavian, later Romanian liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist; he became Prime Minister of Romania on October 11, 1863, after the 1859 union of the Danubian Principalities under Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza, and later served as Foreign Minister under Carol I. He was several times Interior Minister under Cuza and Carol.
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Mihail Sturdza
Mihail Sturdza (1795, Iași – 8 May 1884, Paris), sometimes anglicized as Michael Stourdza, was prince of Moldavia from 1834 to 1849.
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Moldavia
Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
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Mongol invasion of Europe
The Mongol invasion of Europe in the 13th century was the conquest of Europe by the Mongol Empire, by way of the destruction of East Slavic principalities, such as Kiev and Vladimir. The Mongol invasions also occurred in Central Europe, which led to warfare among fragmented Poland, such as the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241) and in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241) in the Kingdom of Hungary. The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan (1207–1255) and Kadan (d. 1261). Both men were grandsons of Genghis Khan; their conquests integrated much European territory to the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn.
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Mongols
The Mongols (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
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National Agency for the Roma
The National Agency for the Roma (Agenţia Naţională pentru Romi or ANR in Romanian, Themeski Ajenciya le Romengi in Romani) is an agency of the Romanian government which seeks to improve the social and economic situation of Romania's Roma minority, which make up 2.5% of the population and are the country's most disadvantaged minority.
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Neagu Djuvara
Neagu Bunea Djuvara (August 18, 1916 – January 25, 2018) was a Romanian historian, essayist, philosopher, journalist, novelist and diplomat.
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Nicholas Mavrocordatos
Nicholas Mavrocordatos (Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Nicolae Mavrocordat; May 3, 1670 in ConstantinopleSeptember 3, 1730 in Bucharest) was a Greek member of the Mavrocordatos family, Grand Dragoman to the Divan (1697), and consequently the first Phanariote Hospodar of the Danubian Principalities - Prince of Moldavia, and Prince of Wallachia (both on two separate occasions).
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Nicolae Golescu
Nicolae Golescu (1810–1877) was a Wallachian Romanian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Romania in 1860 and May–November 1868.
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Nicolae Iorga
Nicolae Iorga (sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. January 17, 1871 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright.
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Nogai Horde
Nogay Horde, Nohai Horde or Nogay Yortu was a confederation of about eighteen Turkic and Mongol tribes that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century.
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Nomad
A nomad (νομάς, nomas, plural tribe) is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another in search of grasslands for their animals.
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October 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
October 25 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 27 All fixed commemorations below celebrated on November 8 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
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Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic, also known as Old Church Slavic (or Ancient/Old Slavonic often abbreviated to OCS; (autonym словѣ́ньскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ, slověnĭskŭ językŭ), not to be confused with the Proto-Slavic, was the first Slavic literary language. The 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius are credited with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and other Ancient Greek ecclesiastical texts as part of the Christianization of the Slavs. It is thought to have been based primarily on the dialect of the 9th century Byzantine Slavs living in the Province of Thessalonica (now in Greece). It played an important role in the history of the Slavic languages and served as a basis and model for later Church Slavonic traditions, and some Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches use this later Church Slavonic as a liturgical language to this day. As the oldest attested Slavic language, OCS provides important evidence for the features of Proto-Slavic, the reconstructed common ancestor of all Slavic languages.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Petrache Poenaru
Petrache Poenaru (1799–1875) was a Romanian inventor of the Enlightenment era.
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Petre Mavrogheni
Petre Mavrogheni (1819 – 20 April 1887) also known as Petru Mavrogheni was a Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 11 May until 13 July 1866 and as the Minister of Finance.
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Petre P. Panaitescu
Petre P. Panaitescu (March 11, 1900 – November 14, 1967) was a Romanian literary historian.
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Petru Rareș
Petru Rareș, sometimes known as Peter IV (Petru IV; ca. 1487 – 3 September 1546) was twice voievod of Moldavia: 20 January 1527 to 18 September 1538 and 19 February 1541 to 3 September 1546.
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Phanariotes
Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Φαναριώτες, Fanarioți, Fenerliler) were members of prominent Greek families in PhanarEncyclopædia Britannica,Phanariote, 2008, O.Ed.
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Prime Minister of Romania
The Prime Minister of the Government of Romania (Prim-ministrul Guvernului României) is the head of the Government of Romania.
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Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
The Principality of Transylvania (Fürstentum Siebenbürgen; Erdélyi Fejedelemség; Principatus Transsilvaniae; Principatul Transilvaniei or Principatul Ardealului; Erdel Prensliği or Transilvanya Prensliği) was a semi-independent state, ruled primarily by Hungarian princes.
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Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
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Progressivism
Progressivism is the support for or advocacy of improvement of society by reform.
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Racial integration
Racial integration, or simply integration, includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation).
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Racism
Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.
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Radu cel Frumos
Radu III the Fair, Radu III the Handsome or Radu III the Beautiful (Radu cel Frumos), also known by his Turkish name Radu Bey (1437/1439—1475), was the younger brother of Vlad III and voivode (war-lord or a prince) of the principality of Wallachia.
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Radu Jude
Radu Jude (born March 28, 1977) is a Romanian film director and scenarist.
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Rape
Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person's consent.
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Râmnicu Vâlcea
Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled Rîmnicu Vîlcea) (population: 92,573) is the capital city of Vâlcea County, Romania (in the historical province of Oltenia).
