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Veterinary surgery

Index Veterinary surgery

Veterinary surgery is surgery performed on animals by veterinarians, whereby the procedures fall into three broad categories: orthopaedics (bones, joints, muscles), soft tissue surgery (skin, body cavities, cardiovascular system, GI/urogenital/respiratory tracts), and neurosurgery. Advanced surgical procedures such as joint replacement (total hip, knee and elbow replacement), fracture repair, stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, oncologic (cancer) surgery, herniated disc treatment, complicated gastrointestinal or urogenital procedures, kidney transplant, skin grafts, complicated wound management, minimally invasive procedures (arthroscopy, laparoscopy, thoracoscopy) are performed by veterinary surgeons (as registered in their jurisdiction). Most general practice veterinarians perform routine surgery, some also perform additional procedures. The goal of veterinary surgery may be quite different in pets and in farm animals. In the former, the situation is more close to that with human beings, where the benefit to the patient is the important factor. In the latter, the economic benefit is more important. [1]

151 relations: Abdomen, Abdominal surgery, Acepromazine, Adrenergic receptor, Agonist, Alfaxalone, Alfaxolone/alfadolone, American College of Veterinary Surgeons, American Veterinary Medical Association, Amputation, Analgesic, Anatomical terms of location, Anesthesia, Anterior cruciate ligament, Anticholinergic, Arthroscopy, Atipamezole, Avulsion injury, Basal-cell carcinoma, Bladder stone (animal), Bleeding, Bone fracture, Bulldog, Bupivacaine, Buprenorphine, Burdizzo, Caesarean section, Calculus (dental), Castration, Cat, Cataract surgery, Cattle, Cherry eye, Cropping (animal), Cryptorchidism, Cystocentesis, Debridement, Deciduous teeth, Deer, Desflurane, Diazepam, Docking (animal), Dog, Ectropion, Edema, Electrolyte, Elk, Emergency, Endoscopy, Enflurane, ..., Entropion, Enucleation of the eye, Epulis fissuratum, Europe, Exophthalmos, Eye surgery, Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion, Femoral head ostectomy, Fibrosarcoma, Foreign body, Gastrectomy, Gastric dilatation volvulus, Gastrointestinal tract, Gastropexy, General anaesthesia, Gingival enlargement, Glaucoma, Glycopyrronium bromide, Guaifenesin, Halothane, Hardware disease, Hemostasis, Hip dysplasia (canine), Hip replacement (animal), Histiocytoma (dog), Horse, Hydromorphone, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Infection, Intravenous therapy, Intubation, Isoflurane, Ketamine, Laser surgery, Lidocaine, Ligature (medicine), Lipoma, Livestock, Livestock dehorning, Local anesthesia, Local anesthetic, Malignant transformation, Mandible, Mastocytoma, Maxilla, Medetomidine, Melanoma, Mepivacaine, Midazolam, Necrosis, Neoplasm, Neutering, Onychectomy, Oophorectomy, Orbit (anatomy), Orchiectomy, Organ replacement in animals, Osteosarcoma, Osteotomy, Ovarian cancer, Ovary, Periodontal disease, Pet, Phalanx bone, Plastic surgery, Propofol, Pyometra, Root canal, Ruminant, Scalpel, Scissors, Sedation, Sevoflurane, Sodium thiopental, Spermatic cord, Splenectomy, Squamous cell carcinoma, Steroid, Subcutaneous tissue, Surgery, Surgical anastomosis, Surgical suture, Teat, Testicle, Testicular cancer, Testicular torsion, Therapeutic irrigation, Tiletamine, Tracheal tube, Udder, Urinary bladder, Uterine cancer, Uterus, Veterinary physician, Veterinary specialties, Wolf tooth, Wound, Wound healing, Xylazine, Yohimbine, Zolazepam. Expand index (101 more) »

Abdomen

The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.

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Abdominal surgery

The term abdominal surgery broadly covers surgical procedures that involve opening the abdomen.

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Acepromazine

Acepromazine, acetopromazine or acetylpromazine (more commonly known as ACP, Ace, or by the trade names Atravet or Acezine 2, number depending on mg/ml dose) is a phenothiazine derivative antipsychotic drug.

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Adrenergic receptor

The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).

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Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.

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Alfaxalone

Alfaxalone, also known as alphaxalone or alphaxolone and sold under the brand name Alfaxan, is a neuroactive steroid and general anesthetic which is used in veterinary practice as an induction agent for anesthesia and as an injectable anesthetic.

