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Expand index (922 more) » « Shrink index

ACKR3

Atypical chemokine receptor 3 also known as C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) and G-protein coupled receptor 159 (GPR159) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACKR3 gene.

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Active immunotherapy

Active immunotherapy is a type of immunotherapy that aims to stimulate the host's immune system or a specific immune response to a disease or pathogen and is most commonly used in cancer treatments.

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Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis is a disorder of the glomeruli (glomerulonephritis), or small blood vessels in the kidneys.

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Acute-phase protein

Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation.

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Adaptive immune system

The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.

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Addison's disease

Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism, is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.

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Addressin

Addressin also known as mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MADCAM1 gene.

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Adipose tissue macrophages

Adipose tissue macrophages (abbr. ATMs) comprise tissue resident macrophages present in adipose tissue.

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Adjuvant

An adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents.

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Adoptive cell transfer

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is the transfer of cells into a patient.

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Adoptive immunity

Adoptive immunity acts in a host after their immunological components are withdrawn, their immunological activity is modified extracorporeally, and then reinfused into the same host.

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Affinity maturation

In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which Tfh cell-activated B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response.

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Allelic exclusion

Allelic exclusion is a process by which only one allele of a gene is expressed while the other allele is silenced.

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Allergen

An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.

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Allergen immunotherapy

Allergen immunotherapy, also known as desensitization or hypo-sensitization, is a medical treatment for some types of allergies.

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a condition characterised by an exaggerated response of the immune system (a hypersensitivity response) to the fungus Aspergillus (most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus).

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Allergic contact dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a form of contact dermatitis that is the manifestation of an allergic response caused by contact with a substance; the other type being irritant contact dermatitis (ICD).

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Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air.

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Allergy

Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.

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Alloimmunity

Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens.

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Allotransplantation

Allotransplant (allo- meaning "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs, to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species.

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Allotype (immunology)

In immunology, an immunoglobulin allotype is the allele of the antibody chains found in the individual.

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Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin

Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (symbol α1AC, A1AC, or a1ACT) is an alpha globulin glycoprotein that is a member of the serpin superfamily.

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Alpha-1 antitrypsin

Alpha-1-antitrypsin or α1-antitrypsin (A1AT, A1A, or AAT) is a protein belonging to the serpin superfamily.

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Alpha-2-Macroglobulin

alpha-2-Macroglobulin (α2M) is a large (720 KDa) plasma protein found in the blood.

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Alpha-5 beta-1

α5β1 is an integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis.

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Alpha-taxilin

Alpha-taxilin also known as interleukin-14 (IL-14) or high molecular weight B-cell growth factor (HMW-BCGF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TXLNA gene.

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Alpha-v beta-3

αVβ3 is a type of integrin that is a receptor for vitronectin.

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Alpha-v beta-5

αVβ5 is a type of integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis.

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Alternative complement pathway

The alternative pathway of the complement system is an innate component of the immune system's natural defense against infections.

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Alveolar macrophage

An alveolar macrophage (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall.

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Amyloid

Amyloids are aggregates of proteins that become folded into a shape that allows many copies of that protein to stick together forming fibrils.

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Anaphylatoxin receptors

The anaphylatoxin receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors which bind anaphylatoxins.

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Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.

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Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

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Antibody opsonization

Antibody opsonization is the process by which the pathogen is marked for ingestion and eliminated by the phagocytes.

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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), also referred to as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lyses a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies.

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Antigen

In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.

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Antigen presentation

Antigen presentation describes a vital immune process which is essential for T cell immune response triggering.

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Antigen-antibody interaction

Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction.

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Antigenicity

Antigenicity is the capacity of a chemical structure (either an antigen or hapten) to bind specifically with a group of certain products that have adaptive immunity: T cell receptors or antibodies (a.k.a. B cell receptors).

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Antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defense peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life.

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AP-1 transcription factor

Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections.

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APRIL (protein)

A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13 (TNFSF13), is a protein of the TNF superfamily recognized by the cell surface receptor TACI.

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Artemis complex

The Artemis complex is a protein complex that functions in V(D)J recombination, the somatic recombination process which generates diversity in T cell receptors and immunoglobulins.

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Arthus reaction

In immunology, the Arthus reaction is a type of local type III hypersensitivity reaction.

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Artificial induction of immunity

Artificial induction of immunity is the artificial induction of immunity to specific diseases – making people immune to disease by means other than waiting for them to catch the disease.

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Asialoglycoprotein

If terminal sialic acid residues are removed from glycoproteins, the resulting proteins are known as asialoglycoproteins.

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Asthma

Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.

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Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis).

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Atopy

Atopy is a predisposition toward developing certain allergic hypersensitivity reactions.

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Autoantibody

An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins.

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Autoimmune disease

An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.

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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia; AIHA) occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells (RBCs) cause them to burst (lyse), leading to an insufficient number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in the circulation.

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Autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis, formerly called lupoid hepatitis, is a chronic, autoimmune disease of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks liver cells causing the liver to be inflamed.

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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APSs), also called autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APSs), polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PGASs), or polyendocrine autoimmune syndromes, are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine organ, although non-endocrine organs can be affected.There are three types of APS or (in terms that mean the same thing) three APSs, and there are a number of other diseases which have endocrine autoimmunity.

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Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.

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Autologous immune enhancement therapy

Autologous immune enhancement therapy (AIET) is a treatment method in which immune cells are taken out from the patient's body which are cultured and processed to activate them until their resistance to cancer is strengthened and then the cells are put back in the body.

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B cell

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.

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B-1 cell

B1 cells are a sub-class of B cell lymphocytes that are involved in the humoral immune response.

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B-cell activating factor

B-cell activating factor (BAFF) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13B gene.

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B-cell maturation antigen

B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA or BCM), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF17 gene.

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B-cell receptor

The B-cell receptor or BCR is composed of immunoglobulin molecules that form a type 1 transmembrane receptor protein usually located on the outer surface of a lymphocyte type known as B cells.

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BAFF receptor

BAFF receptor (B-cell activating factor receptor, BAFF-R), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13C (TNFRSF13C) and BLyS receptor 3 (BR3), is a membrane protein of the TNF receptor superfamily which recognizes BAFF.

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Band cell

A band cell (also called band neutrophil, band form or stab cell) is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a metamyelocyte, and leading to a mature granulocyte.

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Basophil

Basophils are a type of white blood cells.

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BCL6

B-cell lymphoma 6 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL6 gene.

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BioMed Central

BioMed Central (BMC) is a United Kingdom-based, for-profit scientific open access publisher.

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Biomedical sciences

Biomedical sciences are a set of applied sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.

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Bone marrow

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

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Bone marrow-derived macrophage

Bone-marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) refers to macrophage cells that are generated in a research laboratory from mammalian bone marrow cells.

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Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is a tertiary lymphoid structure and it is a part of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and it consist of lymphoid follicles in lungs and bronchus.

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Bullous pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid is an acute or chronic autoimmune skin disease, involving the formation of blisters, more appropriately known as bullae, at the space between the epidermis and dermis skin layers.

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C-C chemokine receptor type 6

Chemokine receptor 6 also known as CCR6 is a CC chemokine receptor protein which in humans is encoded by the CCR6 gene.

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C-C chemokine receptor type 7

C-C chemokine receptor type 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR7 gene.

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C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped), pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose levels rise in response to inflammation.

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C1-inhibitor

C1-inhibitor (C1-inh, C1 esterase inhibitor) is a protease inhibitor belonging to the serpin superfamily.

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C3-convertase

C3 convertase (C2, C4bC2b, (formerly C4bC2a)C3bBb, complement C.hivin.4.hivin2, complement C3 convertase) belongs to family of serine proteases and is necessary in innate immunity as a part of the complement system which eventuate in opsonisation of particles, release of inflammatory peptides, C5 convertase formation and cell lysis.

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C3a (complement)

C3a is one of the proteins formed by the cleavage of complement component 3; the other is C3b.

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C3a receptor

The C3a receptor also known as complement component 3a receptor 1 (C3AR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor protein involved in the complement system.

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C3b

C3b is the larger of two elements formed by the cleavage of complement component 3, and is considered an important part of the innate immune system.

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C4b-binding protein

C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a protein involved in the complement system where it acts as inhibitor.

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C5-convertase

C5 convertase is an enzyme belonging to a family of serine proteases that play key role in the innate immunity.

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C5a receptor

The C5a receptor also known as complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) or CD88 (Cluster of Differentiation 88) is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a.

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C8 complex

Complement component 8 is a protein involved in the complement system.

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Cadherin

Cadherins (named for "calcium-dependent adhesion") are a type of cell adhesion molecule (CAM) that is important in the formation of adherens junctions to bind cells with each other.

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CADM3

Cell adhesion molecule 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CADM3 gene.

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Cancer immunology

Cancer immunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology that is concerned with understanding the role of the immune system in the progression and development of cancer; the most well known application is cancer immunotherapy, which utilises the immune system as a treatment for cancer.

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Cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy (sometimes called immuno-oncology, abbreviated IO) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer.

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Carcinoembryonic antigen

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion.

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CARD domain

Caspase recruitment domains, or Caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), are interaction motifs found in a wide array of proteins, typically those involved in processes relating to inflammation and apoptosis.

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CC chemokine receptors

CC chemokine receptors (or beta chemokine receptors) are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family.

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CCL1

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1) is a small glycoprotein secreted by activated T cells that belongs to a family of inflammatory cytokines known as chemokines.

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CCL11

C-C motif chemokine 11 also known as eosinophil chemotactic protein and eotaxin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL11 gene.

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CCL12

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 12 (CCL12) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that has been described in mice.

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CCL13

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 (CCL13) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.

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CCL14

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 14 (CCL14) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.

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CCL15

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 15 (CCL15) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as leukotactin-1, MIP5 and HCC-2.

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CCL16

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 (CCL16) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is known under several pseudonyms, including Liver-expressed chemokine (LEC) and Monotactin-1 (MTN-1).

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CCL17

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) (also known as TARC) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family is also known as thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC).

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CCL18

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.

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CCL19

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL19 gene.

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CCL2

For the ICAO airport code see Candle Lake Airpark, for the diradical compound see Dichlorocarbene. The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and small inducible cytokine A2.

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CCL20

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) or liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC) or Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 (MIP3A) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.

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CCL21

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.

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CCL22

C-C motif chemokine 22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL22 gene.

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CCL23

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 (CCL23) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 (MIP-3) and Myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 1 (MPIF-1).

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CCL24

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 (CCL24) also known as myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2 (MPIF-2) or eosinophil chemotactic protein 2 (eotaxin-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL24 gene.

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CCL25

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 25 (CCL25) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as TECK (Thymus-Expressed Chemokine).

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CCL26

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 (CCL26) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also called Eotaxin-3, Macrophage inflammatory protein 4-alpha (MIP-4-alpha), Thymic stroma chemokine-1 (TSC-1), and IMAC.

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CCL27

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 27 (CCL27) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family also known under the names IL-11 R-alpha-locus chemokine (ILC), Skinkine, ESkine and Cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK).

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CCL28

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28 (CCL28), also known as mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC), CCK1 and SCYA28, is a chemokine.

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CCL3

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL3 gene.

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CCL4

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4, also known as CCL4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL4 gene.

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CCL5

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also CCL5) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene.