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Recea, Brașov
Recea (Waywodretschen; Vajdarécse) is a commune in Brașov County, Romania.
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Regulamentul Organic
Regulamentul Organic (Organic Regulation; Règlement Organique; r)The name also has plural versions in all languages concerned, referring to the dual nature of the document; however, the singular version is usually preferred.
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Romani people in Romania
Romani people (Roma in Romani; Țigani in Romanian) in Romania, Gypsy, constitute one of the country's largest minorities.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Romanian language
Romanian (obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; autonym: limba română, "the Romanian language", or românește, lit. "in Romanian") is an East Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.
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Romanian literature
Romanian literature is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language.
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Romanian Orthodox Church
The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches and ranked seventh in order of precedence.
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Romanian Revolution
The Romanian Revolution (Revoluția Română) was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania in December 1989 and part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries.
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Romanians
The Romanians (români or—historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism—rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to Romania, that share a common Romanian culture, ancestry, and speak the Romanian language, the most widespread spoken Eastern Romance language which is descended from the Latin language. According to the 2011 Romanian census, just under 89% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, the Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well.Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook By David Levinson, Published 1998 – Greenwood Publishing Group.At the time of the 1989 census, Moldova's total population was 4,335,400. The largest nationality in the republic, ethnic Romanians, numbered 2,795,000 persons, accounting for 64.5 percent of the population. Source:: "however it is one interpretation of census data results. The subject of Moldovan vs Romanian ethnicity touches upon the sensitive topic of", page 108 sqq. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, respectively Eastern Europe, particularly in Hungary, Czech Republic, Ukraine (including Moldovans), Serbia, and Bulgaria. Today, estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from 26 to 30 million according to various sources, evidently depending on the definition of the term 'Romanian', Romanians native to Romania and Republic of Moldova and their afferent diasporas, native speakers of Romanian, as well as other Eastern Romance-speaking groups considered by most scholars as a constituent part of the broader Romanian people, specifically Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, and Vlachs in Serbia (including medieval Vlachs), in Croatia, in Bulgaria, or in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Salt mining
A salt mine is a mine from which halite, commonly known as rock salt, is extracted from evaporite formations.
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Saracen
Saracen was a term widely used among Christian writers in Europe during the Middle Ages.
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Scăieni Phalanstery
Scăieni Phalanstery (Romanian: Falansterul de la Scăieni) was a utopic experimental community (phalanstery) created in 1835–36 by Romanian boyar Teodor Diamant in the town of Scăieni, Prahova County, Wallachia (today part of Boldești-Scăeni Commune) based on the ideas of the French socialist Charles Fourier.
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Sedentism
In cultural anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism) is the practice of living in one place for a long time.
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Serbia
Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.
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Serfdom
Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism.
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Serfdom in Russia
The term serf, in the sense of an unfree peasant of the Russian Empire, is the usual translation of krepostnoi krestyanin (крепостной крестьянин).
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Slavery in Africa
Slavery has historically been widespread in Africa, and still continues today in some countries.
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Slavery in medieval Europe
Slavery had mostly died out in western Europe about the year 1000, replaced by serfdom.
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Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a legal and significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and society.
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Social engineering (political science)
Social engineering is a discipline in social science that refers to efforts to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale, whether by governments, media or private groups in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population.
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Social integration
Social integration is the process during which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Stephen III of Moldavia
Stephen III of Moldavia, known as Stephen the Great (Ștefan cel Mare;; died on 2 July 1504) was voivode (or prince) of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504.
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Sturdza family
Sturdza, Sturza or Stourdza is the name of an old Romanian aristocratic family, whose origins can be traced back to the 1540s.
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Taraf
Taraf ("Side" in Turkish) was a liberal newspaper in Turkey.
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Tatars
The Tatars (татарлар, татары) are a Turkic-speaking peoples living mainly in Russia and other Post-Soviet countries.
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Târgoviște
Târgoviște (alternative spelling: Tîrgoviște) is a city in Romania, and the county seat of the Dâmbovița County.
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Tithe
A tithe (from Old English: teogoþa "tenth") is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to government.
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Transylvania
Transylvania is a historical region in today's central Romania.
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Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia (Русское царство, Russkoye tsarstvo or Российское царство, Rossiyskoye tsarstvo), also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the name of the centralized Russian state from assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.
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University of Hertfordshire
The University of Hertfordshire is a university in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
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Ursari
The Ursari (generally read as "bear leaders" or "bear handlers"; from the Romanian urs, meaning "bear"; singular: ursar; Bulgarian: урсари, ursari) or Richinara are the traditionally nomadic occupational group of animal trainers among the Romani people.
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V. A. Urechia
V.
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Vasile Alecsandri
Vasile Alecsandri (July 21, 1821August 22, 1890) was a Moldavian poet, playwright, politician, and diplomat.
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Vlad II Dracul
Vlad II (Vlad al II-lea), also known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 – November 1447), was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447.
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Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (Țara Românească; archaic: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рȣмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania.
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Wallachian Revolution of 1848
The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia.
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Western Europe
Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.
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William Wilkinson (diplomat)
William Wilkinson (died 1836) was British Consul to the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, appointed to Bucharest by the Levant Company in 1813; he was recalled in 1816.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania