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Alfaxolone/alfadolone

Alfaxolone/alfadolone (brand names Althesin (human), Saffan (veterinary) is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent. It was withdrawn from the market due to severe drug reactions. It is composed of a 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone and alfadolone, two neurosteroids.

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American College of Veterinary Surgeons

The American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) is the specialty board that defines the standards of surgical excellence for the field of veterinary medicine, promotes advancements in veterinary surgery, and provides the latest in veterinary surgical educational programs.

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American Veterinary Medical Association

The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), founded in 1863, is a not-for-profit association representing more than 91,000 U.S. veterinarians working in private and corporate practice, government, industry, academia, and uniformed services.

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Amputation

Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery.

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Analgesic

An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.

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Anatomical terms of location

Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.

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Anesthesia

In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness.

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Anterior cruciate ligament

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments (the other being the posterior cruciate ligament) in the human knee.

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Anticholinergic

An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system.

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Arthroscopy

Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic or keyhole surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure on a joint in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an arthroscope, an endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision.

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Atipamezole

Atipamezole (brand name Antisedan) is a synthetic α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist indicated for the reversal of the sedative and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs.

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Avulsion injury

In medicine, an avulsion is an injury in which a body structure is forcibly detached from its normal point of insertion by either trauma or surgery (from the Latin avellere, meaning "to tear off").

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Basal-cell carcinoma

Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), also known as basal-cell cancer, is the most common type of skin cancer.

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Bladder stone (animal)

Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats.

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Bleeding

Bleeding, also known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhaging, is blood escaping from the circulatory system.

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Bone fracture

A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone.

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Bulldog

A Bulldog is a medium-sized breed of dog commonly referred to as the English Bulldog or British Bulldog.

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Bupivacaine

Bupivacaine, marketed under the brand name Marcaine among others, is a medication used to decrease feeling in a specific area.

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Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex, among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid addiction, acute pain, and chronic pain.

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Burdizzo

The Burdizzo is a castration device which employs a large clamp designed to break the blood vessels leading into the testicles.

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Caesarean section

Caesarean section, also known as C-section or caesarean delivery, is the use of surgery to deliver one or more babies.

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Calculus (dental)

In dentistry, calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque.

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Castration

Castration (also known as gonadectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which an individual loses use of the testicles.

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Cat

The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus or Felis catus) is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal.

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Cataract surgery

Cataract surgery is the removal of the natural lens of the eye (also called "crystalline lens") that has developed an opacification, which is referred to as a cataract.

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Cattle

Cattle—colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.

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Cherry eye

Cherry eye is a disorder of the nictitating membrane (NM), also called the third eyelid, present in the eyes of dogs and cats.

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Cropping (animal)

Cropping is the removal of part or all of the pinnae or auricles, the external visible flap of the ear, of an animal; it sometimes involves taping to make the ears pointy.

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Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum.

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Cystocentesis

Cystocentesis is a veterinary procedure where a needle is placed into the urinary bladder through the abdominal wall of an animal and a sample of urine is removed.

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Debridement

Debridement is the medical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissue.

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Deciduous teeth

Deciduous teeth, commonly known as baby teeth and temporary teeth,Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 255 are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and other diphyodont mammals.

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Deer

Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.

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Desflurane

Desflurane (1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) is a highly fluorinated methyl ethyl ether used for maintenance of general anesthesia.

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Diazepam

Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that typically produces a calming effect.

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Docking (animal)

Docking is the intentional removal of part of an animal's tail or, sometimes, ears.

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Dog

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the gray wolf or Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.

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Ectropion

Ectropion is a medical condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards.

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Edema

Edema, also spelled oedema or œdema, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, located beneath the skin and in the cavities of the body, which can cause severe pain.

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Electrolyte

An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water.

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Elk

The elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest species within the deer family, Cervidae, in the world, and one of the largest land mammals in North America and Eastern Asia.

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Emergency

An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property, or environment.

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Endoscopy

An endoscopy (looking inside) is used in medicine to look inside the body.

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Enflurane

Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether.

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Entropion

Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelid (usually the lower lid) folds inward.

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Enucleation of the eye

Enucleation is the removal of the eye that leaves the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.

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Epulis fissuratum

Epulis fissuratum (also termed inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, denture-induced fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia, denture injury tumor, denture epulis, denture induced granuloma, and granuloma fissuratum) is a benign hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue which develops as a reactive lesion to chronic mechanical irritation produced by the flange of a poorly fitting denture.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Exophthalmos

Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.

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Eye surgery

Eye surgery, also known as ocular surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa, typically by an ophthalmologist.

