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224 relations: A priori and a posteriori, Aboriginal Australians, Adolph Wagner, Agrégation, Alain Badiou, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, American Sociological Review, Anomie, Anthony Giddens, Anthropology, Aristotle, Arnold van Gennep, Auguste Comte, École normale supérieure (Paris), Émile Boutroux, Épinal, Île-de-France, Behavior, Belief, Biology, Bronisław Malinowski, Buddhism, Calendar, Cartesianism, Case study, Categorical imperative, Category of being, Célestin Bouglé, Charles Bernard Renouvier, Charles Lemert, Charles Taylor (philosopher), Church (congregation), Claude Lévi-Strauss, Clifford Geertz, Collective consciousness, Collective effervescence, Collective unconscious, Comparative method, Competition, Conscience, Control theory (sociology), Cultural diversity, Culture, David Bloor, David Hume, David Lockwood, Deviance (sociology), Division of labour, Dreyfus affair, E. E. Evans-Pritchard, ..., Ecological fallacy, Education in France, Egoism, Egotism, Emmanuel Levinas, Emotion, Empiricism, Epistemology, Ernest Denis, Erving Goffman, Ethics, Fallacy, Fashion, Ferdinand de Saussure, Ferdinand Tönnies, Fernand Braudel, Four Noble Truths, Franco-Prussian War, French Third Republic, Geographical distribution of German speakers, God, Greed, Hans Joas, Henri Bergson, Henry Morselli, Herbert Spencer, History of the Jews in France, Holism, Humanities, Humboldt University of Berlin, Hunter-gatherer, Hypothetico-deductive model, Immanuel Kant, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Individual, Inductive reasoning, Institution, Jean Jaurès, Jean Piaget, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jewish culture, John Dewey, John Searle, John Stuart Mill, Jonathan Haidt, Journal of Classical Sociology, Karl Marx, L'Année Sociologique, Language, Law, Left-wing politics, Leipzig University, List of universities and colleges in France, Lorraine, Louis Althusser, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Manifesto, Marcel Mauss, Mary Douglas, Maurice Bloch, Maurice Halbwachs, Max Weber, Mechanical and organic solidarity, Metaphysics, Methodological individualism, Methodology, Michel Foucault, Ministry of National Education (France), Modernity, Monograph, Montesquieu, Montparnasse Cemetery, Morality, Moscow, Napoleon III, Nationalism, Natural science, Neil Gross, Neo-Kantianism, Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, Objectivity (science), Observation, Organicism, Paris, Pathology, Paul Fauconnet, Pedagogy, Peter L. Berger, Philosophical realism, Philosophy, Pierre Bourdieu, Plato, Political philosophy, Population density, Population growth, Positivism, Professor, Profit (economics), Progress Publishers, Propaganda, Protestantism, Psychology, Punishment, Quantitative methods in criminology, Quantitative research, Rabbi, Randall Collins, Rationalism, Religion, René Descartes, Republicanism, Ritual, Robert K. Merton, Robert Neelly Bellah, Roger Cotterrell, Sacred, Sacred–profane dichotomy, Science, Scientific law, Scientific method, Scientific realism, Second French Empire, Secularism, Social control, Social cycle theory, Social environment, Social fact, Social integration, Social norm, Social phenomenon, Social relation, Social research, Social science, Social statistics, Social stratification, Social structure, Sociocultural evolution, Sociological Theory (journal), Sociology, Sociology of education, Sociology of knowledge, Sociology of law, Sociology of religion, Spirituality, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Steven Lukes, Stroke, Structural functionalism, Structure and agency, Subjectivity, Sui generis, Suicide, Suicide (book), Summum bonum, Supernatural, Talcott Parsons, The Division of Labour in Society, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, The Rules of Sociological Method, The Sociological Review, Thesis, Time, Totem, Trial of Socrates, University of Bordeaux, University of Marburg, University of Paris, Upper class, Utilitarianism, Value (ethics), Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Working class, Ziya Gökalp. Expand index (174 more) »
A priori and a posteriori
The Latin phrases a priori ("from the earlier") and a posteriori ("from the latter") are philosophical terms of art popularized by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (first published in 1781, second edition in 1787), one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.
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Aboriginal Australians
Aboriginal Australians are legally defined as people who are members "of the Aboriginal race of Australia" (indigenous to mainland Australia or to the island of Tasmania).
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Adolph Wagner
Adolph Wagner (25 March 1835 – 8 November 1917) was a German economist and politician, a leading Kathedersozialist (academic socialist) and public finance scholar and advocate of agrarianism.
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Agrégation
In France, the agrégation is a competitive examination for civil service in the French public education system.
