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219 relations: Acetylation, Activator (genetics), Adenine, Anabolic steroid, Ankyrin repeat, Antibody, AP-1 transcription factor, Apetala 2, Apoptosis, ATF/CREB, Autocrine signalling, Autoimmune disease, Base pair, Basic helix-loop-helix, Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors, Bicalutamide, Biomolecular structure, Body plan, Breast cancer, BZIP domain, C-Fos, C-jun, Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins, Cdx protein family, CEBPB, Cell (biology), Cell cycle, Cell death, Cell division, Cell fate determination, Cell growth, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cellular differentiation, Chromatin remodeling, Chromatin structure remodeling (RSC) complex, Class II gene, Coactivator (genetics), Cofactor (biochemistry), Cold-shock domain, Competitive inhibition, Consensus sequence, Corepressor, Coulomb's law, CREB, Cytoplasm, Cytosine, DBP (gene), Developmental biology, Diabetes mellitus, ..., Directionality (molecular biology), DNA, DNA binding site, DNA microarray, DNA-binding domain, DNA-binding protein, Downregulation and upregulation, Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, Endocrine system, Enhancer (genetics), Estrogen, Estrogen receptor, Eukaryote, Evolution, FOX proteins, FOXP2, FOXP3, Gal4 transcription factor, GAL4/UAS system, GATA transcription factor, Gcn4, Gene, Gene expression, General transcription factor, Genetics, Genome, Genomics, GTF3A, Guanine, Heat shock factor, Helix-turn-helix, Hepatocyte nuclear factors, Herpes simplex virus protein vmw65, Histone, Histone acetyltransferase, Histone deacetylase, HMG-box, HMGA1, HNF1A, Homeobox, Hormone, Hormone response element, Hox gene, HSF1, Human genome, Hydrogen bond, Hypoxia-inducible factors, Inhibitor of DNA-binding protein, Interferon regulatory factors, InterPro, IPEX syndrome, Kinase, KMT2A, Krüppel, Lambda phage, Leafy, Leucine zipper, Li–Fraumeni syndrome, Ligand (biochemistry), Lipid, MADS-box, Maturity onset diabetes of the young, MECP2, Mef2, Messenger RNA, Methyltransferase, Molecular biology, Morphology (biology), Multicellular organism, Multiplex (assay), Mutation, Myc, MYF5, MyoD, Negative feedback, NF-κB, NFAT, NFATC1, NFATC2, NFATC3, NFIA, NFIB (gene), NFIC (gene), NFIX, Notch signaling pathway, Nuclear factor I, Nuclear localization sequence, Nuclear receptor, Nucleic acid sequence, Nucleosome, Octamer transcription factor, Oncogene, Ovary, P53, Paracrine signalling, Pax genes, PDX1, Pfam, Pho4, Phosphorylation, Phylogenetic footprinting, Phylogenetics, Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1, Placenta, POU domain, POU2F1, Promoter (genetics), Prostate cancer, Protein, Protein dimer, Protein domain, R-SMAD, Recognition sequence, Regional differentiation, Rel homology domain, Repressor, Response element, Rett syndrome, RFX1, RFX2, RFX3, RFX4, RFX5, RFXANK, RNA polymerase, Sequencing, Serum response factor, Signal transduction, Small molecule, SOX gene family, Sp1 transcription factor, STAT protein, Steroid, Steroid hormone receptor, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein, Structural Classification of Proteins database, Structure specific recognition protein 1, TAL effector, Tamoxifen, TATA-binding protein, TCF3, TEAD1, TEAD2, TEAD3, TEAD4, Testis-determining factor, Thymine, Thyroid hormone receptor, Transactivation domain, Transcription (biology), Transcription coregulator, Transcription factor II A, Transcription factor II B, Transcription factor II D, Transcription factor II E, Transcription factor II F, Transcription factor II H, Transcription preinitiation complex, TRANSFAC, Tubby protein, Tumor suppressor, Ultrabithorax, USF1, USF2, Van der Waals force, Western blot, Winged-helix transcription factors, Xanthomonas, Zinc finger. Expand index (169 more) »
Acetylation
Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into a chemical compound.
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Activator (genetics)
A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes.
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Adenine
Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative).
