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Table of Contents

1. 720 relations: Abaza language, Abkhaz language, Abkhazia, Abrogans, Abruzzo, Académie Française, Accademia della Crusca, Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester, Adolf Hitler, Adygea, Adyghe language, Aghul language, Akhvakh language, Albania, Albanian diaspora, Albanian language, Albanian Sign Language, Algerian Jewish Sign Language, Alghero, Alsace, American Sign Language, Ancient Greek, Andi language, Andorra, Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo-Saxons, Antiqua (typeface class), Aosta Valley, Apulia, Aquitanian language, Arabic, Arabs in Europe, Aragon, Aragonese language, Aranese dialect, Arbëresh language, Arcadia (regional unit), Archi language, Armenia, Armenian Cypriots, Armenian diaspora, Armenian language, Armenian Sign Language, Armenians in Austria, Armenians in Belarus, Armenians in Belgium, Armenians in Bulgaria, Armenians in France, Armenians in Germany, Armenians in Greece, ... Expand index (670 more) » « Shrink index

Abaza language

Abaza (абаза бызшва, abaza byzshwa; абазэбзэ) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by Abazins in Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Abaza language

Abkhaz language

Abkhaz, also known as Abkhazian, is a Northwest Caucasian language most closely related to Abaza.

See Languages of Europe and Abkhaz language

Abkhazia

Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Abkhazia

Abrogans

Abrogans, also German Abrogans or Codex Abrogans (St Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 911), is a Middle Latin–Old High German glossary, whose preserved copy in the Abbey Library of St Gall is regarded as the oldest preserved book in the German language.

See Languages of Europe and Abrogans

Abruzzo

Abruzzo (Abbrùzze, Abbrìzze or Abbrèzze; Abbrùzzu), historically known as Abruzzi, is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million.

See Languages of Europe and Abruzzo

Académie Française

The Académie Française, also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language.

See Languages of Europe and Académie Française

Accademia della Crusca

The, generally abbreviated as La Crusca, is a Florence-based society of scholars of Italian linguistics and philology.

See Languages of Europe and Accademia della Crusca

Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester

The Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester (Transnistria) is a formal administrative unit of Moldova established by the Government of Moldova to delineate the territory controlled by the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (commonly known as Transnistria).

See Languages of Europe and Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

See Languages of Europe and Adolf Hitler

Adygea

The Republic of Adygea, also known as the Adygean Republic, is a republic of Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Adygea

Adyghe language

Adyghe (or; also known as West Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians.

See Languages of Europe and Adyghe language

Aghul language

Aghul is a Lezgic language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Aghul language

Akhvakh language

The Akhvakh language (also spelled Axvax, Akhwakh) is a Northeast Caucasian language from the Avar–Andic branch.

See Languages of Europe and Akhvakh language

Albania

Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Albania

Albanian diaspora

The Albanian diaspora (Mërgata Shqiptare or Diaspora Shqiptare) are the ethnic Albanians and their descendants living outside of Albania, Kosovo, southeastern Montenegro, western North Macedonia, southeastern Serbia, northwestern Greece and Southern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Albanian diaspora

Albanian language

Albanian (endonym: shqip, gjuha shqipe, or arbërisht) is an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group.

See Languages of Europe and Albanian language

Albanian Sign Language

Albanian Sign Language (AlbSL) is one of the deaf sign languages of Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Albanian Sign Language

Algerian Jewish Sign Language

Algerian Jewish Sign Language (AJSL), also known as Ghardaia Sign Language, is a moribund village sign language originally of Ghardaïa, Algeria that is now used in Israel and possibly also in France.

See Languages of Europe and Algerian Jewish Sign Language

Alghero

Alghero (L'Alguer; S'Alighèra; L'Aliera) is a city of about 45,000 inhabitants in the Italian province of Sassari in the north west of the island of Sardinia, next to the Mediterranean Sea.

See Languages of Europe and Alghero

Alsace

Alsace (Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss ˈɛlsɑs; German: Elsass (German spelling before 1996: Elsaß.) ˈɛlzas ⓘ; Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.

See Languages of Europe and Alsace

American Sign Language

American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada.

See Languages of Europe and American Sign Language

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

See Languages of Europe and Ancient Greek

Andi language

Andi is a Northeast Caucasian language belonging to the Avar–Andic branch spoken by about 5,800 ethnic Andi (2010) in the Botlikh region of Dagestan.

See Languages of Europe and Andi language

Andorra

Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south.

See Languages of Europe and Andorra

Anglo-Frisian languages

The Anglo-Frisian languages are the Anglic (English, Scots, Fingallian†, and Yola†) and Frisian (North Frisian, East Frisian, and West Frisian) varieties of the West Germanic languages.

See Languages of Europe and Anglo-Frisian languages

Anglo-Saxons

The Anglo-Saxons, the English or Saxons of Britain, were a cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.

See Languages of Europe and Anglo-Saxons

Antiqua (typeface class)

Antiqua is a style of typeface used to mimic styles of handwriting or calligraphy common during the 15th and 16th centuries.

See Languages of Europe and Antiqua (typeface class)

Aosta Valley

The Aosta Valley (Valle d'Aosta; Vallée d'Aoste; Val d'Aoûta) is a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Aosta Valley

Apulia

Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south.

See Languages of Europe and Apulia

Aquitanian language

The Aquitanian language was the language of the ancient Aquitani, spoken on both sides of the western Pyrenees in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, in the region later known as Gascony) and in the areas south of the Pyrenees in the valleys of the Basque Country before the Roman conquest.

See Languages of Europe and Aquitanian language

Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

See Languages of Europe and Arabic

Arabs in Europe

Arabs in Europe are people of Arab descent living in Europe today and over the centuries.

See Languages of Europe and Arabs in Europe

Aragon

Aragon (Spanish and Aragón; Aragó) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.

See Languages of Europe and Aragon

Aragonese language

Aragonese (in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça.

See Languages of Europe and Aragonese language

Aranese dialect

Aranese (aranés) is a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language spoken in the Val d'Aran, in northwestern Catalonia close to the Spanish border with France, where it is one of the three official languages beside Catalan and Spanish.

See Languages of Europe and Aranese dialect

Arbëresh language

Arbëresh (also known as Arbërisht) is the variety of Albanian spoken by the Arbëreshë people of Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Arbëresh language

Arcadia (regional unit)

Arcadia (Arkadía) is one of the regional units of Greece.

See Languages of Europe and Arcadia (regional unit)

Archi language

Archi is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Archis in the village of Archib, southern Dagestan, Russia, and the six surrounding smaller villages.

See Languages of Europe and Archi language

Armenia

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Armenia

Armenian Cypriots

Armenian Cypriots (translit; translit; Kıbrıs Ermenileri) are the ethnic Armenian population native to Cyprus.

See Languages of Europe and Armenian Cypriots

Armenian diaspora

The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population.

See Languages of Europe and Armenian diaspora

Armenian language

Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.

See Languages of Europe and Armenian language

Armenian Sign Language

Armenian Sign Language is the deaf sign language of Armenia.