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Alain Badiou
Alain Badiou (born 17 January 1937) is a French philosopher, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École normale supérieure (ENS) and founder of the faculty of Philosophy of the Université de Paris VIII with Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault and Jean-François Lyotard.
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Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, FBA (born Alfred Reginald Brown; 17 January 1881 – 24 October 1955) was an English social anthropologist who developed the theory of structural functionalism and coadaptation.
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American Sociological Review
The American Sociological Review is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of sociology.
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Anomie
Anomie is a "condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals".
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Anthony Giddens
Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens (born 18 January 1938) is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies.
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Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Arnold van Gennep
Arnold van Gennep, in full Charles-Arnold Kurr van Gennep (23 April 1873 – 7 May 1957) was a Dutch-German-French ethnographer and folklorist.
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Auguste Comte
Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism.
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École normale supérieure (Paris)
The École normale supérieure (also known as Normale sup', Ulm, ENS Paris, l'École and most often just as ENS) is one of the most selective and prestigious French grandes écoles (higher education establishment outside the framework of the public university system) and a constituent college of Université PSL.
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Émile Boutroux
Étienne Émile Marie Boutroux (July 28, 1845 – November 22, 1921) was an eminent 19th century French philosopher of science and religion, and an historian of philosophy.
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Épinal
Épinal is a commune in northeastern France and the capital (prefecture) of the Vosges department.
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Île-de-France
Île-de-France ("Island of France"), also known as the région parisienne ("Parisian Region"), is one of the 18 regions of France and includes the city of Paris.
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Behavior
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (Commonwealth English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment.
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Belief
Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Bronisław Malinowski
Bronisław Kasper Malinowski (7 April 1884 – 16 May 1942) was a Polish-British anthropologist, often considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists.
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Buddhism
Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.
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Calendar
A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes.
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Cartesianism
Cartesianism is the philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably Nicolas Malebranche and Baruch Spinoza.
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Case study
In the social sciences and life sciences, a case study is a research method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject of study (the case), as well as its related contextual conditions.
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Categorical imperative
The categorical imperative (kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
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Category of being
In ontology, the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being; or simply categories.
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Célestin Bouglé
Célestin Charles Alfred Bouglé (1 June 1870 – 25 January 1940) was a French philosopher known for his role as one of Émile Durkheim's collaborators and a member of the L'Année Sociologique.
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Charles Bernard Renouvier
Charles Bernard Renouvier (January 1, 1815 – September 1, 1903) was a French philosopher.
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Charles Lemert
Charles Lemert (born 1937) is an American born social theorist and sociologist.
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Charles Taylor (philosopher)
Charles Margrave Taylor (born 1931) is a Canadian philosopher from Montreal, Quebec, and professor emeritus at McGill University best known for his contributions to political philosophy, the philosophy of social science, the history of philosophy, and intellectual history.
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Church (congregation)
A church is a Christian religious organization or congregation or community that meets in a particular location.
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Claude Lévi-Strauss
Claude Lévi-Strauss (28 November 1908, Brussels – 30 October 2009, Paris) was a French anthropologist and ethnologist whose work was key in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology.
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Clifford Geertz
Clifford James Geertz (August 23, 1926 – October 30, 2006) was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology, and who was considered "for three decades...the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States." He served until his death as professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.
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Collective consciousness
Collective consciousness, collective conscience, or collective conscious (conscience collective) is the set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.
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Collective effervescence
Collective effervescence (CE) is a sociological concept introduced by Émile Durkheim.
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Collective unconscious
Collective unconscious (kollektives Unbewusstes), a term coined by Carl Jung, refers to structures of the unconscious mind which are shared among beings of the same species.
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Comparative method
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, in order to extrapolate back to infer the properties of that ancestor.
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Competition
Competition is, in general, a contest or rivalry between two or more entities, organisms, animals, individuals, economic groups or social groups, etc., for territory, a niche, for scarce resources, goods, for mates, for prestige, recognition, for awards, for group or social status, or for leadership and profit.
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Conscience
Conscience is an aptitude, faculty, intuition or judgment that assists in distinguishing right from wrong.
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Control theory (sociology)
Control theory in sociology is the idea that two control systems—inner controls and outer controls—work against our tendencies to deviate.
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Cultural diversity
Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay.
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Culture
Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies.
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David Bloor
David Bloor (born 1942) is a British sociologist.
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David Hume
David Hume (born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
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David Lockwood
David Lockwood CBE FBA (born 9 April 1929, died 6 June 2014) was a British sociologist.