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Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion

Feline Tooth Resorption (TR) is a syndrome in cats characterized by resorption of the tooth by odontoclasts, cells similar to osteoclasts.

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Femoral head ostectomy

A femoral head ostectomy (FHO) is a surgical procedure that removes the head and neck from the femur.

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Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma (fibroblastic sarcoma) is a malignant mesenchymal tumour derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by the presence of immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells in a storiform pattern.

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Foreign body

In the field of medicine, a foreign body, sometimes known as FB (Latin: corpus alienum), is any object originating outside the body of an organism.

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Gastrectomy

A gastrectomy is a partial or total surgical removal of the stomach.

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Gastric dilatation volvulus

Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV), also known as gastric dilation, twisted stomach, or gastric torsion, is a medical condition that affects dogs in which the stomach becomes overstretched and rotated by excessive gas content.

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Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.

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Gastropexy

Gastropexy is a surgical operation in which the stomach is sutured to the abdominal wall or the diaphragm.

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General anaesthesia

General anaesthesia or general anesthesia (see spelling differences) is a medically induced coma with loss of protective reflexes, resulting from the administration of one or more general anaesthetic agents.

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Gingival enlargement

Gingival enlargement, (also termed gingival overgrowth, hypertrophic gingivitis, gingival hyperplasia, or gingival hypertrophy, and sometimes abbreviated to GO), is an increase in the size of the gingiva (gums).

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Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.

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Glycopyrronium bromide

Glycopyrronium bromide is a medication of the muscarinic anticholinergic group.

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Guaifenesin

Guaifenesin, also known as guaiphenesin or glyceryl guaiacolate, is an expectorant medication sold over the counter and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up (expectoration) of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections.

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Halothane

Halothane, sold under the brandname Fluothane among others, is a general anesthetic.

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Hardware disease

Hardware disease is a common term for bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis.

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Hemostasis

Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage).

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Hip dysplasia (canine)

In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints.

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Hip replacement (animal)

Hip replacement is a surgical procedure performed in dogs and cats as a salvage procedure, to alleviate severe pain in the hip due to, for example, hip dysplasia or irreparable bone fracture.

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Histiocytoma (dog)

A histiocytoma in the dog is a benign tumor.

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Horse

The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''.

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Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid, among others, is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.

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Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) is located at Izatnagar, Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh state.

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Intravenous therapy

Intravenous therapy (IV) is a therapy that delivers liquid substances directly into a vein (intra- + ven- + -ous).

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Intubation

Intubation (sometimes entubation) is a medical procedure involving the insertion of a tube into the body.

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Isoflurane

Isoflurane, sold under the trade name Forane among others, is a general anesthetic.

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Ketamine

Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia.

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Laser surgery

Laser surgery is a type of surgery that uses a laser (in contrast to using a scalpel) to cut tissue.

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Lidocaine

Lidocaine, also known as xylocaine and lignocaine, is a medication used to numb tissue in a specific area.

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Ligature (medicine)

In surgery or medical procedure, a ligature consists of a piece of thread (suture) tied around an anatomical structure, usually a blood vessel or another hollow structure (e.g. urethra) to shut it off.

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Lipoma

A lipoma is a benign tumor made of fat tissue.

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Livestock

Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.

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Livestock dehorning

Dehorning is the process of removing the fully grown horns of livestock.

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Local anesthesia

Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body, generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, that is, local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well.

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Local anesthetic

A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes reversible absence of pain sensation, although other senses are often affected, as well.

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Malignant transformation

Malignant transformation is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer.

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Mandible

The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face.

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Mastocytoma

A mastocytoma or mast cell tumor is a type of round-cell tumor consisting of mast cells.

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Maxilla

The maxilla (plural: maxillae) in animals is the upper jawbone formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones.

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Medetomidine

Medetomidine is a synthetic drug used as both a surgical anesthetic and analgesic.

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Melanoma

Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes.

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Mepivacaine

Mepivacaine is a local anesthetic of the amide type.

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Midazolam

Midazolam, marketed under the trade name Versed, among others, is a medication used for anesthesia, procedural sedation, trouble sleeping, and severe agitation.

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Necrosis

Necrosis (from the Greek νέκρωσις "death, the stage of dying, the act of killing" from νεκρός "dead") is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.

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Neoplasm

Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.

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Neutering

Neutering, from the Latin neuter ('of neither sex'), is the removal of an animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part.

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Onychectomy

Onychectomy, popularly known as declawing, is an operation to remove an animal's claws surgically by means of the amputation of all or part of the distal phalanges, or end bones, of the animal's toes.