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Anabolic steroid
Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone.
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Ankyrin repeat
The ankyrin repeat is a 33-residue motif in proteins consisting of two alpha helices separated by loops, first discovered in signaling proteins in yeast Cdc10 and Drosophila Notch.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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AP-1 transcription factor
Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections.
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Apetala 2
Apetala 2 (AP2) is a gene and a member of a large family of transcription factors, the AP2/EREBP family.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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ATF/CREB
The ATF/CREB family is a group of transcription factors, consisting of different ATFs (Activating transcription factors), CREB (cAMP response element binding protein), CREM (cAMP response element modulator) and related proteins.
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Autocrine signalling
Autocrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
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Basic helix-loop-helix
A basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) is a protein structural motif that characterizes one of the largest families of dimerizing transcription factors.
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Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors
Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors are, as their name indicates, transcription factors containing both Basic helix-loop-helix and leucine zipper motifs.
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Bicalutamide
Bicalutamide, sold under the brand name Casodex among others, is an antiandrogen medication that is primarily used to treat prostate cancer.
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Biomolecular structure
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function.
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Body plan
A body plan, Bauplan (German plural Baupläne), or ground plan is a set of morphological features common to many members of a phylum of animals.
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Breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.
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BZIP domain
The Basic Leucine Zipper Domain (bZIP domain) is found in many DNA binding eukaryotic proteins.
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C-Fos
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos.
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C-jun
c-Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene.
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Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins
CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (or C/EBPs) is a family of transcription factors composed of six members, named from C/EBPα to C/EBPζ.
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Cdx protein family
The Cdx protein family is a group of the transcription factor proteins which bind to DNA to regulate the expression of genes.
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CEBPB
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEBPB gene.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
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Cell death
Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Cell fate determination
Within the field of developmental biology one goal is to understand how a particular cell (or embryo) develops into the final cell type (or organism), essentially how a cell's fate is determined.
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Cell growth
The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division (reproduction).
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Chromatin remodeling
Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression.
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Chromatin structure remodeling (RSC) complex
RSC (Remodelling the Structure of Chromatin) is a member of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeller family (other members being the SWI/SNF, INO80, ISW1 and CHD complexes).
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Class II gene
A class II gene is a type of gene that codes for a protein.
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Coactivator (genetics)
A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes.
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Cold-shock domain
In molecular biology, the cold-shock domain (CSD) is a protein domain of about 70 amino acids which has been found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins.
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Competitive inhibition
Competitive inhibition is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of an inhibitor prevents binding of the target molecule of the enzyme, also known as the substrate.
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Consensus sequence
In molecular biology and bioinformatics, the consensus sequence (or canonical sequence) is the calculated order of most frequent residues, either nucleotide or amino acid, found at each position in a sequence alignment.
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Corepressor
In the field of molecular biology, a corepressor is a substance that inhibits the expression of genes.
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Coulomb's law
Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics for quantifying the amount of force with which stationary electrically charged particles repel or attract each other.
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CREB
CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Cytosine
Cytosine (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
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DBP (gene)
D site of albumin promoter (albumin D-box) binding protein, also known as DBP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DBP gene.
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Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA binding site
DNA binding sites are a type of binding site found in DNA where other molecules may bind.
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DNA microarray
A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
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DNA-binding domain
A DNA-binding domain (DBD) is an independently folded protein domain that contains at least one structural motif that recognizes double- or single-stranded DNA.
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DNA-binding protein
DNA-binding proteins are proteins that have DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA.
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Downregulation and upregulation
In the biological context of organisms' production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus.
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Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or mobility shift electrophoresis, also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions.
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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.
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Enhancer (genetics)
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.
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Estrogen
Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.
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Estrogen receptor
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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FOX proteins
FOX (Forkhead box) proteins are a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating the expression of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and longevity.
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FOXP2
Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene, also known as CAGH44, SPCH1 or TNRC10, and is required for proper development of speech and language.
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FOXP3
FOXP3 (forkhead box P3), also known as scurfin, is a protein involved in immune system responses.
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Gal4 transcription factor
The Gal4 transcription factor is a positive regulator of gene expression of galactose-induced genes.
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GAL4/UAS system
The GAL4-UAS system is a biochemical method used to study gene expression and function in organisms such as the fruit fly.