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Deviance (sociology)
In sociology, deviance describes an action or behavior that violates social norms, including a formally enacted rule (e.g., crime), as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).
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Division of labour
The division of labour is the separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialize.
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Dreyfus affair
The Dreyfus Affair (l'affaire Dreyfus) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.
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E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, FBA (21 September 1902 – 11 September 1973), known as E. E. Evans-Pritchard, was an English anthropologist who was instrumental in the development of social anthropology.
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Ecological fallacy
An ecological fallacy (or ecological inference fallacy) is a formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong.
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Education in France
The French educational system is highly centralized and organized, with many subdivisions.
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Egoism
Egoism is an ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality.
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Egotism
Egotism is the drive to maintain and enhance favorable views of oneself, and generally features an inflated opinion of one's personal features and importance.
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Emmanuel Levinas
Emmanuel Levinas (12 January 1906 – 25 December 1995) was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work related to Jewish philosophy, existentialism, ethics, phenomenology and ontology.
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Emotion
Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.
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Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.
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Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.
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Ernest Denis
Ernest Denis (January 3, 1849 – January 4, 1921) was a French historian.
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Erving Goffman
Erving Goffman (11 June 1922 – 19 November 1982) was a Canadian-American sociologist and writer, considered by some "the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century".
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Ethics
Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
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Fallacy
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument.
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Fashion
Fashion is a popular style, especially in clothing, footwear, lifestyle products, accessories, makeup, hairstyle and body.
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Ferdinand de Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician.
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Ferdinand Tönnies
Ferdinand Tönnies (26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a German sociologist and philosopher.
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Fernand Braudel
Fernand Braudel (24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School.
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Four Noble Truths
The Four Noble Truths refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism in a short expression: we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, which are dukkha, "incapable of satisfying" and painful.
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Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, Guerre franco-allemande), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1871) or in Germany as 70/71, was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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Geographical distribution of German speakers
In addition to the German-speaking area (Deutscher Sprachraum) in Europe, German-speaking minorities are present in many countries and on all six inhabited continents.
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God
In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.
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Greed
Greed, or avarice, is an inordinate or insatiable longing for unneeded excess, especially for excess wealth, status, power, or food.
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Hans Joas
Hans Joas (born November 27, 1948) is a German sociologist and social theorist.
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Henri Bergson
Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French-Jewish philosopher who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until World War II.
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Henry Morselli
Enrico "Henry" Agostino Morselli (1852-1929) was an Italian physician and psychical researcher.
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Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.
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History of the Jews in France
The history of the Jews in France deals with the Jews and Jewish communities in France.
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Holism
Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic) and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts.
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Humanities
Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture.
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Humboldt University of Berlin
The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin), is a university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.
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Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.
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Hypothetico-deductive model
The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of scientific method.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
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Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.
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Individual
An individual is that which exists as a distinct entity.
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Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning (as opposed to ''deductive'' reasoning or ''abductive'' reasoning) is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion.
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Institution
Institutions are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior".
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Jean Jaurès
Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès, commonly referred as Jean Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914) was a French Socialist leader.
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Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget (9 August 1896 – 16 September 1980) was a Swiss psychologist and epistemologist known for his pioneering work in child development.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.
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Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.
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John Dewey
John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, Georgist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform.
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John Searle
John Rogers Searle (born 31 July 1932) is an American philosopher.
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John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill, also known as J.S. Mill, (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.
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Jonathan Haidt
Jonathan David Haidt (born October 19, 1963) is an American social psychologist and Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York University's Stern School of Business.
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Journal of Classical Sociology
The Journal of Classical Sociology is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of classical sociology.
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Karl Marx
Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.
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L'Année Sociologique
L'Année Sociologique is an academic journal of sociology established in 1898 by Émile Durkheim, who also served as its editor.
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Language
Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.
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Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
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Left-wing politics
Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.
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Leipzig University
Leipzig University (Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany.
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List of universities and colleges in France
This List of universities and colleges in France includes universities and other higher education institutes that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities.
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Lorraine
Lorraine (Lorrain: Louréne; Lorraine Franconian: Lottringe; German:; Loutrengen) is a cultural and historical region in north-eastern France, now located in the administrative region of Grand Est.
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Louis Althusser
Louis Pierre Althusser (16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher.
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Lucien Lévy-Bruhl
Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (10 April 1857 – 13 March 1939) was a French scholar trained in philosophy, who made contributions to the budding fields of sociology and ethnology.
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Manifesto
A manifesto is a published verbal declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government.
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Marcel Mauss
Marcel Mauss (10 May 1872 – 10 February 1950) was a French sociologist.
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Mary Douglas
Dame Mary Douglas, (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism, whose area of speciality was social anthropology.