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CCL6

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that has only been identified in rodents.

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CCL7

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine known as a chemokine that was previously called monocyte-chemotactic protein 3 (MCP3).

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CCL8

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL8 gene.

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CCL9

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 (CCL9) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.

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CCR1

C-C chemokine receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR1 gene.

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CCR10

C-C chemokine receptor type 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR10 gene.

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CCR2

C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2 or CD192 (cluster of differentiation 192) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR2 gene. CCR2 is a chemokine receptor.

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CCR3 (gene)

C-C chemokine receptor type 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR3 gene.

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CCR4

C-C chemokine receptor type 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR4 gene.

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CCR5

C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines.

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CCR8 (gene)

Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8, also known as CCR8, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCR8 gene.

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CCR9

C-C chemokine receptor type 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR9 gene.

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CD117

Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR), also known as proto-oncogene c-Kit or tyrosine-protein kinase Kit or CD117, is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the KIT gene.

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CD134

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4), also known as CD134 and OX40 receptor, is a member of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors which is not constitutively expressed on resting naïve T cells, unlike CD28.

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CD137

CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family.

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CD146

CD146 (cluster of differentiation 146) also known as the melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) or cell surface glycoprotein MUC18, is a 113kDa cell adhesion molecule currently used as a marker for endothelial cell lineage.

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CD153

CD153 is a ligand for CD30.

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CD154

CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules.

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CD164

Sialomucin core protein 24 also known as endolyn or CD164 (cluster of differentiation 164) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD164 gene.

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CD19

B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, also known as CD19 molecule ('''C'''luster of '''D'''ifferentiation 19), B-Lymphocyte Surface Antigen B4, T-Cell Surface Antigen Leu-12 and CVID3 is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the gene CD19.

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CD2

CD2 (cluster of differentiation 2) is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.

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CD22

CD22, or cluster of differentiation-22, is a molecule belonging to the SIGLEC family of lectins.

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CD23

CD23, also known as Fc epsilon RII, or FcεRII, is the "low-affinity" receptor for IgE, an antibody isotype involved in allergy and resistance to parasites, and is important in regulation of IgE levels.

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CD24

Signal transducer CD24 also known as cluster of differentiation 24 or heat stable antigen CD24 (HSA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD24 gene.

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CD244

CD244 (Cluster of Differentiation 244) is a human protein encoded by the gene.

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CD27

CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.

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CD278

Inducible T-cell costimulator is an immune checkpoint protein that in humans is encoded by the ICOS gene.

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CD28

CD28 (Cluster of Differentiation 28) is one of the proteins expressed on T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals required for T cell activation and survival.

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CD3 (immunology)

In immunology, the CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) T cell co-receptor helps to activate both the cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ naive T cells) and also T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells).

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CD30

CD30, also known as TNFRSF8, is a cell membrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and tumor marker.

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CD31

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) also known as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PECAM1 gene found on chromosome 17.

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CD33

CD33 or Siglec-3 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3, SIGLEC3, SIGLEC-3, gp67, p67) is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage.

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CD34

CD34 is a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein protein encoded by the CD34 gene in humans, mice, rats and other species.

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CD36

CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), also known as platelet glycoprotein 4, fatty acid translocase (FAT), scavenger receptor class B member 3 (SCARB3), and glycoproteins 88 (GP88), IIIb (GPIIIB), or IV (GPIV) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD36 gene.

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CD3D

T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 delta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD3D gene.

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CD3G

T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 gamma chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD3G gene.

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CD4

In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

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CD40 (protein)

Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a costimulatory protein found on antigen presenting cells and is required for their activation.

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CD44

The CD44 antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell–cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration.

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CD48

CD48 antigen (Cluster of Differentiation 48) also known as B-lymphocyte activation marker (BLAST-1) or signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 2 (SLAMF2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD48 gene.

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CD58

CD58, or lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3), is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on Antigen Presenting Cells (APC), particularly macrophages.

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CD64 (biology)

CD64 (Cluster of Differentiation 64) is a type of integral membrane glycoprotein known as an Fc receptor that binds monomeric IgG-type antibodies with high affinity.

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CD68

CD68 ('''C'''luster of '''D'''ifferentiation 68) is a protein highly expressed by cells in the monocyte lineage (e.g., monocytic phagocytes, osteoclasts), by circulating macrophages, and by tissue macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells, microglia).

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CD69

CD69 (Cluster of Differentiation 69) is a human transmembrane C-Type lectin protein encoded by the gene.

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CD70

CD70 (Cluster of Differentiation 70) is a ligand for CD27.

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CD79

CD79 ('''C'''luster of '''D'''ifferentiation 79) is a transmembrane protein that forms a complex with the B-cell receptor (BCR) and generates a signal following recognition of antigen by the BCR.

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CD79A

Cluster of differentiation CD79A also known as B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain and MB-1 membrane glycoprotein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD79A gene.

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CD79B

CD79b molecule, immunoglobulin-associated beta, also known as CD79B (Cluster of Differentiation 79B), is a human gene.

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CD8

CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR).

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CD80

Cluster of differentiation 80 (also CD80 and B7-1) is a protein found on dendritic cells, activated B cells and monocytes that provides a costimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival.

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CD81

CD81 molecule, also known as CD81 (Cluster of Differentiation 81), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD81 gene.

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CD84

CD84 (Cluster of Differentiation 84) is a human protein encoded by the gene.

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CD86

Cluster of Differentiation 86 (also known as CD86 and B7-2) is a protein expressed on antigen-presenting cells that provides costimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation and survival.

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CD8A

CD8a (Cluster of Differentiation 8a), is a human gene.

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CEACAM1

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (biliary glycoprotein) (CEACAM1) also known as CD66a (Cluster of Differentiation 66a), is a human glycoprotein, and a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family.

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CEACAM16

CEACAM16 is a gene which encodes carcinoembryonic antigen.

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CEACAM18

CEACAM18 is a gene which encodes carcinoembryonic antigen.

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CEACAM19

CEACAM19 is a gene which encodes carcinoembryonic antigen.

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CEACAM20

CEACAM20 is a gene which encodes carcinoembryonic antigen.

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CEACAM21

CEACAM21 is a gene which encodes carcinoembryonic antigen.

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CEACAM3

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 3 (CEACAM3) also known as CD66d (Cluster of Differentiation 66d), is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family..

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CEACAM4

CEACAM4 is a gene which encodes carcinoembryonic antigen.

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CEACAM5

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) also known as CD66e (Cluster of Differentiation 66e), is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family..

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CEACAM6

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (non-specific cross reacting antigen) (CEACAM6) also known as CD66c (Cluster of Differentiation 66c), is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family..

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CEACAM7

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEACAM7 gene.

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CEACAM8

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8 (CEACAM8) also known as CD66b (Cluster of Differentiation 66b), is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family.

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Cell adhesion molecule

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved in binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion.

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Cell adhesion molecule 1

Cell adhesion molecule 1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CADM1 gene.

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Cell-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

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Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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Central tolerance

Central tolerance, also known as negative selection, is the process of eliminating any developing T or B lymphocytes that are reactive to self.

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Ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.

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CFU-Baso

CFU-Baso is a colony forming unit.

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CFU-DL

CFU-DL is a colony forming unit that gives rise to Langerhans cells.

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CFU-Eos

CFU-Eo is a colony forming unit that gives rise to eosinophils.

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CFU-GEMM

CFU-GEMM is a colony forming unit that generates myeloid cells.

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CFU-GM

CFU-GM (or "GMP", for "granulocyte-macrophage progenitor") is a colony forming unit.

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CFU-Mast

CFU-Mast is a colony forming unit.

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CFU-Meg

CFU-Meg is a colony forming unit.

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Chemokine

Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.

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Chemokine receptor

Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine.

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CHL1

Neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like protein also known as close homolog of L1 (CHL1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHL1 gene.

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CIITA

CIITA is a human gene which encodes a protein called the class II, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator.

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Classical complement pathway

The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune system.

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CLEC10A

C-type lectin domain family 10 member A also known as CLEC10A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC10A gene.

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CLEC12A

C-type lectin domain family 12 member A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC12A gene.

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CLEC1B

C-type lectin domain family 1 member B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC1B gene.

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CLEC4A

C-type lectin domain family 4 member A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC4A gene.

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CLEC4C

CLEC4C is a membrane protein of plasmacytoid dendritic cells used as a marker for this kind of cells and denoted as CD303 in the nomenclature of the Cluster of differentiation.

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CLEC5A

C-type lectin domain family 5 member A or CLEC5A, also known as C-type lectin superfamily member 5 (CLECSF5) and myeloid DAP12-associating lectin 1 (MDL1) is a C-type lectin that in humans is encoded by the CLEC5A gene.

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CLEC7A

C-type lectin domain family 7 member A or Dectin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC7A gene.

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Clonal anergy

Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance.

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Clonal deletion

Clonal deletion is the removal through apoptosis of B cells and T cells that have expressed receptors for self before developing into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes.

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Clonal selection

Clonal selection theory is a scientific theory in immunology that explains the functions of cells (lymphocytes) of the immune system in response to specific antigens invading the body.

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Co-stimulation

During the activation of lymphocytes, co-stimulation is often crucial to the development of an effective immune response.

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Coeliac disease

Coeliac disease, also spelled celiac disease, is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine.

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Collectin

Collectins (collagen-containing C-type lectins) are a part of the innate immune system.

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Colony-stimulating factor

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hemopoietic stem cells, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell (usually white blood cells. For red blood cell formation, see erythropoietin).

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Common gamma chain

The common gamma chain (γc) (or CD132), also known as interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma or IL-2RG, is a cytokine receptor sub-unit that is common to the receptor complexes for at least six different interleukin receptors: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and interleukin-21 receptor.

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Complement component 1q

The complement component 1q (or simply C1q) is a protein complex involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system.

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Complement component 1r

Complement C1r subcomponent (activated complement C1r, C overbar 1r esterase, C1r) is a protein involved in the complement system of the innate immune system.

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Complement component 1s

Complement component 1s (C1 esterase, activated complement C1s, complement C overbar 1r, C1s) is a protein involved in the complement system.

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Complement component 2

Complement C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2 gene.

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Complement component 3

Complement component 3, often simply called C3, is a protein of the immune system.

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Complement component 4

Complement component 4 (C4), in humans, is a protein involved in the intricate complement system, originating from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system.

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Complement component 5

Complement component 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C5 gene.

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Complement component 5a

C5a is a protein fragment released from cleavage of complement component C5 by protease C5-convertase into C5a and C5b fragments.

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Complement component 6

Complement component 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C6 gene.

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Complement component 7

Complement component 7 is a protein involved in the complement system of the innate immune system.

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Complement component 9

Complement component 9 (C9) is a protein involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system.

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Complement deficiency

Complement deficiency is an immunodeficiency of absent or suboptimal functioning of one of the complement system proteins.

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Complement factor B

Complement factor B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFB gene.

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Complement factor I

Complement factor I, also known as C3b/C4b inactivator, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFI gene.

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Complement membrane attack complex

The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a structure typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is one of the effector proteins of the immune system.

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Complement receptor

A complement receptor is a receptor of the complement system, part of the innate immune system.