See Languages of Europe and Armenian Sign Language

Armenians in Austria

Armenians in Austria refers to ethnic Armenians living in Austria.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Austria

Armenians in Belarus

Armenians in Belarus refers to ethnic Armenians living in Belarus.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Belarus

Armenians in Belgium

Armenians in Belgium are citizens of Belgium of Armenian ancestry.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Belgium

Armenians in Bulgaria

Armenians in Bulgaria are the fifth largest minority, after Russians, in the country, numbering 6,552 according to the 2011 census, down from 10,832 in 2001, while Armenian organizations estimate up to 80,000.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Bulgaria

Armenians in France

Armenians in France (translit; Arméniens de France) are French citizens of Armenian ancestry.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in France

Armenians in Germany

Armenians in Germany are ethnic Armenians living within the modern republic of Germany.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Germany

Armenians in Greece

The Armenians in Greece (translit) are Greek citizens of Armenian descent.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Greece

Armenians in Hungary

Armenians in Hungary (magyarországi örmények) are ethnic Armenians living in Hungary.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Hungary

Armenians in Moldova

Armenians in Moldova are the ethnic Armenians that live in Moldova.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Moldova

Armenians in Poland

Armenians in Poland are one of nine legally recognized national minorities in Poland, their historical presence is going back to the Middle Ages.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Poland

Armenians in Russia

Armenians in Russia or Russian Armenians are one of the country's largest ethnic minorities and the largest Armenian diaspora community outside Armenia.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Russia

Armenians in Spain

Armenians in Spain refers to ethnic Armenians living in Spain.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Spain

Armenians in Sweden

Armenians in Sweden are Armenians immigrants and their descendants living in Sweden.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Sweden

Armenians in Switzerland

Swiss-Armenians are citizens of Switzerland of Armenian ancestry.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Switzerland

Armenians in the Czech Republic

Armenians in the Czech Republic are ethnic Armenians living in the modern Czech Republic. As of 2018, there were 1,879 Armenian citizen with a residence permit in the Czech Republic.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in the Czech Republic

Armenians in the Netherlands

Armenians in the Netherlands (Armeniërs in Nederland; translit), also Dutch Armenians (Nederlandse Armenen) or Armenian Dutch (Armeense Nederlanders), are the ethnic Armenians living in the Netherlands.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in the Netherlands

Armenians in the United Kingdom

The Armenian community of the United Kingdom consists mainly of British citizens who are fully or partially of Armenian descent.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in the United Kingdom

Armenians in Ukraine

Armenians in Ukraine are ethnic Armenians who live in Ukraine.

See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Ukraine

Aromanian language

The Aromanian language (limba armãneascã, limba armãnã, armãneashti, armãneashte, armãneashci, armãneashce or limba rãmãneascã, limba rãmãnã, rrãmãneshti), also known as Vlach or Macedo-Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian and Romanian, spoken in Southeastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Aromanian language

Arvanitika

Arvanitika (Arvanitika: αρbε̰ρίσ̈τ,; Greek: αρβανίτικα), also known as Arvanitic, is the variety of Albanian traditionally spoken by the Arvanites, a population group in Greece.

See Languages of Europe and Arvanitika

Assyrian people

Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Assyrian people

Astrakhan Oblast

Astrakhan Oblast (Astrakhanskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southern Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Astrakhan Oblast

Asturian language

Asturian (asturianu),Art.

See Languages of Europe and Asturian language

Asturias

Asturias (Asturies) officially the Principality of Asturias, (Principado de Asturias; Principáu d'Asturies; Galician–Asturian: Principao d'Asturias) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.

See Languages of Europe and Asturias

Asturleonese language

Asturleonese (Astur-Leonese; Asturlleonés; Asturleonés; Asturo-leonês; Asturlhionés) is a Romance language or language family spoken in northwestern Spain and northeastern Portugal, namely in the historical regions and Spain's modern-day autonomous communities of Asturias, northwestern Castile and León, Cantabria and Extremadura, and in Riudenore and Tierra de Miranda in Portugal.

See Languages of Europe and Asturleonese language

Attic Greek

Attic Greek is the Greek dialect of the ancient region of Attica, including the polis of Athens.

See Languages of Europe and Attic Greek

Atyrau Region

Atyrau Region (translit; Атырауская область) formerly known as Guryev Region until 1991, is one of the regions of Kazakhstan, in the west of the country around the northeast of the Caspian Sea.

See Languages of Europe and Atyrau Region

Auslan

Auslan (Australian Sign Language) is the sign language used by the majority of the Australian Deaf community.

See Languages of Europe and Auslan

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.

See Languages of Europe and Australia

Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

See Languages of Europe and Austria

Avar language

Avar (магӏарул мацӏ,, "language of the mountains" or авар мацӏ,, "Avar language"), also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan.

See Languages of Europe and Avar language

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani diaspora

The Azerbaijani diaspora are the communities of Azerbaijanis living outside the places of their ethnic origin: Azerbaijan and the Iranian region of Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Azerbaijani diaspora

Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch.

See Languages of Europe and Azerbaijani language

Åland

Åland (Ahvenanmaa) is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland.

See Languages of Europe and Åland

Bagvalal language

The Bagvalal language (Bagulal) is an Avar–Andic language spoken by the Bagvalals in southwestern Dagestan, Russia, along the right bank of the river Andi-Koisu and the surrounding hills, near the Georgian border.

See Languages of Europe and Bagvalal language

Balearic Islands

The Balearic Islands (Illes Balears; Islas Baleares or) are an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.

See Languages of Europe and Balearic Islands

Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

See Languages of Europe and Balkans

Baltic languages

The Baltic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5–7.0 million people mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Baltic languages

Baltic states

The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

See Languages of Europe and Baltic states

Bangladeshi diaspora

The Bangladeshi diaspora (প্রবাসী বাংলাদেশী) are people of Bangladeshi birth, descent or origin who live outside of Bangladesh.

See Languages of Europe and Bangladeshi diaspora

BANZSL

British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language (BANZSL) is the language of which British Sign Language (BSL), Auslan and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) may be considered dialects.

See Languages of Europe and BANZSL

Bashkir language

Bashkir or Bashkort (translit) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch.

See Languages of Europe and Bashkir language

Bashkortostan

Bashkortostan or Bashkiria, officially the Republic of Bashkortostan, is a republic of Russia between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Bashkortostan

Basilicata

Basilicata, also known by its ancient name Lucania, is an administrative region in Southern Italy, bordering on Campania to the west, Apulia to the north and east, and Calabria to the south.

See Languages of Europe and Basilicata

Basque Country (autonomous community)

The Basque Country (Euskadi; País Vasco), also called the Basque Autonomous Community, is an autonomous community in northern Spain.

See Languages of Europe and Basque Country (autonomous community)

Basque Country (greater region)

The Basque Country (Euskal Herria; País Vasco; Pays basque) is the name given to the home of the Basque people.

See Languages of Europe and Basque Country (greater region)

Basque language

Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.

See Languages of Europe and Basque language

Basques

The Basques (or; euskaldunak; vascos; basques) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians.

See Languages of Europe and Basques

Bats language

Bats (Batsbur Mott or Batsba Moṭṭ, also Batsi, Batsbi, Batsb, Batsaw, or Tsova-Tush) is the endangered language of the Bats people, a North Caucasian minority group.

See Languages of Europe and Bats language

Bavarian language

Bavarian (Bairisch; Bavarian: Boarisch or Boirisch), alternately Austro-Bavarian, is a major group of Upper German varieties spoken in the south-east of the German language area, including the German state of Bavaria, most of Austria and the Italian region of South Tyrol.

See Languages of Europe and Bavarian language

Belarus

Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Belarus

Belarusian language

Belarusian (label) is an East Slavic language.

See Languages of Europe and Belarusian language

Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Belgium

Bell Beaker culture

The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC.

See Languages of Europe and Bell Beaker culture

Bengali–Assamese languages

The Assamese-Bengali languages (also Gauda–Kamarupa languages) is a grouping of several languages in the eastern Indian subcontinent.

See Languages of Europe and Bengali–Assamese languages

Bengalis

Bengalis (বাঙ্গালী, বাঙালি), also rendered as endonym Bangali, are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the Bengal region of South Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Bengalis

Berbers

Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.