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Maurice Bloch
Maurice Bloch (born 1939 in Caen, Calvados, France) is a British anthropologist.
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Maurice Halbwachs
Maurice Halbwachs (11 March 1877 – 16 March 1945) was a French philosopher and sociologist known for developing the concept of collective memory.
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Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist.
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Mechanical and organic solidarity
In sociology, "mechanical solidarity" and "organic solidarity" refer to the concepts of solidarity as developed by Émile Durkheim.
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Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.
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Methodological individualism
Methodological individualism is the requirement that causal accounts of social phenomena explain how they result from the motivations and actions of individual agents, at least in principle.
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Methodology
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.
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Michel Foucault
Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), generally known as Michel Foucault, was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic.
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Ministry of National Education (France)
The Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research (Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche), or simply "Ministry of National Education", as the title has changed no small number of times in the course of the Fifth Republic is the French government cabinet member charged with running France's public educational system and with the supervision of agreements and authorizations for private teaching organizations.
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Modernity
Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era), as well as the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of Renaissance, in the "Age of Reason" of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century "Enlightenment".
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Monograph
A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author, and usually on a scholarly subject.
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Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.
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Montparnasse Cemetery
Montparnasse Cemetery (Cimetière du Montparnasse) is a cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, part of the city's 14th arrondissement.
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Morality
Morality (from) is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper.
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Moscow
Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.
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Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.
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Natural science
Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
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Neil Gross
Neil Louis Gross (born June 1, 1971) is the Charles A. Dana Professor of Sociology and chair of the department of sociology at Colby College.
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Neo-Kantianism
Neo-Kantianism (Neukantianismus) is a revival of the 18th century philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
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Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (18 March 1830 – 12 September 1889) was a French historian.
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Objectivity (science)
Objectivity in science is a value that informs how science is practiced and how scientific truths are discovered.
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Observation
Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source.
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Organicism
Organicism is the philosophical perspective which views the universe and its parts as organic wholes and - either by analogy or literally - as living organisms.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Pathology
Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.
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Paul Fauconnet
Paul Fauconnet (March 13, 1874 in Saint-Denis – 1938) was a French sociologist who is best known as a contributor to the L'Année Sociologique.
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Pedagogy
Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of teaching and how these influence student learning.
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Peter L. Berger
Peter Ludwig Berger (March 17, 1929 – June 27, 2017) was an Austrian-born American sociologist and Protestant theologian.
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Philosophical realism
Realism (in philosophy) about a given object is the view that this object exists in reality independently of our conceptual scheme.
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Philosophy
Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
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Pierre Bourdieu
Pierre Felix Bourdieu (1 August 1930 – 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist, anthropologist, philosopher, and public intellectual.
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Political philosophy
Political philosophy, or political theory, is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.
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Population density
Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.
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Population growth
In biology or human geography, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.
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Positivism
Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.
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Professor
Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries.
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Profit (economics)
In economics, profit in the accounting sense of the excess of revenue over cost is the sum of two components: normal profit and economic profit.
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Progress Publishers
Progress Publishers was a Moscow-based Soviet publisher founded in 1931.
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Propaganda
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Psychology
Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.
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Punishment
A punishment is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority—in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law—as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behaviour that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable.
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Quantitative methods in criminology
Quantitative methods provide the primary research methods for studying the distribution and causes of crime.
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Quantitative research
In natural sciences and social sciences, quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
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Rabbi
In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah.
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Randall Collins
Randall Collins (born 1941) is an American sociologist who has been influential in both his teaching and writing.
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Rationalism
In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".
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Religion
Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
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Republicanism
Republicanism is an ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty.
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Ritual
A ritual "is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence".
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Robert K. Merton
Robert King Merton (born Meyer Robert Schkolnick; 5 July 1910 – 23 February 2003) was an American sociologist.
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Robert Neelly Bellah
Robert Neelly Bellah (February 23, 1927 – July 30, 2013) was an American sociologist, and the Elliott Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Roger Cotterrell
Roger Cotterrell, FBA is the Anniversary Professor of Legal Theory at Queen Mary University of London and was made a Fellow of the British Academy in 2005.
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Sacred
Sacred means revered due to sanctity and is generally the state of being perceived by religious individuals as associated with divinity and considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspiring awe or reverence among believers.
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Sacred–profane dichotomy
The sacred–profane dichotomy is an idea posited by French sociologist Émile Durkheim, who considered it to be the central characteristic of religion: "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden." In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represented the interests of the group, especially unity, which were embodied in sacred group symbols, or totems.
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Science
R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.
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Scientific law
A scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the universe.
