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131 relations: Acetylcholine, Acetylcholinesterase, Action potential, Addiction, Amygdala, Atrophy, Autism spectrum, Aversive agent, Basal ganglia, Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, Bird, Calbindin, Caudate nucleus, Cécile Vogt-Mugnier, Cerebral cortex, Chorea, Choreoathetosis, Classical conditioning, Cognition, Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop, D1-like receptor, D2-like receptor, Decision-making, Dendritic spine, Dentate gyrus, DISC1, Dopamine receptor, Dopamine receptor D1, Dopamine receptor D2, Dopamine receptor D5, Dopaminergic, Drug overdose, Dual systems model, Dyskinesia, EIF4E, Entorhinal cortex, Executive functions, Extended amygdala, External globus pallidus, Feed forward (control), Forebrain, Frontal lobe, Frontostriatal circuit, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, GABAergic, Gene expression, Globus pallidus, Glutamate (neurotransmitter), Glutamatergic, ..., GNAS complex locus, Hippocampus, Huntington's disease, Inferior temporal gyrus, Inhibitory control, Internal capsule, Internal globus pallidus, Interneuron, Islands of Calleja, Lateral hypothalamus, Lateral ventricles, Lentiform nucleus, List of regions in the human brain, Major depressive disorder, Matrix (biology), Medial dorsal nucleus, Medical Subject Headings, Medium spiny neuron, Mesolimbic pathway, Messenger RNA, Metabotropic receptor, Motivation, Motivational salience, Motor control, Motor system, Movement disorders, Neocortex, Nerve tract, Neural circuit, Neuroblast, Neurogenesis, Neuron, Neuropeptide Y, Nigrostriatal pathway, Nitric oxide synthase, Novelty, Nucleus (neuroanatomy), Nucleus accumbens, Obsessive–compulsive disorder, Olfaction, Olfactory bulb, Olfactory tubercle, Oskar Vogt, Parkinson's disease, Pars compacta, Pars reticulata, Parvalbumin, PDE10A, Pedunculopontine nucleus, Phenotype, Planning, Prefrontal cortex, Primate, Primate basal ganglia, Projection fiber, Putamen, Pyramidal cell, Raymond Vieussens, Reinforcement, Reward system, Salience (neuroscience), Second messenger system, Somatostatin, Staining, Stimulus (psychology), Striatopallidal fibres, Striatum, Striosome, Substantia nigra, Subthalamic nucleus, Subventricular zone, Superior colliculus, Supplementary motor area, Thalamus, The Lancet, Transcription factor, Tyrosine hydroxylase, Unexpected hanging paradox, Ventral pallidum, Ventral tegmental area, White matter. Expand index (81 more) »
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells.
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Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase, encoded by HGNC gene ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7) is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. AChE is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.
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Action potential
In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise.
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Addiction
Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences.
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Amygdala
The amygdala (plural: amygdalae; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'Almond', 'tonsil') is one of two almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans.
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Atrophy
Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body.
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Autism spectrum
Autism spectrum, also known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a range of conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Aversive agent
Aversive agents are unpleasantly flavored substances added to poisonous household goods in order to discourage children and animals from consuming the poisonous household products.
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Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) is a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates including humans, which are situated at the base of the forebrain.
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Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar I disorder (BD-I; pronounced "type one bipolar disorder") is a bipolar spectrum disorder characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, with or without mixed or psychotic features.
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Bipolar II disorder
Bipolar II disorder (BP-II; pronounced "type two bipolar" or "bipolar type two" disorder) is a bipolar spectrum disorder (see also Bipolar disorder) characterized by at least one episode of hypomania and at least one episode of major depression.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Calbindin
Calbindin refers to several calcium-binding proteins.
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Caudate nucleus
The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the dorsal striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia.
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Cécile Vogt-Mugnier
Cécile Vogt-Mugnier (27 March 1875 – 4 May 1962) was a French neurologist from Haute-Savoie.
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Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the cerebrum in the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.
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Chorea
Chorea (or choreia, occasionally) is an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias.
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Choreoathetosis
Choreoathetosis is the occurrence of involuntary movements in a combination of chorea (irregular migrating contractions) and athetosis (twisting and writhing).
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Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).
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Cognition
Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".
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Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop (CBGTC) is a system of neural circuits in the brain that primarily consists of modulatory dopaminergic projections from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area as well as excitatory glutamatergic projections from the cortex to the striatum, where these projections form synapses with excitatory and inhibitory pathways that relay back to the cortex.