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Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy (from Greek ᾠοφόρος, ōophóros, 'egg-bearing' + ἐκτομή, ektomḗ, 'a cutting out of') is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.

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Orbit (anatomy)

In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.

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Orchiectomy

Orchiectomy (also named orchidectomy, and sometimes shortened as orchi) is a surgical procedure in which one or both testicles are removed.

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Organ replacement in animals

Limb replacement (prosthesis) in animals is a well developed science and becoming more common.

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Osteosarcoma

An osteosarcoma (OS) or osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) is a cancerous tumor in a bone.

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Osteotomy

An osteotomy is a surgical operation whereby a bone is cut to shorten or lengthen it or to change its alignment.

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Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary.

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Ovary

The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.

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Periodontal disease

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth.

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Pet

A pet or companion animal is an animal kept primarily for a person's company, protection, or entertainment rather than as a working animal, livestock, or laboratory animal.

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Phalanx bone

The phalanges (singular: phalanx) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates.

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Plastic surgery

Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body.

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Propofol

Propofol, marketed as Diprivan among others, is a short-acting medication that results in a decreased level of consciousness and lack of memory for events.

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Pyometra

Pyometra or pyometrea is a uterine infection.

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Root canal

A root canal is the naturally occurring anatomic space within the root of a tooth.

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Ruminant

Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.

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Scalpel

A scalpel, or lancet, is a small and extremely sharp bladed instrument used for surgery, anatomical dissection, podiatry and various arts and crafts (called a hobby knife).

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Scissors

Scissors are hand-operated shearing tools.

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Sedation

Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure.

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Sevoflurane

Sevoflurane (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)propane; synonym, fluoromethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether), is a sweet-smelling, nonflammable, highly fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used as an inhalational anaesthetic for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.

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Sodium thiopental

Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories, not to be confused with pentobarbital), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic that is an analogue of thiobarbital.

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Spermatic cord

The spermatic cord is the cord-like structure in males formed by the vas deferens (ductus deferens) and surrounding tissue that runs from the deep inguinal ring down to each testicle.

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Splenectomy

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure that partially or completely removes the spleen.

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Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinomas, also known as epidermoid carcinoma are a number of different types of cancer that result from squamous cells.

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Steroid

A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

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Subcutaneous tissue

The subcutaneous tissue, also called the hypodermis, hypoderm, subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.

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Surgery

Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.

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Surgical anastomosis

A surgical anastomosis is a surgical technique used to make a new connection between two body structures that carry fluid, such as blood vessels or bowel.

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Surgical suture

Surgical suture is a medical device used to hold body tissues together after an injury or surgery.

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Teat

A teat is the projection from the udder or mammary glands of mammals from which milk flows or is ejected for the purpose of feeding young.

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Testicle

The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.

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Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.

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Testicular torsion

Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord (from which the testicle is suspended) twists, cutting off the testicle's blood supply.

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Therapeutic irrigation

In medicine, therapeutic irrigation or lavage is cleaning or rinsing.

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Tiletamine

Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist.

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Tracheal tube

A tracheal tube is a catheter that is inserted into the trachea for the primary purpose of establishing and maintaining a patent airway and to ensure the adequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Udder

An udder is an organ formed of the mammary glands of female four-legged mammals, particularly ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep and deer.

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Urinary bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in humans and some other animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.

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Uterine cancer

Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, is any type of cancer that emerges from the tissue of the uterus.

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Uterus

The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.

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Veterinary physician

A veterinary physician, usually called a vet, which is shortened from veterinarian (American English) or veterinary surgeon (British English), is a professional who practices veterinary medicine by treating diseases, disorders, and injuries in animals.

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Veterinary specialties

A veterinary specialist is a veterinarian who specializes in a clinical field of veterinary medicine.

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Wolf tooth

Wolf teeth are small, peg-like horse teeth, which sit just in front of (or rostral to) the first cheek teeth of horses and other equids.

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Wound

A wound is a type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn, cut, or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound).

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Wound healing

Wound healing is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury.

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Xylazine

Xylazine is an analogue of clonidine and an agonist at the α2 class of adrenergic receptor.

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Yohimbine

Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree in Central Africa.

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Zolazepam

Zolazepam (Flupyrazapon) is a pyrazolodiazepinone derivative structurally related to the benzodiazepine drugs, which is used as an anaesthetic for a wide range of animals in veterinary medicine.

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Canine Surgery, Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary sterilization surgery, Veterinary surgeon, Veterinary surgeons.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_surgery

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