See Languages of Europe and Berbers

Bezhta language

The Bezhta (or Bezheta) language (Bezhta: бежкьалас миц, bežƛʼalas mic, beƶⱡʼalas mic), also known as Kapucha (from the name of a large village), belongs to the Tsezic group of the North Caucasian language family.

See Languages of Europe and Bezhta language

Bible translations

The Bible has been translated into many languages from the biblical languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek.

See Languages of Europe and Bible translations

Borrowing (linguistics)

In linguistics, borrowing is a type of language change in which a language or dialect undergoes change as a result of contact with another language or dialect.

See Languages of Europe and Borrowing (linguistics)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

See Languages of Europe and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnian language

Bosnian (bosanski / босански), sometimes referred to as Bosniak language, is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by ethnic Bosniaks.

See Languages of Europe and Bosnian language

Botlikh language

Botlikh (also spelled Botlix) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken by the Botlikhs in the Buikhe and Ashino villages in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 5,000 people, according to the 2020 census.

See Languages of Europe and Botlikh language

Boundaries between the continents

Determining the boundaries between the continents is generally a matter of geographical convention.

See Languages of Europe and Boundaries between the continents

Brandenburg

Brandenburg, officially the State of Brandenburg (see Names), is a state in northeastern Germany.

See Languages of Europe and Brandenburg

Breton language

Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language group spoken in Brittany, part of modern-day France.

See Languages of Europe and Breton language

British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

See Languages of Europe and British Empire

British Indians

British Indians are citizens of the United Kingdom (UK) whose ancestral roots are from India.

See Languages of Europe and British Indians

British Pakistanis

British Pakistanis (بَرِطانِیہ میں مُقِیمپاکِسْتانِی; also known as Pakistani British people or Pakistani Britons) are Britons or residents of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in Pakistan.

See Languages of Europe and British Pakistanis

British Punjabis

British Punjabis are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose heritage originates wholly or partly in the Punjab, a region in the Indian subcontinent, which is divided between India and Pakistan.

See Languages of Europe and British Punjabis

British Sign Language

British Sign Language (BSL) is a sign language used in the United Kingdom and is the first or preferred language among the deaf community in the UK.

See Languages of Europe and British Sign Language

British Turks

British Turks (Britanyalı Türkler) or Turks in the United Kingdom (Birleşik Krallık'taki Türkler) are Turkish people who have immigrated to the United Kingdom.

See Languages of Europe and British Turks

Brittany

Brittany (Bretagne,; Breizh,; Gallo: Bertaèyn or Bertègn) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.

See Languages of Europe and Brittany

Brittonic languages

The Brittonic languages (also Brythonic or British Celtic; ieithoedd Brythonaidd/Prydeinig; yethow brythonek/predennek; and yezhoù predenek) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family; the other is Goidelic.

See Languages of Europe and Brittonic languages

Bronze Age Europe

The European Bronze Age is characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements.

See Languages of Europe and Bronze Age Europe

Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Bulgaria

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian (bŭlgarski ezik) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.

See Languages of Europe and Bulgarian language

Burgenland

Burgenland (Őrvidék; Gradišće; Austro-Bavarian: Burgnland; Slovene: Gradiščanska; Hradsko) is the easternmost and least populous state of Austria.

See Languages of Europe and Burgenland

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See Languages of Europe and Byzantine Empire

Calabria

Calabria is a region in southern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Calabria

Calabrian Greek

Calabrian Greek (endonym: / Γκραίκο; Grecanico. F. Violi, Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico, Apodiafàzzi, Reggio Calabria, 1997. Paolo Martino, L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977 Filippo Violi, Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica, C.S.E.

See Languages of Europe and Calabrian Greek

Calasetta

Calasetta (Ligurian: Câdesédda) is a small town (population 2,919) and comune located on the island of Sant'Antioco, off the Southwestern coast of Sardinia, Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Calasetta

Campania

Campania is an administrative region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri.

See Languages of Europe and Campania

Campidanese Sardinian

Campidanese Sardinian (sardu campidanesu, sardo campidanese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative of all the Romance languages.

See Languages of Europe and Campidanese Sardinian

Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

See Languages of Europe and Canada

Cappadocian Greek

Cappadocian Greek (Καππαδοκικά, Καππαδοκική Διάλεκτος), also known as Cappadocian is a dialect of modern Greek, originally spoken in Cappadocia (modern-day Central Turkey) by the descendants of the Byzantine Greeks of Anatolia.

See Languages of Europe and Cappadocian Greek

Cardinal Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.

See Languages of Europe and Cardinal Richelieu

Carloforte

Carloforte (U Pàize in Ligurian, literally: the village, the town) is a fishing and resort town located on Isola di San Pietro (Saint Peter's Island), approximately off the southwestern coast of Sardinia, in the Province of South Sardinia, Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Carloforte

Catalan language

Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.

See Languages of Europe and Catalan language

Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

See Languages of Europe and Catalonia

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

See Languages of Europe and Catholic Church

Catholic Monarchs of Spain

The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.

See Languages of Europe and Catholic Monarchs of Spain

Caucasian Sign Language

Armenian Woman's Sign Language, also known as Caucasian Sign Language or ("bride's language"), is an indigenous sign language of Armenia.

See Languages of Europe and Caucasian Sign Language

Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Caucasus

Caucasus Greeks

The Caucasus Greeks (Έλληνες τουΚαυκάσουor more commonly Καυκάσιοι Έλληνες, Kafkas Rum), also known as the Greeks of Transcaucasia and Russian Asia Minor, are the ethnic Greeks of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia in what is now southwestern Russia, Georgia, and northeastern Turkey.

See Languages of Europe and Caucasus Greeks

Celtic languages

The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic.

See Languages of Europe and Celtic languages

Celtic nations

The Celtic nations or Celtic countries are a cultural area and collection of geographical regions in Northwestern Europe where the Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived.

See Languages of Europe and Celtic nations

Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

See Languages of Europe and Central Asia

Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Central Europe

Central German

Central German or Middle German (mitteldeutsche Dialekte, mitteldeutsche Mundarten, Mitteldeutsch) is a group of High German languages spoken from the Rhineland in the west to the former eastern territories of Germany.

See Languages of Europe and Central German

Chamalal language

Chamalal (also called Camalal or Chamalin) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 500 ethnic Chamalals.

See Languages of Europe and Chamalal language

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles IV (Karel IV.; Karl IV.; Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378Karl IV. In: (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F–K. 38, Frankfurt 1963, p. 294), also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.

See Languages of Europe and Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Chechen language

Chechen (Нохчийн мотт, Noxçiyn mott) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of Europe, Jordan, Austria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) and Georgia.

See Languages of Europe and Chechen language

Chechnya

Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Chechnya

Chinese language

Chinese is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China.

See Languages of Europe and Chinese language

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

See Languages of Europe and Christopher Columbus

Church Slavonic

Church Slavonic is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia.

See Languages of Europe and Church Slavonic

Chuvash language

Chuvash (Чӑвашла) is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas.

See Languages of Europe and Chuvash language

Chuvashia

Chuvashia (Чувашия; Çăvaš Jen), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Chuvashia

Cimbrian language

Cimbrian (zimbar,; Zimbrisch; cimbro) is any of several local Upper German varieties spoken in parts of the Italian regions of Trentino and Veneto.

See Languages of Europe and Cimbrian language

Colognian

Colognian or Kölsch (natively Kölsch Platt) is a small set of very closely related dialects, or variants, of the Ripuarian group of dialects of the Central German group.

See Languages of Europe and Colognian

Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline used to describe achievements of learners of foreign languages across Europe and, increasingly, in other countries.

See Languages of Europe and Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque

The communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque (Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa., "agglomeration community of the Basque Country"), is the agglomeration community (federation of communes), centred on the cities of Bayonne and Biarritz.