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GATA transcription factor
GATA transcription factors are a family of transcription factors characterized by their ability to bind to the DNA sequence "GATA".
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Gcn4
Gcn4 is a transcription factor and a “master regulator” for gene expression which regulates close to one tenth of the yeast genome.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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General transcription factor
General transcription factors (GTFs), also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites (promoter) on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genomics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
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GTF3A
Transcription factor IIIA is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF3A gene.
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Guanine
Guanine (or G, Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
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Heat shock factor
In molecular biology, heat shock factors (HSF), are the transcription factors that regulate the expression of the heat shock proteins.
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Helix-turn-helix
In proteins, the helix-turn-helix (HTH) is a major structural motif capable of binding DNA.
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Hepatocyte nuclear factors
Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) are a group of phylogenetically unrelated transcription factors that regulate the transcription of a diverse group of genes into proteins.
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Herpes simplex virus protein vmw65
Vmw65, also known as VP16 or α-TIF (Trans Inducing Factor) is a trans-acting protein that forms a complex with the host transcription factors Oct-1 and HCF to induce immediate early gene transcription in the herpes simplex viruses.
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Histone
In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
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Histone acetyltransferase
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine.
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Histone deacetylase
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O.
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HMG-box
In molecular biology, the HMG-box (high mobility group box) is a protein domain which is involved in DNA binding.
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HMGA1
High-mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGA1 gene.
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HNF1A
HNF1 homeobox A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A), also known as HNF1A, is a human gene on chromosome 12.
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Homeobox
A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi and plants.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Hormone response element
A hormone response element (HRE) is a short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene that is able to bind to a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription.
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Hox gene
Hox genes, a subset of homeotic genes, are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis.
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HSF1
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSF1 gene.
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Human genome
The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
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Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a partially electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen (H) which is bound to a more electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and another adjacent atom bearing a lone pair of electrons.
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Hypoxia-inducible factors
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to decreases in available oxygen in the cellular environment, or hypoxia.
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Inhibitor of DNA-binding protein
Inhibitor of DNA-binding/differentiation proteins, also known as ID proteins comprise a family of proteins that heterodimerize with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to inhibit DNA binding of bHLH proteins.
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Interferon regulatory factors
Interferon regulatory factors are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons (see regulation of gene expression).
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InterPro
InterPro is a database of protein families, domains and functional sites in which identifiable features found in known proteins can be applied to new protein sequences in order to functionally characterise them.
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IPEX syndrome
IPEX (immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked) syndrome is a rare disease linked to the dysfunction of the transcription factor FOXP3, widely considered to be the master regulator of the regulatory T cell lineage.
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Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
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KMT2A
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1 (ALL-1), myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), or zinc finger protein HRX (HRX) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KMT2A gene.
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Krüppel
Krüppel is a gap gene originally described in Drosophila melanogaster, which encodes a zinc finger transcription factor with four tandemly repeated zinc finger domains.
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Lambda phage
Enterobacteria phage λ (lambda phage, coliphage λ) is a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial species Escherichia coli (E. coli).
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Leafy
LEAFY (abbreviated LFY) is a plant gene that causes groups of undifferentiated cells called meristems to develop into flowers instead of leaves with associated shoots.
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Leucine zipper
A leucine zipper (or leucine scissors) is a common three-dimensional structural motif in proteins.
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Li–Fraumeni syndrome
Li–Fraumeni syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant, hereditary disorder that pre-disposes carriers to cancer development.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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Lipid
In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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MADS-box
The MADS box is a conserved sequence motif.
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Maturity onset diabetes of the young
"Maturity onset diabetes of the young" (MODY) refers to any of several hereditary forms of diabetes mellitus caused by mutations in an autosomal dominant gene disrupting insulin production.
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MECP2
MECP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Rett syndrome)) is a gene that encodes the protein MECP2.
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Mef2
In the field of molecular biology, myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2) proteins are a family of transcription factors which through control of gene expression are important regulators of cellular differentiation and consequently play a critical role in embryonic development.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Methyltransferase
Methyltransferases are a large group of enzymes that all methylate their substrates but can be split into several subclasses based on their structural features.