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Complement receptor 1

Complement receptor type 1 (CR1) also known as C3b/C4b receptor or CD35 (cluster of differentiation 35) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR1 gene.

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Complement receptor 2

Complement receptor type 2 (CR2), also known as complement C3d receptor, Epstein-Barr virus receptor, and CD21 (cluster of differentiation 21), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR2 gene.

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Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family

Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family is a protein expressed in Kupffer cells.

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Complement system

The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen's cell membrane.

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Complementarity-determining region

Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B-cells and T-cells respectively, where these molecules bind to their specific antigen.

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Computational immunology

In academia, computational immunology is a field of science that encompasses high-throughput genomic and bioinformatics approaches to immunology.

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Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor

Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXADR gene.

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Cross-presentation

Cross-presentation is the ability of certain antigen-presenting cells to take up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells).

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Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity, in a general sense, applies to the reaction between two different species as opposed to self-reactivity.

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CSF2RB

CSF2RB is a common subunit to the following type I cytokine receptors.

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CTLA-4

CTLA4 or CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), also known as CD152 (cluster of differentiation 152), is a protein receptor that, functioning as an immune checkpoint, downregulates immune responses.

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Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis

Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis, also known as hypersensitivity vasculitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hypersensitivity angiitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis, cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis and cutaneous necrotizing venulitis, is inflammation of small blood vessels (usually post-capillary venules in the dermis), characterized by palpable purpura.

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CX3CL1

Fractalkine also known as chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CX3CL1 gene.

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CX3CR1

CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) also known as the fractalkine receptor or G-protein coupled receptor 13 (GPR13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CX3CR1 gene.

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CXC chemokine receptors

CXC chemokine receptors are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family.

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CXCL1

The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, GROα, KC, neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-α).

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CXCL10

C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) also known as Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine B10 is an 8.7 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL10 gene.

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CXCL11

C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL11 gene.

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CXCL13

chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13), also known as B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) or B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), is a protein ligand that in humans is encoded by the CXCL13 gene.

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CXCL14

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (CXCL14) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as BRAK (for breast and kidney-expressed chemokine).

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CXCL15

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 15 (CXCL15) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that has been described in the mouse.

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CXCL16

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family.

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CXCL17

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 17 (CXCL17) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that has been identified in humans and mice.

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CXCL2

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2).

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CXCL3

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b).

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CXCL5

C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5 or ENA78) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL5 gene.

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CXCL6

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (CXCL6) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (GCP-2).

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CXCL7

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 (CXCL7) is a human gene.

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CXCL9

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as Monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG).

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CXCR3

Chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a Gαi protein-coupled receptor in the CXC chemokine receptor family.

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CXCR4

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene.

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CXCR5

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXC-R5) also known as CD185 (cluster of differentiation 185) or Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) is a G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptor for chemokine CXCL13 (also known as BLC) and belongs to the CXC chemokine receptor family.

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CXCR6

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR6 gene.

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Cytokine

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.

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Cytokine receptor

Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind cytokines.

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Cytokine release syndrome

Cytokine release syndrome is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome that arises as a complication of some diseases or infections, and is also an adverse effect of some monoclonal antibody drugs, as well as adoptive T-cell therapies.

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Cytotoxic T cell

A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.

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Cytotoxicity

Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.

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DC-SIGN

DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin) also known as CD209 ('''C'''luster of '''D'''ifferentiation 209) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD209 gene.

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Death receptor 3

Death receptor 3 (DR3), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 (TNFRSF25), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which mediates apoptotic signalling and differentiation.

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Death receptor 4

Death receptor 4 (DR4), also known as TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAILR1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (TNFRSF10A), is a cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily that binds TRAIL and mediates apoptosis.

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Death receptor 5

Death receptor 5 (DR5), also known as TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAILR2) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B), is a cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily that binds TRAIL and mediates apoptosis.

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Death receptor 6

Death receptor 6 (DR6), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which activates the JNK and NF-κB pathways.

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Decay-accelerating factor

Complement decay-accelerating factor, also known as CD55 or DAF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CD55 gene.

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Decoy receptor 1

Decoy receptor 1 (DCR1), also known as TRAIL receptor 3 (TRAILR3) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10C (TNFRSF10C), is a human cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily.

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Decoy receptor 2

Decoy receptor 2 (DCR2), also known as TRAIL receptor 4 (TRAILR4) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10D (TNFRSF10D), is a human cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily.

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Decoy receptor 3

Decoy receptor 3 (Dcr3), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6B (TNFRSF6B), TR6 and M68, is a soluble protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which inhibits Fas ligand-induced apoptosis.

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Defensin

Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins found in both vertebrates and invertebrates.

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Dendritic cell

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system.

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Dermis

The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.

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Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank

The Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB) is a non-profit, global hybridoma bank.

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Diabetes mellitus type 1

Diabetes mellitus type 1, also known as type 1 diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced.

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E-selectin

E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E (CD62E), endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 (LECAM2), is a cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines.

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Ecoimmunology

Ecoimmunology is an interdisciplinary field combining aspects of immunology with ecology, biology, physiology, and evolution.

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Ectodysplasin A

Ectodysplasin A (EDA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDA gene.

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Ectodysplasin A2 receptor

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDA2R gene.

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Egg allergy

Egg allergy is an immune hypersensitivity to proteins found in chicken eggs, and possibly goose, duck, or turkey eggs.

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Eicosanoid receptor

Most of the eicosanoid receptors are integral membrane protein G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that bind and respond to eicosanoid signaling molecules.

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Eosinophil

Eosinophils sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells and basophils, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into blood, after which they are terminally differentiated and do not multiply. These cells are eosinophilic or "acid-loving" due to their large acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, which show their affinity for acids by their affinity to coal tar dyes: Normally transparent, it is this affinity that causes them to appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye, using the Romanowsky method. The staining is concentrated in small granules within the cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such as eosinophil peroxidase, ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonucleases (DNase), lipase, plasminogen, and major basic protein. These mediators are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the eosinophil, and are toxic to both parasite and host tissues. In normal individuals, eosinophils make up about 1–3% of white blood cells, and are about 12–17 micrometres in size with bilobed nuclei. While they are released into the bloodstream as neutrophils are, eosinophils reside in tissue They are found in the medulla and the junction between the cortex and medulla of the thymus, and, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, ovary, uterus, spleen, and lymph nodes, but not in the lung, skin, esophagus, or some other internal organs under normal conditions. The presence of eosinophils in these latter organs is associated with disease. For instance, patients with eosinophilic asthma have high levels of eosinophils that lead to inflammation and tissue damage, making it more difficult for patients to breathe. Eosinophils persist in the circulation for 8–12 hours, and can survive in tissue for an additional 8–12 days in the absence of stimulation. Pioneering work in the 1980s elucidated that eosinophils were unique granulocytes, having the capacity to survive for extended periods of time after their maturation as demonstrated by ex-vivo culture experiments.

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Epithelioid cell

Epithelioid histiocytes (Epithelioid cells) are activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells: elongated, with finely granular, pale eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm and central, ovoid nucleus (oval or elongate), which is less dense than that of a lymphocyte.

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Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

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Epitope

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.

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Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' meaning "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes).

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Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (EPO), also known as hematopoietin or hemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.

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Erythropoietin receptor

The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPOR gene.

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ESAM (gene)

Endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ESAM gene.

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Experiments in immunology

An experiment in immunology is a method of investigating immunological responses to antigens, or detecting and characterizing antibodies and lymphocytes.

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Eye

Eyes are organs of the visual system.

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Factor D

Factor D (C3 proactivator convertase, properdin factor D esterase, factor D (complement), complement factor D, CFD, adipsin) a protein which in humans is encoded by the CFD gene.

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Factor H

Factor H is a member of the regulators of complement activation family and is a complement control protein.

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Farmer's lung

Farmer's lung (not to be confused with silo-filler's disease) is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming from hay dust or mold spores or any other agricultural products.

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Fas ligand

Fas ligand (FasL or CD95L) is a type-II transmembrane protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family.

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Fas receptor

The first apoptosis signal receptor (Fas or FasR), also known as apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAS gene.

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Fc receptor

An Fc receptor is a protein found on the surface of certain cells – including, among others, B lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, human platelets, and mast cells – that contribute to the protective functions of the immune system.

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Fc receptor-like molecule

Fc receptor-like molecules (FCRLs) are a class of proteins that resemble Fc receptors.

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FCAR

Fc fragment of IgA receptor (FCAR) is a human gene that codes for the transmembrane receptor FcαRI, also known as CD89 (Cluster of Differentiation 89).

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FCER1

The high-affinity IgE receptor, also known as FcεRI, or Fc epsilon RI, is the high-affinity receptor for the Fc region of immunoglobulin E (IgE), an antibody isotype involved in the allergy disorder and parasites immunity.

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FCER1A

Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; alpha polypeptide, also known as FCER1A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FCER1A gene.

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FCER1G

Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; gamma polypeptide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCER1G gene.

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FCGR2A

Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCGR2A gene.

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FCGR2B

Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FCGR2B gene.

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FCGR3A

Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCGR3A gene.

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FCGR3B

FCGR3B (Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIb, receptor), also known as CD16b (Cluster of Differentiation 16b), is a human gene.

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Fcα/μR

Fcα/μR, also known as is CD351 (Cluster of Differentiation 351), is an Fc receptor that binds IgM with high affinity and IgA with a 10-fold lower affinity.

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FCN1

Ficolin-1, and also commonly termed M-ficolin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCN1 gene.

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FCN2

Ficolin-2, which was initially identified as L-ficolin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCN2 gene.

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FCN3

Ficolin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCN3 gene.

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FCRL1

Fc receptor-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCRL1 gene.

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FCRL2

Fc receptor-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCRL2 gene.

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FCRL3

Fc receptor-like protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCRL3 gene.

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FCRL4

Fc receptor-like protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCRL4 gene.

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FCRL5

Fc receptor-like protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCRL5 gene.

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FCRLA

Fc receptor-like A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCRLA gene.

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Ferritin

Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion.

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Fibrin

Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood.

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Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen (factor I) is a glycoprotein that in vertebrates circulates in the blood.

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Fibronectin

Fibronectin is a high-molecular weight (~440kDa) glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds to membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins.

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Ficolin

Ficolins (Fi+Col+Lin) are a group of oligomeric lectins with subunits consisting of both collagen (Col)-like long thin stretches and fibrinogen (Fi)-like globular domains with lectin (Lin) activity usually specific for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc).

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Flow cytometry

In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser- or impedance-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them through an electronic detection apparatus.

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Follicular B cell

Follicular B cells (FO B cells) are a type of B cell that reside in primary and secondary lymphoid follicles (containing germinal centers) of secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs, including spleen and lymph nodes.

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Follicular B helper T cells

Follicular B helper T cells (also known as just follicular helper T cells or TFH), are antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells found in the periphery within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleens and Peyer's patches, and are identified by their constitutive expression of the B cell follicle homing receptor CXCR5.

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Follicular dendritic cells

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are cells of the immune system found in primary and secondary lymph follicles of the B cell areas of the lymphoid tissue.

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Food allergy

A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to food.

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Foreign-body giant cell

A foreign-body giant cell is a collection of fused macrophages (giant cell) which are generated in response to the presence of a large foreign body.

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Formyl peptide receptor

The formyl peptide receptors (FPR) belong to a class of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis.