See Languages of Europe and Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque

Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

Standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian are different national variants and official registers of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language.

See Languages of Europe and Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

Constitution of Kosovo

The Constitution of Kosovo (Kushtetuta e Kosovës, Ustav Kosova) is the supreme law (article 16) of the Republic of Kosovo, a territory of unresolved political status.

See Languages of Europe and Constitution of Kosovo

Contemporary Latin

Contemporary Latin is the form of the Literary Latin used since the end of the 19th century.

See Languages of Europe and Contemporary Latin

Continental Celtic languages

The Continental Celtic languages are the now-extinct group of the Celtic languages that were spoken on the continent of Europe and in central Anatolia, as distinguished from the Insular Celtic languages of the British Isles and Brittany.

See Languages of Europe and Continental Celtic languages

Cornish language

Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family.

See Languages of Europe and Cornish language

Cornwall

Cornwall (Kernow;; or) is a ceremonial county in South West England.

See Languages of Europe and Cornwall

Corsica

Corsica (Corse; Còrsega) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.

See Languages of Europe and Corsica

Corsican language

Corsican (endonym: corsu; full name: lingua corsa) is a Romance language consisting of the continuum of the Italo-Dalmatian dialects spoken on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, France, and in the northern regions of the island of Sardinia, Italy, located due south.

See Languages of Europe and Corsican language

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Council of Europe

County Donegal

County Donegal (Contae Dhún na nGall) is a county of Ireland in the province of Ulster and in the Northern and Western Region.

See Languages of Europe and County Donegal

Cretan Greek

Cretan Greek, or the Cretan dialect (Κρητική Διάλεκτος), is a variety of Modern Greek spoken in Crete and by the Cretan diaspora.

See Languages of Europe and Cretan Greek

Crimea

Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov.

See Languages of Europe and Crimea

Crimean Tatar language

Crimean Tatar, also called Crimean, is a moribund Kipchak Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada.

See Languages of Europe and Crimean Tatar language

Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Croatia

Croatian language

Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats.

See Languages of Europe and Croatian language

Crusader states

The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities that existed in the Levant from 1098 to 1291.

See Languages of Europe and Crusader states

Curonian language

The Curonian language (Kurisch; kuršu valoda; kuršių kalba), or Old Curonian, was a Baltic language spoken by the Curonians, a Baltic tribe who inhabited Courland (now western Latvia and northwestern Lithuania).

See Languages of Europe and Curonian language

Cypriot Arabic

Cypriot Arabic (العربية القبرصية), also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic or Sanna is a moribund variety of Arabic spoken by the Maronite community of Cyprus.

See Languages of Europe and Cypriot Arabic

Cypriot Greek

Cypriot Greek (κυπριακή ελληνική or κυπριακά) is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora.

See Languages of Europe and Cypriot Greek

Cyprus

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

See Languages of Europe and Cyprus

Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

See Languages of Europe and Cyrillic script

Czech language

Czech (čeština), historically also known as Bohemian (lingua Bohemica), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See Languages of Europe and Czech language

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Czech Republic

Dagestan

Dagestan (Дагестан), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea.

See Languages of Europe and Dagestan

Dalmatian language

Dalmatian or Dalmatic (dalmatico, dalmatski) was a group of Romance varieties that developed along the coast of Dalmatia.

See Languages of Europe and Dalmatian language

Danish language

Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark.

See Languages of Europe and Danish language

Dargwa language

Dargwa (дарган мез, dargan mez) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan.

See Languages of Europe and Dargwa language

Delian League

The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states, numbering between 150 and 330, founded in 478 BC under the leadership (hegemony) of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

See Languages of Europe and Delian League

Demographics of Europe

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe's boundaries.

See Languages of Europe and Demographics of Europe

Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Denmark

Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture

The Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture (DG EAC; formerly the Directorate-General for Education and Culture) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

See Languages of Europe and Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture

Domari language

Domari is an endangered Indo-Aryan language, spoken by Dom people scattered across the Middle East and North Africa.

See Languages of Europe and Domari language

Doric Greek

Doric or Dorian (Dōrismós), also known as West Greek, was a group of Ancient Greek dialects; its varieties are divided into the Doric proper and Northwest Doric subgroups.

See Languages of Europe and Doric Greek

Dutch dialects

Dutch dialects are primarily the dialects that are both cognate with the Dutch language and spoken in the same language area as the Dutch standard language.

See Languages of Europe and Dutch dialects

Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

See Languages of Europe and Dutch language

Dutch Sign Language

Dutch Sign Language (Nederlandse Gebarentaal or NGT; Sign Language of the Netherlands or SLN) is the predominant sign language used by deaf people in the Netherlands.

See Languages of Europe and Dutch Sign Language

Early modern period

The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.

See Languages of Europe and Early modern period

East Franconian German

East Franconian (Ostfränkisch) or Mainfränkisch, usually referred to as Franconian (Fränkisch) in German, is a dialect spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Würzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, Meiningen, Bad Mergentheim, and Crailsheim.

See Languages of Europe and East Franconian German

East Frisian language

East Frisian is one of the Frisian languages.

See Languages of Europe and East Frisian language

East Germanic languages

The East Germanic languages, also called the Oder-Vistula Germanic languages, are a group of extinct Germanic languages that were spoken by East Germanic peoples.

See Languages of Europe and East Germanic languages

East Low German

East Low German (ostniederdeutsche Dialekte, ostniederdeutsche Mundarten, Ostniederdeutsch) is a group of Low German dialects spoken in north-eastern Germany as well as by minorities in northern Poland.

See Languages of Europe and East Low German

East Slavic languages

The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages, distinct from the West and South Slavic languages.

See Languages of Europe and East Slavic languages

East Thrace

East Thrace or eastern Thrace (Doğu Trakya or simply Trakya; Anatolikí Thráki; Iztochna Trakiya), also known as Turkish Thrace or European Turkey, is the part of Turkey that is geographically a part of Southeast Europe.

See Languages of Europe and East Thrace

Eastern Aramaic languages

Eastern Aramaic refers to a group of dialects that evolved historically from the varieties of Aramaic spoken in the core territories of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq, southeastern Turkey and parts of northeastern Syria) and further expanded into northern Syria, eastern Arabia and northwestern Iran.

See Languages of Europe and Eastern Aramaic languages

Eastern Armenian

Eastern Armenian is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Western Armenian.

See Languages of Europe and Eastern Armenian

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

See Languages of Europe and Eastern Europe

Eastern Romance languages

The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages.

See Languages of Europe and Eastern Romance languages

Ecclesiastical Latin

Ecclesiastical Latin, also called Church Latin or Liturgical Latin, is a form of Latin developed to discuss Christian thought in Late antiquity and used in Christian liturgy, theology, and church administration to the present day, especially in the Catholic Church.

See Languages of Europe and Ecclesiastical Latin

Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Egypt

Egyptian hieroglyphs

Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language.

See Languages of Europe and Egyptian hieroglyphs

El Bierzo

El Bierzo (or El Bierzu; O Bierzo) is a comarca in the province of León, Spain.

See Languages of Europe and El Bierzo

Elfdalian

Elfdalian or Övdalian (övdalsk or övdalską, in Elfdalian, älvdalska or älvdalsmål in Swedish) is a North Germanic language spoken by up to 3,000 people who live or have grown up in the locality of Älvdalen (Övdaln), which is located in the southeastern part of Älvdalen Municipality in northern Dalarna, Sweden.

See Languages of Europe and Elfdalian

Emilian dialects

Emilian (Reggian, Parmesan and Modenese: emigliân, Bolognese: emigliàn; emiliano) is a Gallo-Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the western part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Emilian dialects

English as a second or foreign language

English as a second or foreign language refers to the use of English by individuals whose native language is different, commonly among students learning to speak and write English.