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D1-like receptor
The D1-like receptors are a subfamily of dopamine receptors that bind the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine.
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D2-like receptor
The D2-like receptors are a subfamily of dopamine receptors that bind the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine.
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Decision-making
In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities.
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Dendritic spine
A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse.
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Dentate gyrus
The dentate gyrus is part of a brain region known as the hippocampus (part of the hippocampal formation).
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DISC1
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DISC1 gene.
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Dopamine receptor
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS).
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Dopamine receptor D1
Dopamine receptor D1, also known as DRD1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD1 gene.
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Dopamine receptor D2
Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.
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Dopamine receptor D5
Dopamine receptor D5, also known as D1BR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD5 gene.
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Dopaminergic
Dopaminergic means "related to dopamine" (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter.
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Drug overdose
The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced.
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Dual systems model
The dual systems model, also known as the maturational imbalance model, is a theory arising from developmental cognitive neuroscience which posits that increased risk-taking during adolescence is a result of a combination of heightened reward sensitivity and immature impulse control.
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Dyskinesia
Dyskinesia refers to a category of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary muscle movements, including movements similar to tics or chorea and diminished voluntary movements.
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EIF4E
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, also known as eIF4E, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4E gene.
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Entorhinal cortex
The entorhinal cortex (EC) (ento.
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Executive functions
Executive functions (collectively referred to as executive function and cognitive control) are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals.
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Extended amygdala
The extended amygdala is a macrostructure in the brain that is involved in reward cognition and defined by connectivity and neurochemical staining.
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External globus pallidus
The external globus pallidus (GPe) (or lateral globus pallidus) combines with the internal globus pallidus (GPi) to form the globus pallidus, an anatomical subset of the basal ganglia.
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Feed forward (control)
Feed-forward, sometimes written feedforward, is a term describing an element or pathway within a control system that passes a controlling signal from a source in its external environment, often a command signal from an external operator, to a load elsewhere in its external environment.
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Forebrain
In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the forebrain or prosencephalon is the rostral-most (forward-most) portion of the brain.
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Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is the largest of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the mammalian brain.
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Frontostriatal circuit
Frontostriatal circuits are neural pathways that connect frontal lobe regions with the basal ganglia (striatum) that mediate motor, cognitive, and behavioural functions within the brain.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
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GABAergic
GABAergic means "pertaining to or affecting the neurotransmitter GABA".
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Globus pallidus
The globus pallidus (Latin for "pale globe") also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain.
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Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
In neuroscience, glutamate refers to the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells.
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Glutamatergic
Glutamatergic means "related to glutamate".
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GNAS complex locus
GNAS complex locus, also known as GNAS, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GNAS gene.
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Hippocampus
The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates.
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Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.
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Inferior temporal gyrus
The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal gyrus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus.
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Inhibitory control
Inhibitory control, also known as response inhibition, is a cognitive process that permits an individual to inhibit their impulses and natural, habitual, or dominant behavioral responses to stimuli (prepotent responses) in order to select a more appropriate behavior that is consistent with completing their goals.
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Internal capsule
The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain.
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Internal globus pallidus
The internal globus pallidus (GPi) (or medial globus pallidus) and the external globus pallidus (GPe) make up the globus pallidus.
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Interneuron
An interneuron (also called internuncial neuron, relay neuron, association neuron, connector neuron, intermediate neuron or local circuit neuron) is a broad class of neurons found in the human body.
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Islands of Calleja
The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals.
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Lateral hypothalamus
The lateral hypothalamus, also called the lateral hypothalamic area, contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within the hypothalamus that widely projects throughout the nervous system; this system of neurons mediates an array of cognitive and physical processes, such as promoting feeding behavior and arousal, reducing pain perception, and regulating body temperature, digestive functions, and blood pressure, among many others.
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Lateral ventricles
The lateral ventricles are the two largest cavities of the ventricular system of the human brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Lentiform nucleus
The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia.
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List of regions in the human brain
The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies.
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Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations.
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Matrix (biology)
In biology, matrix (plural: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion.
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Medial dorsal nucleus
The medial dorsal nucleus (or dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus) is a large nucleus in the thalamus.
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Medical Subject Headings
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences; it serves as a thesaurus that facilitates searching.
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Medium spiny neuron
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons, are a special type of GABAergic inhibitory cell representing 95% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure.
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Mesolimbic pathway
The mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metabotropic receptor
A metabotropic receptor is a type of membrane receptor of eukaryotic cells that acts through a second messenger.
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Motivation
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, desires, and needs.