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Formyl peptide receptor 1

Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1, FPR1 receptor, fMet-Leu-Phe receptor 1, FMLP receptor 1, or N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptor 1) is a cell surface receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) gene.

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Formyl peptide receptor 2

N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) located on the surface of many cell types of various animal species.

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Formyl peptide receptor 3

N-formyl peptide receptor 3 (FPR3) is a receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the FPR3 gene.

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FOXP3

FOXP3 (forkhead box P3), also known as scurfin, is a protein involved in immune system responses.

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Fragment antigen-binding

The antigen-binding (Fab) fragment is a region on an antibody that binds to antigens.

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Fragment crystallizable region

The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system.

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Framework region

In molecular biology, a framework region is a subdivision of the variable region (Fab) of the antibody.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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G protein–coupled receptor

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.

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Gamma delta T cell

Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) are T cells that have a distinctive T-cell receptor (TCR) on their surface.

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Garlic allergy

Garlic allergy or allergic contact dermatitis to garlic is a common inflammatory skin condition caused by contact with garlic oil or dust.

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Gastric acid

Gastric acid, gastric juice or stomach acid, is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl).

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GATA3

GATA3 is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the GATA3 gene.

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Genetically modified mouse

A genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) is a mouse that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques.

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Giant cell

A giant cell (multinucleated giant cell, multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually macrophages), often forming a granuloma.

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Giant-cell arteritis

Giant-cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels.

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GLYCAM1

Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 (GLYCAM1) is a proteoglycan ligand expressed on cells of the high endothelial venules in lymphoid tissues.

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Glycoprotein 130

Glycoprotein 130 (also known as gp130, IL6ST, IL6-beta or CD130) is a transmembrane protein which is the founding member of the class of all cytokine receptors.

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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

In medicine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa, also known as integrin αIIbβ3) is an integrin complex found on platelets.

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Goodpasture syndrome

Goodpasture syndrome (GPS) is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure.

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GPR77

C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor C5a2 also known as C5L2, G protein-coupled receptor 77, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C5AR2 gene.

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Graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a medical complication following the receipt of transplanted tissue from a genetically different person.

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Granulocyte

Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.

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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor

The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) also known as CD114 (Cluster of Differentiation 114) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSF3R gene.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), is a monomeric glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts that functions as a cytokine.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor

The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor also known as CD116 (Cluster of Differentiation 116), is a receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates the production of white blood cells.

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Granuloma

Granuloma is an inflammation found in many diseases.

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Granulopoiesis

Granulopoiesis (or granulocytopoiesis) is production of granulocytes.

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Graves' disease

Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid.

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Growth hormone receptor

Growth hormone receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GHR gene.

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Guillain–Barré syndrome

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system.

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Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a component of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which works in the immune system to protect the body from invasion in the gut.

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Haematopoiesis

Haematopoiesis (from Greek αἷμα, "blood" and ποιεῖν "to make"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components.

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Hapten

Haptens are minute molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself.

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Haptoglobin

Haptoglobin (abbreviated as Hp) is the protein that in humans is encoded by the HP gene.

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease, is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed.

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Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Hemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, is an alloimmune condition that develops in a peripartum fetus, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta.

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Hemopexin

Hemopexin (or haemopexin; Hpx; Hx), also known as beta-1B-glycoprotein, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the HPX gene and belongs to hemopexin family of proteins.

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Henoch–Schönlein purpura

Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) also known as IgA vasculitis, anaphylactoid purpura, purpura rheumatica, and Schönlein–Henoch purpura, is a disease of the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes other organs that most commonly affects children.

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Herd immunity

Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or social immunity) is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune.

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Herpesvirus entry mediator

Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14), is a human cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily.

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Histiocyte

A histiocyte is an animal cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system).

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Histology

Histology, also microanatomy, is the study of the anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals using microscopy.

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Hives

Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps.

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HLA-A

HLA-A is a group of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) that are coded for by the HLA-A locus, which is located at human chromosome 6p21.3.

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HLA-B

HLA-B (major histocompatibility complex, class I, B) is a human gene that provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system.

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HLA-C

HLA-C belongs to the MHC (human.

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HLA-DM

HLA-DM (human leukocyte antigen DM) is an intracellular protein involved in the mechanism of antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system.

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HLA-DMA

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DMA gene.

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HLA-DMB

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DMB gene.

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HLA-DO

Human leukocyte histocompatibility complex DO (HLA-DO) is an intracellular, dimeric non-classical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II protein composed of α- and β-subunits which interact with HLA-DM in order to fine tune immunodominant epitope selection.

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HLA-DOA

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DOA gene.

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HLA-DOB

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DOB gene.

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HLA-DP

HLA-DP is a protein/peptide-antigen receptor and graft-versus-host disease antigen that is composed of 2 subunits, DPα and DPβ.

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HLA-DPB1

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W2) beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DPB1 gene.

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HLA-DQ

HLA-DQ (DQ) is a cell surface receptor protein found on antigen presenting cells.

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HLA-DQA2

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(6) alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DQA2 gene.

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HLA-DQB1

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1, also known as HLA-DQB1, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic locus that contains this gene.

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HLA-DQB2

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DX beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DQB2 gene.

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HLA-DQB3

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 3, also known as HLA-DQB3, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic locus which contains this gene.

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HLA-DR

HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31.

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HLA-DRA

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRA gene.

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HLA-DRB1

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB1 gene.

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HLA-DRB3 (gene)

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB3-1 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB3 gene.

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HLA-DRB4

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4, also known as HLA-DRB4, is a human gene.

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HLA-DRB5

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB5 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB5 gene.

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HLA-E

HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E (HLA-E) also known as MHC class I antigen E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-E gene.

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HLA-F

HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-F gene.

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HLA-G

HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G, also known as human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-G gene.

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Hofbauer cell

Hofbauer cells are oval eosinophilic histiocytes with granules and vacuoles found in the placenta, which are of mesenchymal origin, in mesoderm of the chorionic villus, particularly numerous in early pregnancy.

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Humoral immunity

Humoral immunity or humoural immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides.

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Hybridoma technology

Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies (also called monoclonal antibodies).

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Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.

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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; also called allergic alveolitis, bagpipe lung, or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, EAA) is an inflammation of the alveoli within the lung caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled organic dusts.

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Hypervariable region

A hypervariable region (HVR) is a location within nuclear DNA or the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA in which base pairs of nucleotides repeat (in the case of nuclear DNA) or have substitutions (in the case of mitochondrial DNA).

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IC3b

iC3b is a protein molecule that is used in medical research because of its ability to bind to specific target cells.

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ICAM-1

ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM1 gene.

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ICAM2

Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2), also known as CD102 (Cluster of Differentiation 102), is a human gene, and the protein resulting from it.

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ICAM3

Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3) also known as CD50 (Cluster of Differentiation 50), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM3 gene.

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ICAM4

The LW blood system was first described by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1940.

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ICAM5

Intercellular adhesion molecule 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM5 gene.

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Idiotype

In immunology, an idiotype is a shared characteristic between a group of immunoglobulin or T cell receptor (TCR) molecules based upon the antigen binding specificity and therefore structure of their variable region.

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IFNAR1

Interferon-alpha/beta receptor alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNAR1 gene.

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IFNAR2

Interferon-alpha/beta receptor beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNAR2 gene.

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IgSF CAM

Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs (IgSF CAMs) are a class of cell adhesion molecules.

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IL 17 family

The IL17 family is a family of cytokines.

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IL-2 receptor

The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2.

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IL13RA2

Interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Rα2), also known as CD213A2 (cluster of differentiation 213A2), is a membrane bound protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13RA2 gene.

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IL17A

Interleukin-17A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL17A gene.

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IL17RA

Interleukin 17 receptor A, also known as IL17RA and CDw217 (cluster of differentiation w217), is a human gene.

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IL17RB

Interleukin-17 receptor B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL17RB gene.

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IL17RC

Interleukin-17 receptor C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL17RC gene.

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IL17RD

Interleukin 17 receptor D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL17RD gene.

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IL18R1

The interleukin-18 receptor 1 (IL-18R1) is an interleukin receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

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IL18RAP

Interleukin 18 receptor accessory protein, also known as IL18RAP and CDw218b (cluster of differentiation w218b), is a human gene.

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IL1A

Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) also known as hematopoietin 1 is a cytokine of the interleukin 1 family that in humans is encoded by the IL1A gene.

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IL1RAP

Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RAP gene.

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IL1RL1

Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1, also known as IL1RL1 and ST2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RL1 gene.

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IL22RA1

Interleukin 22 receptor, alpha 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL22RA1 gene.

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IL2RA

Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (also called CD25) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL2RA gene.

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IL2RB

Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL2RB gene.

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IL36A

Interleukin-36 alpha also known as interleukin-1 family member 6 (IL1F6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL36A gene.

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IL36B

Interleukin-36 beta also known as interleukin-1 family member 8 (IL1F8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL36B gene.

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IL36G

Interleukin-36 gamma previously known as interleukin-1 family member 9 (IL1F9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL36G gene.

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IL3RA

Interleukin 3 receptor, alpha (low affinity) (IL3RA), also known as CD123 (Cluster of Differentiation 123), is a human gene.

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Immune complex

An immune complex, sometimes called an antigen-antibody complex, is a molecule formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen.

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Immune disorder

An immune disorder is a dysfunction of the immune system.

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Immune repertoire

The immune repertoire, is defined as, the number of different sub-types an organism's immune system makes, of any of the 6 key types of protein, either immunoglobulin or T cell receptor.

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Immune system

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

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Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a type of thrombocytopenic purpura defined as isolated low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) with normal bone marrow and the absence of other causes of thrombocytopenia.

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Immune tolerance

Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in given organism.It is induced by prior exposure to that specific antigen.

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Immune tolerance in pregnancy

Immune tolerance in pregnancy or gestational/maternal immune tolerance is the absence of a maternal immune response against (in other words, immune tolerance towards) the fetus and placenta during pregnancy, which thus may be viewed as unusually successful allografts, since they genetically differ from the mother.

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Immunity (medical)

In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.

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Immunization

Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the immunogen).

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Immunoadsorption

Immunoadsorption is an alternative blood purification technique used to eliminate pathogenic antibodies The technique shows results with rare side effects and a maximum elimination of pathogenic immunoglobulins from the blood.

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Immunoassay

An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a macromolecule or a small molecule in a solution through the use of an antibody (usually) or an antigen (sometimes).

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Immunochemistry

Immunochemistry is a branch of chemistry that involves the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of the immune system, especially the nature of antibodies, antigens and their interactions.

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Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.

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Immunodermatology

Immunodermatology studies skin as an organ of immunity in health and disease.

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Immunofixation

Immunofixation permits the detection and typing of monoclonal antibodies or immunoglobulins in serum or urine.

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Immunofluorescence

Immunofluorescence is a technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on microbiological samples.

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Immunogen

An immunogen is an antigen or any substance that may be specifically bound by components of the immune system (antibody, lymphocytes).

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Immunogenetics

Immunogenetics or immungenetics is the branch of medical genetics that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics.

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Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA in its secretory form) is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes.

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Immunoglobulin class switching

Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin (antibodies) from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG.

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Immunoglobulin D

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody isotype that makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of immature B-lymphocytes where it is usually coexpressed with another cell surface antibody called IgM.