See Languages of Europe and English as a second or foreign language

English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

See Languages of Europe and English language

English language in Europe

The English language in Europe, as a native language, is mainly spoken in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

See Languages of Europe and English language in Europe

Eo-Navia (comarca)

Eo-Navia is one of eight comarca administrative divisions of the province and autonomous community of Asturias in Spain.

See Languages of Europe and Eo-Navia (comarca)

Erzya language

The Erzya language (эрзянь кель), also Erzian or historically Arisa, is spoken by approximately 300,000 people in the northern, eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent regions of Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Erzya language

Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Estonia

Estonian language

Estonian (eesti keel) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family.

See Languages of Europe and Estonian language

Ethnic groups in Europe

Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Ethnic groups in Europe

Ethnologue

Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.

See Languages of Europe and Ethnologue

Eupen-Malmedy

Eupen-Malmedy is a small, predominantly German-speaking region in eastern Belgium.

See Languages of Europe and Eupen-Malmedy

Eurobarometer

Eurobarometer is a series of public opinion surveys conducted regularly on behalf of the European Commission and other EU institutions since 1973.

See Languages of Europe and Eurobarometer

Eurolinguistics

Eurolinguistics is a neologistic term for the study of the languages of Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Eurolinguistics

Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See Languages of Europe and Europe

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.

See Languages of Europe and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

European Day of Languages

The European Day of Languages is observed on 26 September, as proclaimed by the Council of Europe on 6 December 2001, at the end of the European Year of Languages (2001), which had been jointly organised by the Council of Europe and the European Union.

See Languages of Europe and European Day of Languages

European Russia

European Russia is the western and most populated part of the Russian Federation.

See Languages of Europe and European Russia

European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

See Languages of Europe and European Union

Eurostat

Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.

See Languages of Europe and Eurostat

Extremaduran language

Extremaduran (estremeñu, extremeño) is a group of vernacular Romance dialects, related to the Asturleonese language, spoken in Extremadura and adjoining areas in the province of Salamanca.

See Languages of Europe and Extremaduran language

Faetar language

Faetar, fully known as Faetar–Cigliàje (Italian: Faetano–Cellese), is a variety of the Franco-Provençal language that is spoken in two small communities in Foggia, Italy: Faeto and Celle di San Vito, as well as émigré communities in Ontario, Canada (primarily Toronto and Brantford).

See Languages of Europe and Faetar language

Fala language

Fala ("Speech", also called Xalimego) is a Western Romance language commonly classified in the Galician-Portuguese subgroup, with some traits from Leonese, spoken in Spain by about 10,500 people, of whom 5,500 live in a valley of the northwestern part of Extremadura near the border with Portugal.

See Languages of Europe and Fala language

Faroe Islands

The Faroe or Faeroe Islands, or simply the Faroes (Føroyar,; Færøerne), are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean and an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.

See Languages of Europe and Faroe Islands

Faroese language

Faroese is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of which 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere.

See Languages of Europe and Faroese language

Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Finland

Finnic languages

The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples.

See Languages of Europe and Finnic languages

Finnish language

Finnish (endonym: suomi or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland.

See Languages of Europe and Finnish language

Finno-Permic languages

The Finno-Permic or Finno-Permian languages, sometimes just Finnic or Fennic languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprise the Balto-Finnic languages, Sámi languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages.

See Languages of Europe and Finno-Permic languages

First language

A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.

See Languages of Europe and First language

Flemish dialects

Flemish (Vlaams) is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language.

See Languages of Europe and Flemish dialects

Flemish Sign Language

Flemish Sign Language (Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT) is a deaf sign language of Belgium.

See Languages of Europe and Flemish Sign Language

Fraktur

Fraktur is a calligraphic hand of the Latin alphabet and any of several blackletter typefaces derived from this hand.

See Languages of Europe and Fraktur

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) is a multilateral treaty of the Council of Europe aimed at protecting the rights of minorities.

See Languages of Europe and Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

See Languages of Europe and France

Franco-Provençal

Franco-Provençal (also Francoprovençal, Patois or Arpitan) is a language within the Gallo-Romance family, originally spoken in east-central France, western Switzerland and northwestern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Franco-Provençal

French colonial empire

The French colonial empire comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.

See Languages of Europe and French colonial empire

French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

See Languages of Europe and French language

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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French Sign Language

French Sign Language (langue des signes française, LSF) is the sign language of the deaf in France and French-speaking parts of Switzerland.

See Languages of Europe and French Sign Language

French Sign Language family

The French Sign Language (LSF, from) or Francosign family is a language family of sign languages which includes French Sign Language and American Sign Language.

See Languages of Europe and French Sign Language family

Friesland

Friesland (official Fryslân), historically and traditionally known as Frisia, named after the Frisians, is a province of the Netherlands located in the country's northern part.

See Languages of Europe and Friesland

Frisian languages

The Frisian languages are a closely related group of West Germanic languages, spoken by about 400,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany.

See Languages of Europe and Frisian languages

Frisians

The Frisians are an ethnic group indigenous to the coastal regions of the Netherlands, north-western Germany and southern Denmark, and during the Early Middle Ages in the north-western coastal zone of Flanders, Belgium.

See Languages of Europe and Frisians

Friuli

Friuli (Friûl; Friul or Friułi; Furlanija; Friaul) is a historical region of northeast Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Friuli

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Friuli-Venezia Giulia is one of the 20 regions of Italy and one of five autonomous regions with special statute.

See Languages of Europe and Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Friulian language

Friulian or Friulan (natively or marilenghe; friulano; Furlanisch; furlanščina) is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance family, spoken in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Friulian language

Fruitbearing Society

The Fruitbearing Society (German Die Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft, lat. societas fructifera) was a German literary society founded in 1617 in Weimar by German scholars and nobility.

See Languages of Europe and Fruitbearing Society

Gagauz language

Gagauz (gagauz dili or gagauzça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people of Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey and it is an official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova.

See Languages of Europe and Gagauz language

Gagauzia

Gagauzia or Gagauz-Yeri, officially the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia (ATUG), is an autonomous territorial unit of Moldova.

See Languages of Europe and Gagauzia

Galicia (Spain)

Galicia (Galicia (officially) or Galiza; Galicia) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.

See Languages of Europe and Galicia (Spain)

Galician language

Galician (galego), also known as Galego, is a Western Ibero-Romance language.

See Languages of Europe and Galician language

Galician–Portuguese

Galician–Portuguese (lingua vulgar; galego–portugués or galaico–portugués; galego–português or galaico–português), also known as Old Galician–Portuguese, Old Galician or Old Portuguese, Medieval Galician or Medieval Portuguese when referring to the history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula.

See Languages of Europe and Galician–Portuguese

Galindian language

The term Galindian is sometimes ascribed to two separate Baltic languages, both of which were peripheral dialects.

See Languages of Europe and Galindian language

Gallo-Italic languages

The Gallo-Italic, Gallo-Italian, Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy: Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian, and Romagnol.

See Languages of Europe and Gallo-Italic languages

Gallo-Romance languages

The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal.

See Languages of Europe and Gallo-Romance languages

Gallurese

Gallurese (gadduresu) is a Romance dialect of the Italo-Dalmatian family spoken in the region of Gallura, northeastern Sardinia.

See Languages of Europe and Gallurese

Geographical distribution of German speakers

This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the German language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken.

See Languages of Europe and Geographical distribution of German speakers

Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Georgia (country)

Georgian language

Georgian (ქართული ენა) is the most widely spoken Kartvelian language; it serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages.

See Languages of Europe and Georgian language

Gerhard Rohlfs

Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist.