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Motivational salience
Motivational salience is a cognitive process and a form of attention that motivates, or propels, an individual's behavior towards or away from a particular object, perceived event, or outcome.
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Motor control
Motor control is the systematic regulation of movement in organisms that possess a nervous system.
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Motor system
The motor system is the part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement.
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Movement disorders
Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity.
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Neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium and isocortex, is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.
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Nerve tract
A nerve tract, is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system.
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Neural circuit
A neural circuit, is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated.
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Neuroblast
A neuroblast or primitive nerve cell is a dividing cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.
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Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, known as neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSC)s, and it occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Nigrostriatal pathway
The nigrostriatal pathway or the nigrostriatal bundle (NSB), is a dopaminergic pathway that connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) with the dorsal striatum (i.e., the caudate nucleus and putamen).
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Nitric oxide synthase
Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine.
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Novelty
Novelty (derived from Latin word novus for "new") is the quality of being new, or following from that, of being striking, original or unusual.
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Nucleus (neuroanatomy)
In neuroanatomy, a nucleus (plural form: nuclei) is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem.
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Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc), also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus adjacent to the septum) is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
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Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly, perform certain routines repeatedly (called "rituals"), or have certain thoughts repeatedly (called "obsessions").
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Olfaction
Olfaction is a chemoreception that forms the sense of smell.
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Olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell.
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Olfactory tubercle
The olfactory tubercle (OT), also known as the tuberculum olfactorium, is a multi-sensory processing center that is contained within the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum and plays a role in reward cognition.
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Oskar Vogt
Oskar Vogt (6 April 1870, Husum – 30 July 1959, Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German physician and neurologist.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Pars compacta
The pars compacta is a portion of the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain.
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Pars reticulata
The pars reticulata is a portion of the substantia nigra.
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Parvalbumin
Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding albumin protein with low molecular weight (typically 9-11 kDa).
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PDE10A
cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 10A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE10A gene.
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Pedunculopontine nucleus
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem.
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Phenotype
A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
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Planning
Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired goal.
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Prefrontal cortex
In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe.
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Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").
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Primate basal ganglia
The basal ganglia form a major brain system in all species of vertebrates, but in primates (including humans) there are special features that justify a separate consideration.
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Projection fiber
The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.
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Putamen
The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon).
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Pyramidal cell
Pyramidal cells, or (pyramidal neurons), are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.
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Raymond Vieussens
Raymond Vieussens (ca. 1635 – 16 August 1715) was a French anatomist from Le Vigan.
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Reinforcement
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus.
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Reward system
The reward system is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positive emotions, particularly ones which involve pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).
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Salience (neuroscience)
The salience (also called saliency) of an item – be it an object, a person, a pixel, etc.
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Second messenger system
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.
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Somatostatin
Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.
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Staining
Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image.
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Stimulus (psychology)
In psychology, a stimulus is any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism.
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Striatopallidal fibres
The striatopallidal fibres, also Wilson's pencils, pencil fibres of Wilson, and pencils of Wilson, are prominent myelinated fibres that connect the striatum to the globus pallidus.
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Striatum
The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the neostriatum and the striate nucleus) is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.
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Striosome
The striosomes (also referred to as the striatal patches) are one of two complementary chemical compartments within the striatum (the other compartment is known as the matrix) that can be visualized by staining for immunocytochemical markers such as acetylcholinesterase, enkephalin, substance P, limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), AMPA receptor subunit 1 (GluR1), dopamine receptor subunits, and calcium binding proteins.
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Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
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Subthalamic nucleus
The subthalamic nucleus is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basal ganglia system.
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Subventricular zone
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a term used to describe both embryonic and adult neural tissues in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS).
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Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain.
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Supplementary motor area
The supplementary motor area (SMA) is a part of the primate cerebral cortex that contributes to the control of movement.
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Thalamus
The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
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The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA).
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Unexpected hanging paradox
The unexpected hanging paradox or hangman paradox is a paradox about a person's expectations about the timing of a future event which they are told will occur at an unexpected time.
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Ventral pallidum
The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain.
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Ventral tegmental area
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.
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White matter
White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.
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Redirects here:
Caudate and putamen, Caudate putamen, Corpus stratium, Corpus stratum, Corpus striatum, Corpus striatum ventrale, Corticostriatal, Corticostriate fiber, Corticostriate fibers, Dorsal striatum, Neostriatum, Nucleus striatum, Stratium, Striatal, Striatal neurons, Striate body, Striate nucleus, Striatum ventrale, Ventral striatum.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum