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Immunoglobulin E

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) "isotype") that has only been found in mammals.

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Immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody.

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Immunoglobulin heavy chain

The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) is the large polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin).

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Immunoglobulin light chain

The immunoglobulin light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin).

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Immunoglobulin M

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is one of several forms of antibody that are produced by vertebrates.

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Immunoglobulin superfamily

The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large protein superfamily of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or adhesion processes of cells.

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Immunological synapse

In immunology, an immunological synapse (or immune synapse) is the interface between an antigen-presenting cell or target cell and a lymphocyte such as an effector T cell or Natural Killer cell.

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Immunology

Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.

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Immunomics

Immunomics is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches.

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Immunopathology

Immunopathology is a branch of medicine that deals with immune responses associated with disease.

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Immunophysics

Immunophysics is a novel interdisciplinary research field using immunological, biological, physical and chemical approaches to elucidate and modify immune-mediated mechanisms and to expand our knowledge on the pathomechanisms of chronic immune-mediated diseases such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and chronic infections.

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Immunoproliferative disorder

Immunoproliferative disorders, also known as immunoproliferative diseases or immunoproliferative neoplasms, are disorders of the immune system that are characterized by the abnormal proliferation of the primary cells of the immune system, which includes B cells, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, or by the excessive production of immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies).

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Immunoproteomics

Immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response.

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Immunostimulant

Immunostimulants, also known as immunostimulators, are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components.

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Immunosuppression

Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.

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Immunosuppressive drug

Immunosuppressive drugs or immunosuppressive agents or antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.

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Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response".

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Immunotoxicology

Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of immune dysfunction resulting from exposure of an organism to a xenobiotic.

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In situ

In situ (often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position".

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In vitro

In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.

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In vivo

Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.

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Inflammasome

The inflammasome is a multiprotein oligomer responsible for the activation of inflammatory responses.

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Inflammation

Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

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Inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine.

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Inflammatory reflex

The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion.

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Inhibitor of apoptosis domain

The inhibitor of apoptosis domain -- also known as IAP repeat, Baculovirus Inhibitor of apoptosis protein Repeat, or BIR -- is a structural motif found in proteins with roles in apoptosis, cytokine production, and chromosome segregation.

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Innate immune system

The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.

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Innate lymphoid cell

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a group of innate immune cells that are derived from common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) and belong to the lymphoid lineage.

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Integrin

Integrins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion.

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Integrin alpha 1

CD49a is an integrin alpha subunit.

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Integrin alpha 10

Integrin alpha-10 also known as ITGA10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA10 gene.

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Integrin alpha 11

Integrin alpha-11 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ITGA11 gene.

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Integrin alpha 2

Integrin alpha-2 or CD49b (cluster of differentiation 49b) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD49b gene.

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Integrin alpha 2b

Integrin alpha-IIb is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA2B gene.

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Integrin alpha 3

Integrin alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA3 gene.

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Integrin alpha 4

CD49d is an integrin alpha subunit.

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Integrin alpha 5

Integrin alpha-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA5 gene.

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Integrin alpha 6

Integrin alpha-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA6 gene.

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Integrin alpha 7

Alpha-7 integrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA7 gene.

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Integrin alpha 8

Integrin alpha-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA8 gene.

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Integrin alpha 9

Integrin alpha-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA9 gene.

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Integrin alpha D

Integrin alpha-D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGAD gene.

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Integrin alpha L

Integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; alpha polypeptide), also known as ITGAL, is a human gene which functions in the immune system.

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Integrin alpha M

Integrin alpha M (ITGAM) is one protein subunit that forms the heterodimeric integrin alpha-M beta-2 (αMβ2) molecule, also known as macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1) or complement receptor 3 (CR3).

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Integrin alpha V

Integrin alpha-V is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGAV gene.

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Integrin alpha X

CD11c, also known as Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit) (ITGAX), is a gene that encodes for CD11c.

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Integrin alphaXbeta2

Integrin alphaXbeta2 (p150,95, CR4) is a complement receptor composed of CD11c and CD18.

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Integrin beta 1

Integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), also known as CD29, is a cell surface receptor that in humans is encoded by the ITGB1 gene.

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Integrin beta 2

In molecular biology, CD18 (Integrin beta chain-2) is an integrin beta chain protein that is encoded by the ITGB2 gene in humans.

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Integrin beta 3

Integrin beta-3 (β3) or CD61 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB3 gene.

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Integrin beta 4

Integrin, beta 4 (ITGB4) also known as CD104 (Cluster of Differentiation 104), is a human gene.

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Integrin beta 5

Integrin beta-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB5 gene.

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Integrin beta 6

Integrin beta-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB6 gene.

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Integrin beta 7

Integrin beta-7 is an integrin protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB7 gene.

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Integrin beta 8

Integrin beta-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB8 gene.

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Intercellular adhesion molecule

In molecular biology, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

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Interferon

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.

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Interferon gamma

Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons.

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Interferon gamma receptor 1

Interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) also known as CD119 (Cluster of Differentiation 119), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNGR1 gene.

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Interferon gamma receptor 2

Interferon gamma receptor 2 also known as IFN-γR2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IFNGR2 gene.

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Interferon regulatory factors

Interferon regulatory factors are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons (see regulation of gene expression).

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Interferon type I

Human type I interferons (IFNs) are a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system.

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Interferon type II

A sole member makes up the type II interferons (IFNs) that is called IFN-γ (gamma).

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Interferon-alpha/beta receptor

The interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) is a virtually ubiquitous membrane receptor which binds endogenous type I interferon (IFN) cytokines.

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Interferon-gamma receptor

The interferon-gamma receptor (IFNGR) is a receptor that binds interferon-γ, the sole member of interferon type II.

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Interleukin

Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).

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Interleukin 1 beta

Interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene.

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Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist

The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RN gene.

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Interleukin 1 receptor, type I

Interleukin 1 receptor, type I (IL1R1) also known as CD121a (Cluster of Differentiation 121a), is an interleukin receptor.

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Interleukin 1 receptor, type II

Interleukin 1 receptor, type II (IL-1R2) also known as CD121b (Cluster of Differentiation 121b) is an interleukin receptor.

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Interleukin 10

Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

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Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit

Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-10 receptor.

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Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit

Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-10 receptor.

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Interleukin 11

Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL11 gene.

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Interleukin 11 receptor alpha subunit

Interleukin 11 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 11 receptor.

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Interleukin 12

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and human B-lymphoblastoid cells (NC-37) in response to antigenic stimulation.

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Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit

Interleukin-12 receptor, beta 1, or IL-12Rβ1 in short, is a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor.

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Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit

Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor.

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Interleukin 13

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene.

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Interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 1

Interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 1, also known as IL13RA1 and CD213A1 (cluster of differentiation 213A1), is a human gene.

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Interleukin 15

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2).

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Interleukin 15 receptor, alpha subunit

Interleukin 15 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 15 receptor that in humans is encoded by the IL15RA gene.

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Interleukin 16

Pro-interleukin-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL16 gene.

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Interleukin 17

Interleukin 17A (IL-17 or IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

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Interleukin 18

Interleukin-18 (IL18, also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IL18 gene.

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Interleukin 19

Interleukin 19 (IL19) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL19 gene.

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Interleukin 2

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system.

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Interleukin 20

Interleukin 20 (IL20) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL20 gene.

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Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit

Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-20 receptor.

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Interleukin 20 receptor, beta subunit

Interleukin-20 receptor beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL20RB gene.

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Interleukin 21

Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL21 gene.

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Interleukin 22

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is protein that in humans is encoded by the IL22 gene.

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Interleukin 23

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of an IL12B (IL-12p40) subunit (that is shared with IL12) and the (IL-23p19) subunit.

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Interleukin 24

Interleukin 24 (IL-24) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL24 gene.

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Interleukin 25

Interleukin-25 (IL-25) – also known as interleukin-17E (IL-17E) – is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL25 gene.

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Interleukin 26

Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL26 gene.

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Interleukin 27

Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a member of the IL-12 cytokine family.

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Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit

Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha is a subunit of the interleukin-27 receptor.

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Interleukin 28

Interleukin-28 (IL-28) is a cytokine that comes in two isoforms, IL-28A and IL-28B, and plays a role in immune defense against viruses, including the induction of an "antiviral state" by turning on Mx proteins, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase as well as ISGF3G (Interferon Stimulated Gene Factor 3).

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Interleukin 28 receptor, alpha subunit

Interleukin 28 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-28 receptor.

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Interleukin 28B

Interleukin 28B (interferon-λ 3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL28B gene.

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Interleukin 29

Interleukin-29 (IL-29) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL29 gene that resides on chromosome 19.

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Interleukin 3

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene.

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Interleukin 30

Interleukin-30 (IL-30) is a protein with a molecular weight of 28 kilodaltons, which forms one chain of the heterodimeric cytokine called interleukin 27 (IL-27), thus is sometimes called IL27-p28.

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Interleukin 31

Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL31 gene that resides on chromosome 12.

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Interleukin 32

Interleukin 32 (Il32) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL32 gene.

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Interleukin 33

Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL33 gene.

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Interleukin 34

Interleukin 34 (IL-34) is a protein belonging to a group of cytokines called interleukins.

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Interleukin 35

Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is a recently discovered cytokine from the IL-12 family.

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Interleukin 37

Interleukin-1 family member 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1F7 gene.

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Interleukin 4

The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 cells.

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Interleukin 5

Interleukin 5 (IL5) is an interleukin produced by type-2 T helper cells and mast cells.

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Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit

Interleukin 5 receptor, alpha (IL5RA) also known as CD125 (Cluster of Differentiation 125) is a subunit of the Interleukin-5 receptor.

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Interleukin 6

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine.

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Interleukin 7

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL7 gene.

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Interleukin 8

Interleukin 8 (IL8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.

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Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha

Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha is a chemokine receptor.

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Interleukin 8 receptor, beta

Interleukin 8 receptor, beta is a chemokine receptor.

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Interleukin 9

Interleukin 9, also known as IL-9, is a pleiotropic cytokine (cell signalling molecule) belonging to the group of interleukins.

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Interleukin-1 receptor

Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) is a cytokine receptor which binds interleukin 1.

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Interleukin-1 receptor family

Members of the very wide interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family are characterized by extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and intracellular Toll/Interleukin-1R (TIR) domain.

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Interleukin-10 receptor

Interleukin-10 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-11 receptor

The interleukin 11 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor, binding interleukin 11.

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Interleukin-12 receptor

Interleukin 12 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor, binding interleukin 12.

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Interleukin-13 receptor

The interleukin-13 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor, binding Interleukin-13.

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Interleukin-15 receptor

Interleukin-15 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor, binding interleukin-15.

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Interleukin-18 receptor

The interleukin-18 receptor (IL-18R) is an interleukin receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

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Interleukin-20 receptor

Interleukin-20 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-21 receptor

Interleukin 21 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-22 receptor

Interleukin-22 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-23 receptor

Interleukin-23 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-27 receptor

The interleukin-27 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor for interleukin-27.

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Interleukin-28 receptor

Interleukin-28 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-3 receptor

The interleukin-3 receptor (also known as CD123 antigen) is a molecule found on cells which helps transmit the signal of interleukin-3, a soluble cytokine important in the immune system.