See Languages of Europe and Gerhard Rohlfs

German dialects

German dialects are the various traditional local varieties of the German language.

See Languages of Europe and German dialects

German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

See Languages of Europe and German language

German Sign Language

German Sign Language (DGS) is the sign language of the deaf community in Germany, Luxembourg and in the German-speaking community of Belgium.

See Languages of Europe and German Sign Language

German-speaking Switzerland

The German-speaking part of Switzerland (Deutschschweiz, Suisse alémanique, Svizzera tedesca, Svizra tudestga) comprises about 65 percent of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss Plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps).

See Languages of Europe and German-speaking Switzerland

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.

See Languages of Europe and Germanic languages

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Germany

Gheg Albanian

Gheg or Geg (Gheg Albanian: gegnisht, Standard gegërisht) is one of the two major varieties of Albanian, the other being Tosk.

See Languages of Europe and Gheg Albanian

Gibraltar

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).

See Languages of Europe and Gibraltar

Godoberi language

Godoberi (also rendered Ghodoberi; self-designation Ghibdilhi mittsi) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken by the Godoberi in southwestern Dagestan, Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Godoberi language

Goidelic languages

The Goidelic or Gaelic languages (teangacha Gaelacha; cànanan Goidhealach; çhengaghyn Gaelgagh) form one of the two groups of Insular Celtic languages, the other being the Brittonic languages.

See Languages of Europe and Goidelic languages

Gothic language

Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.

See Languages of Europe and Gothic language

Great Britain

Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.

See Languages of Europe and Great Britain

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Greece

Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.

See Languages of Europe and Greek alphabet

Greek diaspora

The Greek diaspora, also known as Omogenia (Omogéneia), are the communities of Greeks living outside of Greece and Cyprus.

See Languages of Europe and Greek diaspora

Greek East and Latin West

Greek East and Latin West are terms used to distinguish between the two parts of the Greco-Roman world and of medieval Christendom, specifically the eastern regions where Greek was the lingua franca (Greece, Anatolia, the southern Balkans, the Levant, and Egypt) and the western parts where Latin filled this role (Italy, Gaul, Hispania, North Africa, the northern Balkans, territories in Central Europe, and the British Isles).

See Languages of Europe and Greek East and Latin West

Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

See Languages of Europe and Greek language

Griko language

Griko (endonym: /Γκρίκο), sometimes spelled Grico, is one of the two dialects of Italiot Greek (the other being Calabrian Greek or Grecanico), spoken by Griko people in Salento, province of Lecce, Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Griko language

Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region

Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region (Quba-Xaçmaz iqtisadi rayonu) is one of the 14 economic regions of Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region

Guernsey

Guernsey (Guernésiais: Guernési; Guernesey) is the second-largest island in the Channel Islands, located west of the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy.

See Languages of Europe and Guernsey

Gujarati language

Gujarati (label) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people.

See Languages of Europe and Gujarati language

Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Hanseatic League

Hebrew language

Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.

See Languages of Europe and Hebrew language

Hellenic languages

Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek.

See Languages of Europe and Hellenic languages

High Franconian German

High Franconian or Upper Franconian (Oberfränkisch) is a part of High German consisting of East Franconian and South Franconian.

See Languages of Europe and High Franconian German

High German languages

The High German languages (hochdeutsche Mundarten, i.e. High German dialects), or simply High German (Hochdeutsch) – not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called "High German" – comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia).

See Languages of Europe and High German languages

Highest Alemannic German

Highest Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German and is often considered to be part of the German language, even though mutual intelligibility with Standard German and other non-Alemannic German dialects is very limited.

See Languages of Europe and Highest Alemannic German

Hinuq language

The Hinuq language (autonym: гьинузас мец hinuzas mec, also known as Hinukh, Hinux, Ginukh, or Ginux) is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Tsezic subgroup.

See Languages of Europe and Hinuq language

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See Languages of Europe and Holy Roman Empire

Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin

The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, also known as the Hungarian conquest or the Hungarian land-taking, was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the Hungarians in Central Europe in the late 9th and early 10th century.

See Languages of Europe and Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin

Hungarian language

Hungarian is a Uralic language of the proposed Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries.

See Languages of Europe and Hungarian language

Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Hungary

Hunzib language

Hunzib is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Hunzib people in southern Dagestan, near the Russian border with Georgia.

See Languages of Europe and Hunzib language

Iași

Iași (also known by other alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy, is the third largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County.

See Languages of Europe and Iași

Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

See Languages of Europe and Iberian Peninsula

Iceland

Iceland (Ísland) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Iceland

Icelandic language

Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language.

See Languages of Europe and Icelandic language

Immigration to Europe

Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially after World War II.

See Languages of Europe and Immigration to Europe

Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.

See Languages of Europe and Indo-Aryan languages

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See Languages of Europe and Indo-European languages

Ingrian language

Ingrian (inkeroin keeli), also called Izhorian (ižoran keeli), is a Finnic language spoken by the (mainly Orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria.

See Languages of Europe and Ingrian language

Ingush language

Ingush (Гӏалгӏай мотт,, pronounced) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 500,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya.

See Languages of Europe and Ingush language

Ingushetia

Ingushetia or Ingushetiya, officially the Republic of Ingushetia, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Ingushetia

Insular Celtic languages

Insular Celtic languages are the group of Celtic languages spoken in Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man.

See Languages of Europe and Insular Celtic languages

International recognition of Kosovo

International governments are divided on the issue of recognition of the independence of Kosovo from Serbia, which was declared in 2008.

See Languages of Europe and International recognition of Kosovo

Iranian diaspora

The Iranian diaspora, also known as Iranian expats, are Iranian citizens or people of Iranian descent living outside Iran.

See Languages of Europe and Iranian diaspora

Iranian languages

The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.

See Languages of Europe and Iranian languages

Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Ireland

Irish language

Irish (Standard Irish: Gaeilge), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language group, which is a part of the Indo-European language family.

See Languages of Europe and Irish language

Irish Sign Language

Irish Sign Language (ISL, Teanga Chomharthaíochta na hÉireann) is the sign language of Ireland, used primarily in the Republic of Ireland.

See Languages of Europe and Irish Sign Language

Isle of Man

The Isle of Man (Mannin, also Ellan Vannin) or Mann, is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland.

See Languages of Europe and Isle of Man

ISO 639

ISO 639 is a standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) concerned with representation of languages and language groups.

See Languages of Europe and ISO 639

ISO 639 macrolanguage

A macrolanguage is a group of mutually intelligible speech varieties, or dialect continuum, that have no traditional name in common, and which may be considered distinct languages by their speakers.

See Languages of Europe and ISO 639 macrolanguage

Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Israel

Istria County

Istria County (Istarska županija; Regione istriana, "Istrian Region") is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the majority of the Istrian peninsula.

See Languages of Europe and Istria County

Istriot language

The Istriot language (Lèngua Eîstriota) is a Romance language of the Italo-Dalmatian branch spoken by about 400 people in the southwestern part of the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, particularly in Rovinj and Vodnjan.

See Languages of Europe and Istriot language

Istro-Romanian language

The Istro-Romanian language (rumârește, vlășește) is an Eastern Romance language, spoken in a few villages and hamlets in the peninsula of Istria in Croatia, as well as in the diaspora of this people.

See Languages of Europe and Istro-Romanian language

Italian Empire

The Italian colonial empire (Impero coloniale italiano), also known as the Italian Empire (Impero italiano) between 1936 and 1941, was founded in Africa in the 19th century.

See Languages of Europe and Italian Empire

Italian fashion

Italy is one of the leading countries in fashion design, alongside France and the United Kingdom.

See Languages of Europe and Italian fashion

Italian language

Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.