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Morphology (biology)
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
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Multicellular organism
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.
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Multiplex (assay)
A multiplex assay is a type of assay used in research to simultaneously measure multiple analytes (dozens or more) in a single run/cycle of the assay.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Myc
Myc is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors.
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MYF5
Myogenic factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYF5 gene.
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MyoD
MyoD is a protein that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation.
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Negative feedback
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.
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NF-κB
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.
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NFAT
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a family of transcription factors shown to be important in immune response.
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NFATC1
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC1 gene.
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NFATC2
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC2 gene.
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NFATC3
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC3 gene.
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NFIA
Nuclear factor 1 A-type is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFIA gene.
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NFIB (gene)
The NFIB gene is a part of the NFI gene complex that includes three other genes (NFIA, NFIC and NFIX).
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NFIC (gene)
Nuclear factor 1 C-type is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFIC gene.
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NFIX
Nuclear factor 1 X-type is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFIX gene.
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Notch signaling pathway
The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms.
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Nuclear factor I
Nuclear factor I (NF-I) is a family of closely related transcription factors.
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Nuclear localization sequence
A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport.
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Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules.
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Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
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Nucleosome
A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.
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Octamer transcription factor
An octamer transcription factor is a transcription factor which binds to the "ATTTGCAT" sequence.
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Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Ovary
The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.
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P53
Tumor protein p53, also known as p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53), is any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in various organisms, such as TP53 (humans) and Trp53 (mice).
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Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior of those cells.
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Pax genes
In evolutionary developmental biology, Paired box (Pax) genes are a family of genes coding for tissue specific transcription factors containing a paired domain and usually a partial, or in the case of four family members (PAX3, PAX4, PAX6 and PAX7), a complete homeodomain.
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PDX1
PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), also known as insulin promoter factor 1, is a transcription factor necessary for pancreatic development, including β-cell maturation, and duodenal differentiation.
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Pfam
Pfam is a database of protein families that includes their annotations and multiple sequence alignments generated using hidden Markov models.
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Pho4
Pho4 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor found in S. cerevisiae and other yeasts.
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Phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.
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Phylogenetic footprinting
Phylogenetic footprinting is a technique used to identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) within a non-coding region of DNA of interest by comparing it to the orthologous sequence in different species.
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Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.
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Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1
POU domain, class 1, transcription factor 1 (Pit1, growth hormone factor 1), also known as POU1F1, is a transcription factor for growth hormone.
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Placenta
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.
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POU domain
POU (pronounced 'pow') is a family of proteins that have well-conserved homeodomains.
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POU2F1
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU2F1 gene.
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Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
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Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein dimer
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.
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Protein domain
A protein domain is a conserved part of a given protein sequence and (tertiary) structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain.
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R-SMAD
R-SMADs are receptor-regulated SMADs.
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Recognition sequence
The recognition sequence, sometimes also referred to as recognition site, of any DNA-binding protein motif that exhibits binding specificity, refers to the DNA sequence (or subset thereof), to which the domain is specific.
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Regional differentiation
In the field of developmental biology, regional differentiation is the process by which different areas are identified in the development of the early embryo.
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Rel homology domain
The Rel homology domain (RHD) is a protein domain found in a family of eukaryotic transcription factors, which includes NF-κB, NFAT, among others.
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Repressor
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.
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Response element
Response elements are short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter region that are able to bind specific transcription factors and regulate transcription of genes.
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Rett syndrome
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a genetic brain disorder which typically becomes apparent after 6 to 18 months of age in females.
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RFX1
MHC class II regulatory factor RFX1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the RFX1 gene located on the short arm of chromosome 19.
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RFX2
DNA-binding protein RFX2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RFX2 gene.
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RFX3
Transcription factor RFX3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RFX3 gene.
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RFX4
Transcription factor RFX4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RFX4 gene.
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RFX5
DNA-binding protein RFX5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RFX5 gene.
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RFXANK
DNA-binding protein RFXANK is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RFXANK gene.
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RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.
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Sequencing
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes falsely called primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.
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Serum response factor
Serum response factor, also known as SRF, is a transcription factor protein.
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Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.
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Small molecule
Within the fields of molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule is a low molecular weight (< 900 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm.