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Interleukin-4 receptor

The interleukin 4 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-5 receptor

The interleukin-5 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-6 receptor

Interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R) also known as CD126 (Cluster of Differentiation 126) is a type I cytokine receptor.

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Interleukin-7 receptor

The interleukin-7 receptor is a protein found on the surface of cells.

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Interleukin-7 receptor-α

Interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (IL7R-α) also known as CD127 (Cluster of Differentiation 127) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL7R gene.

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Interleukin-9 receptor

Interleukin 9 receptor (IL9R) also known as CD129 (Cluster of Differentiation 129) is a type I cytokine receptor.

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Intravascular immunity

Intravascular immunity describes the immune response in the bloodstream, and its role is to fight and prevent the spread of pathogens.

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Intrinsic immunity

Intrinsic immunity refers to a set of recently discovered cellular-based anti-viral defense mechanisms, notably genetically encoded proteins which specifically target eukaryotic retroviruses.

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Isotype (immunology)

In immunology, the immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype (class) is encoded by the constant region segments of the immunoglobulin gene which form the Fc portion of an antibody.

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ITGAE

Integrin, alpha E (ITGAE) also known as CD103 (cluster of differentiation 103) is an integrin protein that in human is encoded by the ITGAE gene.

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JAK-STAT signaling pathway

The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death and tumour formation.

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JAM2

Junctional adhesion molecule B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JAM2 gene.

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Junctional diversity

Junctional diversity describes the DNA sequence variations introduced by the improper joining of gene segments during the process of V(D)J recombination.

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Killer activation receptor

Killer Activation Receptors (KARs) are receptors expressed on the plasmatic membrane of Natural Killer cells (NK cells).

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Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor

Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), are a family of type I transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on the plasma membrane of natural killer (NK) cells and a minority of T cells.

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KIR2DL1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR2DL1 gene.

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KIR2DL4

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR2DL4 gene.

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KIR2DS1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR2DS1 gene.

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KIR2DS4

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR2DS4 gene.

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KIR3DL1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR3DL1 gene.

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KIR3DL2

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR3DL2 gene.

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KIR3DL3

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR3DL3 gene.

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Kupffer cell

Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids.

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L-selectin

L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on lymphocytes and the preimplantation embryo.

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L1 (protein)

L1, also known as L1CAM, is a transmembrane protein member of the L1 protein family, encoded by the L1CAM gene.

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L1 family

The L1 family is a family of cell adhesion molecules that includes four different L1-like proteins.

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Langerhans cell

Langerhans cells are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin, and contain organelles called Birbeck granules.

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Langerin

CD207, langerin (Cluster of Differentiation 207) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD207 gene.

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Langhans giant cell

Langhans giant cells (also known as Pirogov-Langhans cells) are large cells found in granulomatous conditions.

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Latex allergy

Latex allergy is a medical term encompassing a range of allergic reactions to the proteins present in natural rubber latex.

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Lectin

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, macromolecules that are highly specific for sugar moieties of other molecules.

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Lectin pathway

The lectin pathway is a type of cascade reaction in the complement system, similar in structure to the classical complement pathway, in that, after activation, it proceeds through the action of C4 and C2 to produce activated complement proteins further down the cascade.

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Leukemia inhibitory factor

Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is an interleukin 6 class cytokine that affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation.

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Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor

LIFR also known as CD118 (Cluster of Differentiation 118), is a subunit of a receptor for leukemia inhibitory factor.

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Leukocyte extravasation

Leukocyte extravasation, less commonly called diapedesis, is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection.

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Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors

The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) are a family of receptors possessing extracellular immunoglobulin domains.

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LGP2

Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX58 also known as RIG-I-like receptor 3 (RLR-3) or RIG-I-like receptor LGP2 (RLR) is a RIG-I-like receptor dsRNA helicase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHX58 gene.

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LIGHT (protein)

LIGHT, also known as tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14), is a secreted protein of the TNF superfamily.

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LILRA1

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor, subfamily A (with TM domain), member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRA1 gene.

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LILRA2

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 2 (LILRA2, CD85H, ILT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRA2 gene.

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LILRA3

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 3 (LILR-A3) also known as CD85 antigen-like family member E (CD85e), immunoglobulin-like transcript 6 (ILT-6), and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 4 (LIR-4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRA3 gene located within the eukocyte receptor complex on chromosome 19q13.4.

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LILRA4

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRA4 gene.

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LILRB1

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRB1 gene.

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LILRB2

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRB2 gene.

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LILRB3

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRB3 gene.

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LILRB4

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRB4 gene.

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LILRB5

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRB5 gene.

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Linearity

Linearity is the property of a mathematical relationship or function which means that it can be graphically represented as a straight line.

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List of allergens

This is a list of allergies, which includes the allergen, potential reactions, and a brief description of the cause where applicable.

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List of autoimmune diseases

This list of autoimmune diseases is categorized by organ and tissue type to help locate diseases that may be similar.

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List of human clusters of differentiation

The following is a list of human clusters of differentiation (or CD) molecules.

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List of immunologists

This is a list of notable immunologists.

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List of vaccine ingredients

This list of vaccine ingredients indicates the culture media used in the production of common vaccines and the excipients they contain, as published by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Food and Drug Administration.

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List of virus species

Excluded are other ranks of virus, viroids and prions.

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Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

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Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor

The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (nerve growth factor receptor (TNFR superfamily, member 16), also called the LNGFR or p75 neurotrophin receptor) is one of the two receptor types for the neurotrophins, a family of protein growth factors that stimulate neuronal cells to survive and differentiate.

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Lung

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.

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LY75

Lymphocyte antigen 75 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LY75 gene.

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LY9

T-lymphocyte surface antigen Ly-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LY9 gene.

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Lymph node

A lymph node or lymph gland is an ovoid or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, and of the adaptive immune system, that is widely present throughout the body.

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Lymph node stromal cell

Lymph node stromal cells are essential to the structure and function of the lymph node.

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Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system and an important part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water") directionally towards the heart.

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Lymphoblast

A lymphoblast is a modified naive lymphocyte that also looks completely different.

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Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.

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Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1

Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is a cellular adhesion molecule found on lymphocytes.

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Lymphocyte homing receptor

Lymphocyte homing receptors are cell adhesion molecules expressed on lymphocyte cell membranes that recognize addressins on target tissues.

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Lymphopoiesis

Lymphopoiesis (lĭm'fō-poi-ē'sĭs) (or lymphocytopoiesis) is the generation of lymphocytes, one of the five types of white blood cell (WBC).

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Lymphotoxin

Lymphotoxin (previously known as tumor necrosis factor-beta) is a lymphokine cytokine.

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Lymphotoxin alpha

Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) or tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTA gene.

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Lymphotoxin beta

Lymphotoxin-beta (LT-beta) also known as tumor necrosis factor C (TNF-C) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTB gene.

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Lymphotoxin beta receptor

Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 3 (TNFRSF3), is a cell surface receptor for lymphotoxin involved in apoptosis and cytokine release.

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Lysozyme

Lysozyme, also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system.

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Macrophage

Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).

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Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine which influences hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types.

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Macrophage-1 antigen

Macrophage-1 antigen (or integrin αMβ2 or macrophage integrin or Mac-1) is a complement receptor ("CR3") consisting of CD11b (integrin αM) and CD18 (integrin β2).

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Major histocompatibility complex

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.

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Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1, also known as HLA-DPA1, is a human gene.

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Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1, also known as HLA-DQA1, is a human gene present on short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21.3) and also denotes the genetic locus which contains this gene.

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Mannan-binding lectin

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), also called mannose-binding protein or mannan-binding protein (MBP), is a lectin that is instrumental in innate immunity via the lectin pathway.

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Mannose receptor

The mannose receptor (Cluster of Differentiation 206, CD206) is a C-type lectin primarily present on the surface of macrophages and immature dendritic cells, but is also expressed on the surface of skin cells such as human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

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Mantoux test

The Mantoux test or Mendel-Mantoux test (also known as the Mantoux screening test, tuberculin sensitivity test, Pirquet test, or PPD test for purified protein derivative) is a tool for screening for tuberculosis (TB) and for tuberculosis diagnosis.

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MARCO

Macrophage receptor MARCO also known as macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MARCO gene.

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Marginal zone

The marginal zone is the region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen.

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Marginal zone B-cell

Marginal zone B cells are noncirculating mature B cells that segregate anatomically into the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen.

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MASP1 (protein)

Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 also known as mannose-associated serine protease 1 (MASP-1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MASP1 gene.

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MASP2 (protein)

Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 also known as mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MASP2 gene.

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Mass cytometry

Mass cytometry is a mass spectrometry technique based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and time of flight mass spectrometry used for the determination of the properties of cells (cytometry).

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Mast cell

A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a type of white blood cell.

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MDA5

MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5) is a RIG-I-like receptor dsRNA helicase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IFIH1 gene.

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Medical College of Georgia

The Medical College of Georgia (often referred to as MCG) is the flagship medical school of the University System of Georgia, the state's only public medical school, and one of the top 10 largest medical schools in the United States.

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Megakaryoblast

A megakaryoblast is a precursor cell to a promegakaryocyte, which in turn becomes a megakaryocyte during haematopoiesis.

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Megakaryocyte

A megakaryocyte (mega- + karyo- + -cyte, "large-nucleus cell") is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting.

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Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell

The megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell (or MEP, or hMEP to specify human) is a cell that gives rise to megakaryocytes and erythrocytes.

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Memory B cell

Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed within germinal centers following primary infection and are important in generating an accelerated and more robust antibody-mediated immune response in the case of re-infection (also known as a secondary immune response).

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Memory T cell

Memory T cells are a subset of infection- and cancer-fighting T cells (also known as a T lymphocyte) that have previously encountered and responded to their cognate antigen; thus, the term antigen-experienced T cell is often applied.

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Meninges

The meninges (singular: meninx, from membrane, adjectival: meningeal) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord.

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Metamyelocyte

A metamyelocyte is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a myelocyte, and leading to a band cell.

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MHC class I

MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of jawed vertebrates.

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MHC class II

MHC class II molecules are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules normally found only on antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells.

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MHC multimer

MHC multimers are oligomeric forms of MHC molecules, designed to identify and isolate T-cells with high affinity to specific antigens amid a large group of unrelated T-cells.

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Microantibody

A microantibody is an artificial short chain of amino acids copied from a fully functional natural antibody.

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Microfold cell

Microfold cells (or M cells) are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the Peyer's patches in the small intestine, and in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Microglia

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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Milk allergy

Milk allergy is an adverse immune reaction to one or more proteins in cow's milk.

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Mimotope

A mimotope is a macromolecule, often a peptide, which mimics the structure of an epitope.

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Mincle receptor

Macrophage inducible Ca2+-dependent lectin receptor, (abbreviated to Mincle), is a member of the C-type lectin superfamily encoded by the gene CLEC4E.

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Monoblast

Monoblasts are normally found in bone marrow and do not appear in the normal peripheral blood.

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Monoclonal antibody

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.

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Monocyte

Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell.

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Monocytopoiesis

Monocytopoiesis is the process which leads to the production of monocytes (and, subsequently, macrophages).

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MS4A2

High affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MS4A2 gene.

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MSR1

Macrophage scavenger receptor 1, also known as MSR1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MSR1 gene.

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Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, oral passage, nasopharyngeal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin.