See Languages of Europe and Italian language

Italian Sign Language

Italian Sign Language (LIS) is the visual language used by deaf people in Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Italian Sign Language

Italic languages

The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC.

See Languages of Europe and Italic languages

Italo-Dalmatian languages

The Italo-Dalmatian languages, or Central Romance languages, are a group of Romance languages spoken in Italy, Corsica (France), and formerly in Dalmatia (Croatia).

See Languages of Europe and Italo-Dalmatian languages

Italo-Western languages

Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages.

See Languages of Europe and Italo-Western languages

Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Italy

Jersey

Jersey (label), officially known as the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west France.

See Languages of Europe and Jersey

Jewish languages

Jewish languages are the various languages and dialects that developed in Jewish communities in the diaspora.

See Languages of Europe and Jewish languages

Jireček Line

The Jireček Line is a conceptual boundary through the ancient Balkans that divides the influence of the Latin (in the north) and Greek (in the south) languages in the Roman Empire from antiquity until the 4th century.

See Languages of Europe and Jireček Line

Jordan

Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Jordan

Judaeo-Spanish

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol, Hebrew script), also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish.

See Languages of Europe and Judaeo-Spanish

Judeo-Italian languages

Judeo-Italian (or Judaeo-Italian, Judæo-Italian, and other names including Italkian) is an endangered Jewish language, with only about 200 speakers in Italy and 250 total speakers today.

See Languages of Europe and Judeo-Italian languages

Judeo-Tat

Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (Cuhuri, Жугьури, ז׳אוּהאוּראִ) is a Judeo-Persian dialect of the Tat language historically spoken by the Mountain Jews, primarily in Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and today in Israel.

See Languages of Europe and Judeo-Tat

Kabardian language

Kabardian, also known as, is a Northwest Caucasian language, that is considered to be the east dialect of Adyghe language.

See Languages of Europe and Kabardian language

Kabardino-Balkaria

Kabardino-Balkaria (Кабарди́но-Балка́рия), officially the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus.

See Languages of Europe and Kabardino-Balkaria

Kabyle language

Kabyle or Kabylian (native name: Taqbaylit) is a Berber language (''tamazight'') spoken by the Kabyle people in the north and northeast of Algeria.

See Languages of Europe and Kabyle language

Kabyle people

The Kabyle people (Izwawen or Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen,, al-qabā'il) are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, east of Algiers.

See Languages of Europe and Kabyle people

Kaitag language

Kaitag (Kaitag:; also Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Kaitag language

Kalmyk Oirat

Kalmyk Oirat (Хальмг Өөрдин келн, Haľmg Öördin keln), commonly known as the Kalmyk language (Хальмг келн, Haľmg keln), is a variety of the Oirat language, natively spoken by the Kalmyk people of Kalmykia, a federal subject of Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Kalmyk Oirat

Kalmykia

Kalmykia, officially the Republic of Kalmykia, is a republic of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Kalmykia

Karachay-Balkar

Karachay–Balkar (Къарачай-Малкъар тил, Qaraçay-Malqar til), or Mountain Turkic (Таулу тил, page), is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey.

See Languages of Europe and Karachay-Balkar

Karachay-Cherkessia

Karachay-Cherkessia (Karachayevo-Cherkesiya), officially the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus.

See Languages of Europe and Karachay-Cherkessia

Karaim language

The Karaim language (Crimean dialect: къарай тили, qaray tili; Trakai dialect: karaj tili), also known by its Hebrew name Lashon Kedar (Hebrew:, “language of the nomads") is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak group, with Hebrew influences, similarly to Yiddish or Judaeo-Spanish.

See Languages of Europe and Karaim language

Karata-Tukita language

Karata (кӏкӏирлӏи) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in southern Dagestan, Russia by 260 Karata in 2010.

See Languages of Europe and Karata-Tukita language

Karelian language

Karelian (karjala, karjalan kieli|label.

See Languages of Europe and Karelian language

Kartvelian languages

The Kartvelian languages (tr; also known as South Caucasian, Kartvelic, and Iberian languagesBoeder (2002), p. 3) are a language family indigenous to the South Caucasus and spoken primarily in Georgia.

See Languages of Europe and Kartvelian languages

Kashubian language

Kashubian or Cassubian (kaszëbsczi jãzëk, język kaszubski) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.

See Languages of Europe and Kashubian language

Katharevousa

Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα,, literally "purifying ") is a conservative form of the Modern Greek language conceived in the late 18th century as both a literary language and a compromise between Ancient Greek and the contemporary vernacular, Demotic Greek.

See Languages of Europe and Katharevousa

Kazakh language

Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs.

See Languages of Europe and Kazakh language

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Kazakhstan

Khachmaz District

Khachmaz District (Xaçmaz rayonu; Хъачмаз район) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Khachmaz District

Khwarshi language

Khwarshi (also spelled Xvarshi, Khvarshi) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in the Tsumadinsky-, Kizilyurtovsky- and Khasavyurtovsky districts of Dagestan by the Khwarshi people.

See Languages of Europe and Khwarshi language

Kipchak languages

The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China.

See Languages of Europe and Kipchak languages

Knaanic language

Knaanic (also called Canaanic, Leshon Knaan, Judaeo-Czech, Judeo-Slavic) is a tentative name for a number of West Slavic dialects or registers formerly spoken by the Jews in the lands of the Western Slavs, notably the Czech lands, but also the lands of modern Poland, Lusatia, and other Sorbian regions.

See Languages of Europe and Knaanic language

Koine Greek

Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.

See Languages of Europe and Koine Greek

Komi language

Komi (label; Old Permic script: 𐍚𐍞𐍜𐍙 𐍚𐍯𐍮‎), also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (зыран коми кыв, 𐍗𐍯𐍛𐍐𐍝 𐍚𐍞𐍜𐍙 𐍚𐍯𐍮‎),.

See Languages of Europe and Komi language

Komi Republic

The Komi Republic (Республика Коми; Коми Республика), sometimes simply referred to as Komi, is a republic of Russia situated in the northeast of European Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Komi Republic

Kormakitis

Kormakitis (Cypriot Arabic: Kurmajit; Κορμακίτης, Kormakítis; Kormacit or Koruçam) is a small village in Cyprus.

See Languages of Europe and Kormakitis

Kruševo

Kruševo (Крушево; Crushuva "Crușuva") is a town in North Macedonia.

See Languages of Europe and Kruševo

Krymchak language

Krymchak (кърымчахтыльы, Qrımçah tılyı; also called Judeo-Crimean Tatar, Krimchak, Chagatai, Dzhagatay) is a moribund Turkic language spoken in Crimea by the Krymchak people.

See Languages of Europe and Krymchak language

Kubachi language

Kubachi (alternatively Kubachin) is a language in the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia, by Kubachi people.

See Languages of Europe and Kubachi language

Kumyk language

Kumyk (къумукъ тил,L. S. Levitskaya, "Kumyk language", in Languages of the world. Turkic languages (1997). qumuq til, قموق تیل) is a Turkic language spoken by about 426,212 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation.

See Languages of Europe and Kumyk language

Kurdish language

Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.

See Languages of Europe and Kurdish language

Kurdish population

The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.

See Languages of Europe and Kurdish population

Kurds

Kurds or Kurdish people (rtl, Kurd) are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.

See Languages of Europe and Kurds

Kurds in France

Kurds in France may refer to people born in or residing in France of full or partial Kurds origin.

See Languages of Europe and Kurds in France

Kurds in Germany

Kurds in Germany are residents or citizens of Germany of full or partial Kurdish origin.

See Languages of Europe and Kurds in Germany

Kurds in Sweden

Kurds in Sweden may refer to people born in or residing in the Sweden of Kurdish origin.

See Languages of Europe and Kurds in Sweden

Kurmanji

Kurmanji (lit), also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions.