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SOX gene family
SOX genes encode a family of transcription factors that bind to the minor groove in DNA, and belong to a super-family of genes characterized by a homologous sequence called the HMG-box (for high mobility group).
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Sp1 transcription factor
Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1* is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene.
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STAT protein
Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family are intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation.
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Steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
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Steroid hormone receptor
Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells.
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Sterol regulatory element-binding protein
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that bind to the sterol regulatory element DNA sequence TCACNCCAC.
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Structural Classification of Proteins database
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a largely manual classification of protein structural domains based on similarities of their structures and amino acid sequences.
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Structure specific recognition protein 1
FACT complex subunit SSRP1 also known as structure specific recognition protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSRP1 gene.
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TAL effector
TAL (transcription activator-like) effectors (often referred to as TALEs, but not to be confused with the three amino acid loop extension homeobox class of proteins) are proteins secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria via their type III secretion system when they infect various plant species.
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Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen (TMX), sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a medication that is used to prevent breast cancer in women and treat breast cancer in women and men.
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TATA-binding protein
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box.
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TCF3
Transcription factor 3 (E2A immunoglobulin enhancer-binding factors E12/E47), also known as TCF3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF3 gene.
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TEAD1
Transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-1 also known as TEA domain family member 1 (TEAD1) and transcription factor 13 (TCF-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TEAD1 gene.
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TEAD2
TEAD2 (ETF, ETEF-1, TEF-4), together with TEAD1, defined a novel family of transcription factors, the TEAD family, highly conserved through evolution.
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TEAD3
Transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TEAD3 gene.
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TEAD4
Transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TEAD4 gene.
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Testis-determining factor
Testis-determining factor (TDF), also known as sex-determining region Y (SRY) protein, is a DNA-binding protein (also known as gene-regulatory protein/transcription factor) encoded by the SRY gene that is responsible for the initiation of male sex determination in humans.
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Thymine
---> Thymine (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.
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Thyroid hormone receptor
The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone.
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Transactivation domain
The transactivation domain or trans-activating domain (TAD) is a transcription factor scaffold domain which contains binding sites for other proteins such as transcription coregulators.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transcription coregulator
In molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes.
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Transcription factor II A
Transcription factor TFIIA is a nuclear protein involved in the RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of DNA.
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Transcription factor II B
Transcription factor II B (TFIIB) is a general transcription factor that is involved in the formation of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) and aids in stimulating transcription initiation.
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Transcription factor II D
Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
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Transcription factor II E
Transcription factor II E (TFIIE) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
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Transcription factor II F
Transcription factor IIF (TFIIF) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
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Transcription factor II H
Transcription factor II Human (Transcription Factor II H; TFIIH) is an important protein complex, having roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways.
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Transcription preinitiation complex
The preinitiation complex (abbreviated PIC) is a complex of approximately 100 proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes and archaea.
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TRANSFAC
TRANSFAC (TRANScription FACtor database) is a manually curated database of eukaryotic transcription factors, their genomic binding sites and DNA binding profiles.
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Tubby protein
The tubby protein is encoded by the TUB gene.
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Tumor suppressor
A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.
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Ultrabithorax
Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is a homeobox gene found in insects, and is used in the regulation of patterning in morphogenesis.
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USF1
Upstream stimulatory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USF1 gene.
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USF2
Upstream stimulatory factor 2 is a protein that in humans just encoded by the USF2 gene.
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Van der Waals force
In molecular physics, the van der Waals forces, named after Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, are distance-dependent interactions between atoms or molecules.
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Western blot
The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology disciplines to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract.
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Winged-helix transcription factors
Consisting of about 110 amino acids, the domain in winged-helix transcription factors (see Regulation of gene expression) has four helices and a two-strand beta-sheet.
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Xanthomonas
Xanthomonas is a genus of Proteobacteria, many of which cause plant diseases.
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Zinc finger
A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) in order to stabilize the fold.
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Redirects here:
Basal factor, Gene transcription factor, Promoter factor, Sequence-specific DNA-binding factor, Signal-sensing domain, TFBS, Trans-activator, Transcription factor protein, Transcription factors, Upstream binding factor, Upstream stimulatory factors, Upstream transcription factor.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor