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Mucosal associated invariant T cell

Mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) make up a subset of T cells in the immune system that display innate, effector-like qualities.

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Mucosal immunology

Mucosal immunology is the study of immune system responses that occur at mucosal membranes of the intestines, the urogenital tract and the respiratory system, i.e., surfaces that are in contact with the external environment.

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Mucous membrane

A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs.

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Mucus

Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.

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Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.

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Myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness.

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Myelin-associated glycoprotein

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG, Siglec-4) is a cell membrane glycoprotein that is a member of the SIGLEC family of proteins and is a functional ligand of the NoGo-66 receptor, (NgR).

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Myeloblast

The myeloblast is a unipotent stem cell, which will differentiate into one of the effectors of the granulocyte series.

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Myelocyte

A myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic series, occurring normally in bone marrow (can be found in circulating blood when caused by certain diseases).

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Myelopoiesis

In hematology, myelopoiesis in the broadest sense of the term is the production of bone marrow and of all cells that arise from it, namely, all blood cells.

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NAIP (gene)

Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NAIP gene.

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Naive T cell

A naïve T cell (Th0 cell) is a T cell that has differentiated in bone marrow, and successfully undergone the positive and negative processes of central selection in the thymus.

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NALP3

NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NALP3), also known as cryopyrin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP3 gene located on the long arm of chromosome 1.

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National Center for Biotechnology Information

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Natural killer cell

Natural killer cells or NK cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.

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Natural killer T cell

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer cells.

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Nature Reviews Immunology

Nature Reviews Immunology is a monthly review journal covering the field of immunology.

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NCR1

Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCR1 gene.

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NCR2

Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCR2 gene.

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NCR3

Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCR3 gene.

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Nectin

Nectins and Nectin-like molecules (Necl) are families of cellular adhesion molecules involved in Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion.

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Neonatal Fc receptor

The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), also known as the Brambell receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCGRT gene.

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Neoplasm

Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.

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Neural cell adhesion molecule

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), also called CD56, is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle.

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Neuroimmune system

The neuroimmune system is a system of structures and processes involving the biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the nervous system and immune system which protect neurons from pathogens.

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Neuroimmunology

Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system.

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Neutralisation (immunology)

Neutralisation or neutralization in the immunological sense refers to the ability of specific antibodies to block the site(s) on viruses that they use to enter their target cell.

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Neutralizing antibody

A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that defends a cell from an antigen or infectious body by neutralizing any effect it has biologically.

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Neutrophil

Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals.

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NF-κB

NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.

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NFAT

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a family of transcription factors shown to be important in immune response.

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NFAT5

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5, also known as NFAT5, is a human gene that encodes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in the osmotic stress.

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NFATC1

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC1 gene.

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NFATC2

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC2 gene.

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NFATC3

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC3 gene.

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NFATC4

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC4 gene.

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NKG2D

NKG2D is a transmembrane protein belonging to the CD94/NKG2 family of C-type lectin-like receptors.

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NLRC3

NLRC3, short for NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 3, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system.

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NLRC4

NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRC4 gene.

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NLRC5

NLRC5, short for NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 5, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system.

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NLRP1

NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP1 gene.

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NLRP10

NLRP10, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 10, is an intracellular protein of mammals that functions in apoptosis and the immune system.

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NLRP11

NLRP11, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 11, is an intracellular protein of mammals.

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NLRP12

NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP12 gene.

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NLRP13

NLRP13, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 13, is an intracellular protein of mammals.

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NLRP14

NLRP14, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 14, is an intracellular protein of mammals associated with a role in spermatogenesis.

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NLRP2

NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP2 gene.

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NLRP4

NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP4 gene.

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NLRP5

NLRP5, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 5, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in early embryogenesis.

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NLRP6

NLRP6, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system.

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NLRP7

NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRP7 gene.

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NLRP8

NLRP8, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 8, is an intracellular protein that is expressed in the ovaries, testes, and preimplantation embryos of mammals.

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NLRP9

NLRP9, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 9, is an intracellular protein that is expressed in the ovaries, testes, oocytes, and preimplantation embryos of mammals that is likely involved in reproductive processes.

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NLRX1

NLRX1 or NLR family member X1, short for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat containing X1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLRX1 gene.

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NOD-like receptor

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, in short NOD-like receptors (NLRs), are intracellular sensors of PAMPs that enter the cell via phagocytosis or pores and DAMPs that are associated with cell stress.

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NOD1

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) is a protein receptor that in humans is encoded by the NOD1 gene.

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NOD2

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), also known as caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (CARD15) or inflammatory bowel disease protein 1 (IBD1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOD2 gene located on chromosome 16.

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Nucleated red blood cell

With the exception of mammals, all vertebrate organisms have hemoglobin-containing cells in their blood and all of these red blood cells contain a nucleus.

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Nuocyte

The nuocyte is a cell of the innate immune system that plays an important role in type 2 immune responses that are induced in response to helminth worm infection or in conditions such as asthma and atopic disease.

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Obligate

As an adjective, obligate means "by necessity" (antonym facultative) and is used mainly in biology in phrases such as.

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Ocular immune system

The ocular immune system protects the eye from infection and regulates healing processes following injuries.

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OLR1

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (Ox-LDL receptor 1) also known as lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OLR1 gene.

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Oncostatin M

Oncostatin M, also known as OSM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSM gene.

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Oncostatin M receptor

Oncostatin-M specific receptor subunit beta also known as the oncostatin M receptor, is one of the receptor proteins for oncostatin M, that in humans is encoded by the OSMR gene.

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Open access

Open access (OA) refers to research outputs which are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers, and possibly with the addition of a Creative Commons license to promote reuse.

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Opsonin

An opsonin (from the Greek opsōneîn, to prepare for eating) is any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response or marking dead cells for recycling (i.e., causes the phagocyte to "relish" the marked cell).

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Organ transplantation

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.

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Organism

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.

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Original antigenic sin

Original antigenic sin, also known as the Hoskins effect, refers to the propensity of the body's immune system to preferentially utilize immunological memory based on a previous infection when a second slightly different version of that foreign entity (e.g. a virus or bacterium) is encountered.

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Orosomucoid

Orosomucoid (ORM) or alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (α1AGp, AGP or AAG) is an acute phase (acute phase protein) plasma alpha-globulin glycoprotein and is modulated by two polymorphic genes.

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Osteoclast

An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.

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Osteoimmunology

Osteoimmunology (όστέον, osteon from Greek, “bone”; immunitas from Latin, “immunity”; and λόγος, logos, from Greek “study”) is a field that emerged about 40 years ago that studies the interface between the skeletal system and the immune system, comprising the “osteo-immune system”.

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Osteoprotegerin

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), is a cytokine receptor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily encoded by the TNFRSF11B gene.

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Outline (list)

An outline, also called a hierarchical outline, is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and is a type of tree structure.

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OX40 ligand

OX40L is the ligand for CD134 and is expressed on such cells as DC2s (a subtype of dendritic cells) enabling amplification of Th2 cell differentiation.

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P-selectin

P-selectin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SELP gene.

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Palaeoimmunology

Palaeoimmunology or paleo-immunology ("paleo".

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Parasitism

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Paratope

A paratope, also called an antigen-binding site, is a part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen.

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Passive immunity

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies.

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Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.

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Pathogenic bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.

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Pattern recognition receptor

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system.

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Peanut allergy

Peanut allergy is a type of food allergy to peanuts.

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Pemphigus vulgaris

Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare chronic blistering skin disease and the most common form of pemphigus.

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Peptidoglycan recognition protein

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a group of highly conserved pattern recognition receptors with at least one peptidoglycan recognition domain capable of recognizing the peptidoglycan wall of bacteria.

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Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1

Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1, also known as TAG7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGLYRP1 gene.

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Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2

PGLYRP2 is a gene encoding a protein with N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity.

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Pericyte

Pericytes are contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body.

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Peripheral tolerance

Peripheral tolerance is the second branch of immunological tolerance, after central tolerance.

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Phagocytosis

In cell biology, phagocytosis is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome.

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Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.

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Placenta

The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.

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Plasma cell

Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies.

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Plasmacytoid dendritic cell

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a rare type of immune cell that are known to secrete large quantities of type 1 interferon (IFNs) in response to a viral infection.

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Platelet

Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.

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Platelet factor 4

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4).

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Poliovirus receptor-related 1

Poliovirus receptor-related 1 (PVRL1), also known as nectin-1 and CD111 (formerly herpesvirus entry mediator C, HVEC) is a human protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), also considered a member of the nectins.

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Poliovirus receptor-related 2

Poliovirus receptor-related 2 (PVRL2), also known as nectin-2 and CD112 (formerly herpesvirus entry mediator B, HVEB), is a human plasma membrane glycoprotein.

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Poliovirus receptor-related 3

Poliovirus receptor-related 3 (PVRL3), also known as nectin-3 and CD113, is a human protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily which forms part of adherens junctions.

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Polyclonal antibodies

Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage).

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Polyclonal B cell response

Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals.

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Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the PIGR gene.

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Poste Montagnais Airport

Poste Montagnais Airport, also known as Poste Montagnais - Mile 134 Airport is located at Poste Montagnais, Quebec, Canada.

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Preventive healthcare

Preventive healthcare (alternately preventive medicine, preventative healthcare/medicine, or prophylaxis) consists of measures taken for disease prevention, as opposed to disease treatment.

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Primary immunodeficiency

Primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which part of the body's immune system is missing or does not function normally.

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Proerythroblast

A proerythroblast (or rubriblast, or pronormoblast) is the earliest of four stages in development of the normoblast.

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Programmed cell death protein 1

Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279), is a protein found on the surface of cells that has a role in regulating the immune system's response to the cells of the human body by down-regulating the immune system and promoting self tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity.

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Prolactin receptor

The prolactin receptor (PRLR)—encoded by a gene on chromosome 5p13-14—interacts with prolactin as a transmembrane receptor.

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Prolymphocyte

A prolymphocyte is a white blood cell with a certain state of cellular differentiation in lymphocytopoiesis.

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Promegakaryocyte

A promegakaryocyte is a precursor cell for a megakaryocyte, arising from a megakaryoblast.

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Promonocyte

A promonocyte (or premonocyte) is a cell arising from a monoblast and developing into a monocyte.

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Promyelocyte

A promyelocyte (or progranulocyte) is a granulocyte precursor, developing from the myeloblast and developing into the myelocyte.

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Properdin

Properdin is the only known positive regulator of complement activation that stabilizes the alternative pathway convertases.

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Protein dimer

In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.

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Protein structure

Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule.

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Protozoa

Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.

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Psychoneuroimmunology

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), also referred to as psychoendoneuroimmunology (PENI) or psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology (PNEI), is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body.

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Pyrin domain

A pyrin domain is a protein domain and a subclass of protein motif known as the death fold; it allows a pyrin domain containing protein to interact with other proteins that contain a pyrin domain.

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Rabbit hybridoma

A rabbit hybridoma is a hybrid cell line formed by the fusion of an antibody producing rabbit B cell with a cancerous B-cell (myeloma).

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RAG1

Recombination activating gene 1 also known as RAG-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAG1 gene.

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RAG2

Recombination activating gene 2 also known as RAG-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAG2 gene.

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RANK

Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), also known as TRANCE receptor or TNFRSF11A, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) molecular sub-family.