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Scientific method
Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.
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Scientific realism
Scientific realism is the view that the universe described by science is real regardless of how it may be interpreted.
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Second French Empire
The French Second Empire (Second Empire) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
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Secularism
Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).
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Social control
Social control is a concept within the disciplines of the social sciences.
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Social cycle theory
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology.
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Social environment
The social environment, social context, sociocultural context or milieu refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops.
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Social fact
In sociology, social facts are values, cultural norms, and social structures that transcend the individual and can exercise social control.
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Social integration
Social integration is the process during which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society.
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Social norm
From a sociological perspective, social norms are informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society.
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Social phenomenon
Social phenomena include all behavior that influences or is influenced by organisms sufficiently alive to respond to one another.
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Social relation
In social science, a social relation or social interaction is any relationship between two or more individuals.
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Social research
Social research is a research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan.
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Social science
Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.
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Social statistics
Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment.
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Social stratification
Social stratification is a kind of social differentiation whereby a society groups people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power (social and political).
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Social structure
In the social sciences, social structure is the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of the individuals.
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Sociocultural evolution
Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or cultural evolution are theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time.
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Sociological Theory (journal)
Sociological Theory is a peer-reviewed journal published by SAGE Publications for the American Sociological Association.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Sociology of education
The sociology of education is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcomes.
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Sociology of knowledge
The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies.
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Sociology of law
The sociology of law (or legal sociology) is often described as a sub-discipline of sociology or an interdisciplinary approach within legal studies.
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Sociology of religion
Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.
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Spirituality
Traditionally, spirituality refers to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man," oriented at "the image of God" as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world.
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users.
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Steven Lukes
Steven Michael Lukes FBA (born 1941) is a British political and social theorist.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Structural functionalism
Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability".
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Structure and agency
In the social sciences there is a standing debate over the primacy of structure or agency in shaping human behaviour.
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Subjectivity
Subjectivity is a central philosophical concept, related to consciousness, agency, personhood, reality, and truth, which has been variously defined by sources.
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Sui generis
Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its (his, her, their) own kind; in a class by itself; unique." A number of disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities.
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Suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.
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Suicide (book)
Suicide (Le suicide) is an 1897 book written by French sociologist Émile Durkheim.
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Summum bonum
Summum bonum is a Latin expression meaning "the highest good", which was introduced by the Roman philosopher Cicero, to correspond to the Idea of the Good in ancient Greek philosophy.
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Supernatural
The supernatural (Medieval Latin: supernātūrālis: supra "above" + naturalis "natural", first used: 1520–1530 AD) is that which exists (or is claimed to exist), yet cannot be explained by laws of nature.
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Talcott Parsons
Talcott Parsons (December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979) was an American sociologist of the classical tradition, best known for his social action theory and structural functionalism.
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The Division of Labour in Society
The Division of Labour in Society (De la division du travail social) is the doctoral dissertation of the French sociologist Émile Durkheim, published in 1893.
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The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse), published by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim in 1912, is a book that analyzes religion as a social phenomenon.
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The Rules of Sociological Method
The Rules of Sociological Method (Les Règles de la Méthode Sociologique) is a book by Émile Durkheim, first published in 1895.
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The Sociological Review
The Sociological Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of sociology, including anthropology, criminology, philosophy, education, gender, medicine, and organization.
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Thesis
A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.
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Time
Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
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Totem
A totem (Ojibwe doodem) is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe.
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Trial of Socrates
The trial of Socrates (399 BC) was held to determine the philosopher’s guilt of two charges: asebeia (impiety) against the pantheon of Athens, and corruption of the youth of the city-state; the accusers cited two impious acts by Socrates: “failing to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledges” and “introducing new deities”.
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University of Bordeaux
The University of Bordeaux (French: Université de Bordeaux) was founded in 1441 in France.
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University of Marburg
The Philipps University of Marburg (Philipps-Universität Marburg) was founded in 1527 by Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, which makes it one of Germany's oldest universities and the oldest Protestant university in the world.
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University of Paris
The University of Paris (Université de Paris), metonymically known as the Sorbonne (one of its buildings), was a university in Paris, France, from around 1150 to 1793, and from 1806 to 1970.
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Upper class
The upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold the highest social status, and usuall are also the wealthiest members of society, and also wield the greatest political power.
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Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility.
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Value (ethics)
In ethics, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions.
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Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology.
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William James
William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.
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Working class
The working class (also labouring class) are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and industrial work.
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Ziya Gökalp
Mehmed Ziya Gökalp (23 March 1876 – 25 October 1924) was a Turkish sociologist, writer, poet, and political activist.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Durkheim