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RANKL

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand (RANKL), also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11), TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), and osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF11 gene.

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RAR-related orphan receptor gamma

RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RORC (RAR-related orphan receptor C) gene.

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Reactive arthritis

Reactive arthritis, formerly known as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body (cross-reactivity).

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Recombination signal sequences

Recombination signal sequences are conserved sequences of noncoding DNA that are recognized by the RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex during V(D)J recombination in immature B cells and T cells.

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Recombination-activating gene

The recombination-activating genes (RAGs) encode enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor molecules, however there is no evidence to suggest the developing T cells can undergo receptor editing in the same way that B cells do.

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Red pulp

The red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known also as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color.

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Regulatory T cell

The regulatory T cells (Tregs), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease.

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Reproductive immunology

Reproductive immunology refers to a field of medicine that studies interactions (or the absence of them) between the immune system and components related to the reproductive system, such as maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus, or immunological interactions across the blood-testis barrier.

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Respiratory tract

In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration.

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Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system

The respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system is a layered defense mechanism which relies on components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems to protect the lungs and the rest of the respiratory tract against inhaled microorganisms.

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Reticulocyte

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red blood cells in the human body.

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Rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain.

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Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.

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RIG-I

RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) is a RIG-I-like receptor dsRNA helicase enzyme that is encoded (in humans) by the DDX58 gene.

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RIG-I-like receptor

RIG-I-like receptors (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, or RLRs) are a type of intracellular pattern recognition receptor involved in the recognition of viruses by the innate immune system.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

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S1PR1

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P receptor 1 or S1P1), also known as endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S1PR1 gene.

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S1PR2

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 also known as S1PR2 or S1P2 is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).

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S1PR3

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 also known as S1PR3 is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).

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S1PR4

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4 also known as S1PR4 is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).

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S1PR5

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5 also known as S1PR5 is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).

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Saliva

Saliva is a watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands.

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SCARB1

Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1) also known as SR-BI is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCARB1 gene.

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SCARB2

Lysosome membrane protein 2 (LIMP-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCARB2 gene.

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Scavenger receptor (immunology)

Scavenger receptors are receptors on macrophages and other cells that bind to numerous ligands, such as bacterial cell-wall components, and remove them from the blood.

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Selectin

The selectins (cluster of differentiation 62 or CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules (or CAMs).

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Self-protein

In immunology, self-protein designates proteins normally produced by a particular organism.

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Sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.

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Serum albumin

Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood.

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Serum amyloid A

Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma.

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Serum amyloid P component

The serum amyloid P component (SAP) is the identical serum form of amyloid P component (AP), a 25kDa pentameric protein first identified as the pentagonal constituent of in vivo pathological deposits called "amyloid".

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Serum sickness

Serum sickness in humans is a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non-human animal source, occurring 5–10 days after exposure.

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Sialic acid

Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone.

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Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 12

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC12 gene.

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Sialoadhesin

Sialoadhesin is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of macrophages.

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Side effects of penicillin

The side effects of penicillin are bodily responses to penicillin and closely related antibiotics that do not relate directly to its effect on bacteria.

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SIGLEC

Siglecs (Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins) are cell surface proteins that bind sialic acid.

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SIGLEC10

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC10 gene.

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SIGLEC5

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC5 gene.

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SIGLEC7

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC7 gene.

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SIGLEC8

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC8 gene.

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SIGLEC9

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC9 gene.

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Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule is a family of genes.

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Sjögren syndrome

Sjögren syndrome (SjS, SS) is a long-term autoimmune disease in which the moisture-producing glands of the body are affected.

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Skin

Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.

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SLAMF1

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLAMF1 gene.

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SLAMF6

SLAM family member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLAMF6 gene.

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SLAMF7

SLAM family member 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLAMF7 gene.

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SLAMF8

SLAM family member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLAMF8 gene.

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Somatic hypermutation

Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it (e.g. microbes), as seen during class switching.

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Soy allergy

Soy allergy is a type of food allergy.

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Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor

The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the lipid signalling molecule Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).

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Spleen

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.

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Stromal cell

Stromal cells are connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucosa (endometrium), prostate, bone marrow, lymph node and the ovary.

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Stromal cell-derived factor 1

The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1), also known as C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), is a chemokine protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL12 gene on chromosome 10.

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Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (also called endocarditis lenta) is a type of endocarditis (more specifically, infective endocarditis).

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Superantigen

Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release.

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Surfactant protein A

Surfactant protein A is an innate immune system collectin.

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Surfactant protein D

Surfactant protein D, also known as SFTPD or SP-D, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SFTPD gene.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.

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Systems immunology

Systems immunology is a recent research field that, under the larger umbrella of systems biology, aims to study the immune system in the more integrated perspective on how entities and players participate at different system levels to the immune function.

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T cell

A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

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T helper 17 cell

T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a subset of pro-inflammatory T helper cells defined by their production of interleukin 17 (IL-17).

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T helper 3 cell

T helper 3 cells (Th3) are white blood cells of the lymphocyte type.

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T helper cell

The T helper cells (Th cells) are a type of T cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system.

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T-cell receptor

The T-cell receptor, or TCR, is a molecule found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

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T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain

CD3e molecule, epsilon also known as CD3E is a polypeptide which in humans is encoded by the CD3E gene which resides on chromosome 11.

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TBX21

T-box transcription factor TBX21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX21 gene.

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Tears

Tearing, lacrimation, or lachrymation is the secretion of tears, which often serves to clean and lubricate the eyes in response to an irritation of the eyes.

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Testicle

The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.

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Testicular immunology

Testicular Immunology is the study of the immune system within the testis.

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TGF beta receptor

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors.

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TGF beta receptor 1

Transforming growth factor beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53kDa) is a membrane-bound receptor protein for the TGF beta superfamily of signaling ligands.

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TGF beta receptor 2

Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa) is a TGF beta receptor.

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TGF beta signaling pathway

The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions.

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TGFBR3

Betaglycan also known as Transforming growth factor beta receptor III (TGFBR3), is a cell-surface chondroitin sulfate / heparan sulfate proteoglycan >300 kDa in molecular weight.

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Thrombopoiesis

Thrombopoiesis refers to the process of thrombocyte generation.

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Thrombopoietin receptor

The thrombopoietin receptor also known as the myeloproliferative leukemia protein or CD110 (Cluster of Differentiation 110) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia virus) oncogene.

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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a protein belonging to the cytokine family.

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Thymocyte

Thymocytes are hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the thymus.

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Thymus

The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

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Timeline of immunology

Timeline of immunology.

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Tingible body macrophage

A tingible body macrophage is a type of macrophage predominantly found in germinal centers, containing many phagocytized, apoptotic cells in various states of degradation, referred to as tingible bodies (tingible meaning stainable).

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TLR 1

TLR 1 is a member of the toll-like receptor family (TLR) of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system.

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TLR10

Toll-like receptor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR10 gene.

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TLR2

Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene.

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TLR3

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR3 gene.

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TLR4

Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene.

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TLR5

Toll-like receptor 5, also known as TLR5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TLR5 gene.

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TLR6

Toll-like receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR6 gene.

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TLR7

Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR7 gene.

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TLR8

Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR8 gene.

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TLR9

Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene.

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TNF receptor superfamily

The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) is a protein superfamily of cytokine receptors characterized by the ability to bind tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) via an extracellular cysteine-rich domain.

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TNFRSF12A

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A also known as the TWEAK receptor (TWEAKR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF12A gene.

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TNFRSF18

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18 (TNFRSF18) also known as activation-inducible TNFR family receptor (AITR) or glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF18 gene.

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TNFRSF19

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 19, also known as TNFRSF19 and TROY is a human gene.

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TNFSF12

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 also known as TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF12 gene.

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TNFSF18

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF18 gene.

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Toll-like receptor

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.

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Toll-like receptor 11

Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11) is a protein that in mice is encoded by the gene TLR11, whereas in humans it is represented by a pseudogene.

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Touton giant cell

Touton giant cells are a type of multinucleated giant cell seen in lesions with high lipid content such as fat necrosis, xanthoma, and xanthogranulomas.

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TRA (gene)

T-cell receptor alpha locus is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRA gene, also known as TCRA or TRA@.

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TRAIL

In the field of cell biology, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), is a protein functioning as a ligand that induces the process of cell death called apoptosis.

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Transferrin

Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron (Fe) in biological fluids.

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Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease

Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD) is a rare complication of blood transfusion, in which the donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the recipient's lymphoid tissue.

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Transmembrane activator and CAML interactor

Transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B (TNFRSF13B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF13B gene.

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Transplant rejection

Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue.

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TRD (gene)

T cell receptor delta locus (symbol TRD), also known as TCRD or TRD@, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRD gene.

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Tree nut allergy

A tree nut allergy is a hypersensitivity to dietary substances from tree nuts and edible tree seeds causing an overreaction of the immune system which may lead to severe physical symptoms.

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TRG (gene)

T cell receptor gamma locus is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRG gene, also known as TCRG or TRG@.

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Tumor antigen

Tumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host.

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.

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Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) and CD120a, is a ubiquitous membrane receptor that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα).

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Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) and CD120b, is a membrane receptor that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα).

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Tumor necrosis factor superfamily

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers.

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Type I cytokine receptor

Type I cytokine receptors are transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells that recognize and respond to cytokines with four α-helical strands.

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Type I hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity) is an allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen.

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Type II cytokine receptor

Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells, which bind and respond to a select group of cytokines.

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Type II hypersensitivity

In type II hypersensitivity (also tissue-specific, or cytotoxic hypersensitivity) the antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the patient's own cell surfaces.

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Type III hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity occurs when there is accumulation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that have not been adequately cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes.

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Type IV hypersensitivity

Type 4 hypersensitivity is often called delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes several days to develop.

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V(D)J recombination

V(D)J recombination is the unique mechanism of genetic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation.

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Vaccination

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.

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Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

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Vaccine-naive

Vaccine-naïve is a lack of immunity, or immunologic memory, to a disease because the person has not been vaccinated.

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Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor

Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), also known as TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) and TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), is protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF15 gene.

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VCAM-1

Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VCAM1 gene.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, of which pernicious anemia is a type, is a disease in which not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B12.

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Vitronectin

Vitronectin (VTN or VN) is a glycoprotein of the hemopexin family which is abundantly found in serum, the extracellular matrix and bone.

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VLA-4

Integrin α4β1 (Very Late Antigen-4) is an integrin dimer.

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Wheat allergy

Wheat allergy is an allergy to wheat which typically presents itself as a food allergy, but can also be a contact allergy resulting from occupational exposure.

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White blood cell

White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

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White pulp

White pulp is a histological designation for regions of the spleen (named because it appears whiter than the surrounding red pulp on gross section), that encompasses approximately 25% of splenic tissue.

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XCL1

Chemokine (C motif) ligand (XCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the C chemokine family that is also known as lymphotactin.

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XCL2

Chemokine (C motif) ligand 2 (XCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the XC chemokine family that is highly related to another chemokine called XCL1.

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XCR1

The "C" sub-family of chemokine receptors contains only one member: XCR1, the receptor for XCL1 and XCL2 (or lymphotactin-1 and -2).

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4-1BB ligand

4-1BB is a type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein receptor belonging to the TNF superfamily, expressed on activated T Lymphocytes.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_immunology