See Languages of Europe and Kurmanji

Kven language

Kven (or; or; kveeni or kveenin kieli; kvensk) is a Finnic language or a group of Finnish dialects spoken in the northernmost parts of Norway by the Kven people.

See Languages of Europe and Kven language

Ladin language

Ladin (autonym: ladin; ladino; Ladinisch) is a Romance language of the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup, mainly spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in the provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino, and Belluno, by the Ladin people.

See Languages of Europe and Ladin language

Lak language

Lak (лакку маз) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family.

See Languages of Europe and Lak language

Language contact

Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other.

See Languages of Europe and Language contact

Language family

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.

See Languages of Europe and Language family

Language isolate

A language isolate is a language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with any other languages.

See Languages of Europe and Language isolate

Languages of Africa

The number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect) at between 1,250 and 2,100, and by some counts at over 3,000.

See Languages of Europe and Languages of Africa

Languages of India

Languages spoken in the Republic of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians; both families together are sometimes known as Indic languages.

See Languages of Europe and Languages of India

Languages of Italy

The languages of Italy include Italian, which serves as the country's national language, in its standard and regional forms, as well as numerous local and regional languages, most of which, like Italian, belong to the broader Romance group.

See Languages of Europe and Languages of Italy

Languages of Switzerland

The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian, and Romansh.

See Languages of Europe and Languages of Switzerland

Languages of the Caucasus

The Caucasian languages comprise a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

See Languages of Europe and Languages of the Caucasus

Languages of the United Kingdom

English, in various dialects, is the most widely spoken language of the United Kingdom, but a number of regional and migrant languages are also spoken. Regional indigenous languages are Scots and Ulster Scots and the Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and, as a revived language with few speakers, Cornish.

See Languages of Europe and Languages of the United Kingdom

Langues d'oïl

The langues d'oïl (The diaeresis over the 'i' indicates the two vowels are sounded separately) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands.

See Languages of Europe and Langues d'oïl

Late antiquity

Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.

See Languages of Europe and Late antiquity

Late Latin

Late Latin is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.

See Languages of Europe and Late Latin

Latgalian language

Latgalian (latgaliešu valoda) is an East Baltic language; it is sometimes considered a dialect of Latvian.

See Languages of Europe and Latgalian language

Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Languages of Europe and Latin

Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.

See Languages of Europe and Latin alphabet

Latin script

The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.

See Languages of Europe and Latin script

Latin Union

The Latin Union is an international organization of nations that use Romance languages, whose activities have been suspended since 2012.

See Languages of Europe and Latin Union

Latvia

Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Latvia

Latvian language

Latvian (latviešu valoda), also known as Lettish, is an East Baltic language belonging to the Indo-European language family.

See Languages of Europe and Latvian language

Laz language

The Laz language or Lazuri is a Kartvelian language spoken by the Laz people on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea.

See Languages of Europe and Laz language

Lebanon

Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Lebanon

Leibniz Institute of European History

The Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG) in Mainz, Germany, is an independent, public research institute that carries out and promotes historical research on the foundations of Europe in the early and late Modern period.

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Leonidio

Leonidio (Λεωνίδιο, Katharevousa: Λεωνίδιον, Tsakonian: Αγιελήδι) is a town and a former municipality in Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece.

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Letterhead

A letterhead is the heading at the top of a sheet of letter paper (stationery).

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Lexicography

Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines.

See Languages of Europe and Lexicography

Lezgian language

Lezgian, also called Lezgi or Lezgin, is a Northeast Caucasian language.

See Languages of Europe and Lezgian language

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south.

See Languages of Europe and Liechtenstein

Liguria

Liguria (Ligûria) is a region of north-western Italy; its capital is Genoa.

See Languages of Europe and Liguria

Ligurian language

Ligurian (endonym: lìgure) or Genoese (endonym: zeneise or zeneize) is a Gallo-Italic language spoken primarily in the territories of the former Republic of Genoa, now comprising the area of Liguria in Northern Italy, parts of the Mediterranean coastal zone of France, Monaco (where it is called Monégasque), the village of Bonifacio in Corsica, and in the villages of Carloforte on San Pietro Island and Calasetta on Sant'Antioco Island off the coast of southwestern Sardinia.

See Languages of Europe and Ligurian language

Limassol

Limassol (Lemesós; Limasol or Leymosun) is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus and capital of the Limassol district.

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Limba Sarda Comuna

Limba Sarda Comuna (LSC) is an orthography for the Sardinian language, created with the aim of transcribing the many variants of spoken Sardinian, with their distinctive characteristics, in the same way, and adopted experimentally in 2006 by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia for the official writing of its acts, jointly with Italian.

See Languages of Europe and Limba Sarda Comuna

Limburg (Belgium)

Limburg (Limburg,; Limburg or Wes-Limburg; Limbourg), also known as Belgian Limburg, is a province in Belgium.

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Limburg (Netherlands)

Limburg, also known as Dutch Limburg, is the southernmost of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands.

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Limburgish

Limburgish (Limburgs or Lèmburgs; Limburgs; Limburgisch; Limbourgeois), also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic, is a West Germanic language spoken in Dutch Limburg, Belgian Limburg, and neighbouring regions of Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia).

See Languages of Europe and Limburgish

Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

See Languages of Europe and Lingua franca

List of endangered languages in Europe

An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers.

See Languages of Europe and List of endangered languages in Europe

List of languages by number of native speakers

Human languages ranked by their number of native speakers are as follows.

See Languages of Europe and List of languages by number of native speakers

List of languages by total number of speakers

This is a list of languages by total number of speakers.

See Languages of Europe and List of languages by total number of speakers

List of multilingual countries and regions

This is an incomplete list of areas with either multilingualism at the community level or at the personal level.

See Languages of Europe and List of multilingual countries and regions

List of sovereign states

The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty.

See Languages of Europe and List of sovereign states

List of transcontinental countries

This is a list of countries with territory that straddles more than one continent, known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states.

See Languages of Europe and List of transcontinental countries

Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Lithuania

Lithuanian language

Lithuanian is an East Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Languages of Europe and Lithuanian language

Livonian language

The Livonian language (līvõ kēļ or rāndakēļ) is a Finnic language whose native land is the Livonian Coast of the Gulf of Riga, located in the north of the Kurzeme peninsula in Latvia but also used to be spoken in the Salaca River valley.

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Logudorese Sardinian

Logudorese Sardinian (sardu logudoresu, sardo logudorese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative of all Romance languages.

See Languages of Europe and Logudorese Sardinian

Lombard language

The Lombard language (native name: lombard,Classical Milanese orthography, and. lumbard,Ticinese orthography. lumbartModern Western orthography and Classical Cremish Orthography. or lombart,Eastern unified orthography. depending on the orthography; pronunciation) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages and is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland, including most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden.

See Languages of Europe and Lombard language

Lombardy

Lombardy (Lombardia; Lombardia) is an administrative region of Italy that covers; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population.

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Lorraine

Lorraine, also,,; Lorrain: Louréne; Lorraine Franconian: Lottringe; Lothringen; Loutrengen; Lotharingen is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern France, now located in the administrative region of Grand Est.

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Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Low Franconian

In historical and comparative linguistics, Low Franconian is a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary West Germanic varieties closely related to, and including, the Dutch language.

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Low German

Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands.

See Languages of Europe and Low German

Low Saxon

Low Saxon (Nedersaksisch), also known as West Low German (Westniederdeutsch) are a group of Low German dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, northwestern Germany and southern Denmark (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority).

See Languages of Europe and Low Saxon

Lower Rhine region

The Lower Rhine region or Niederrhein is a region around the Lower Rhine section of the river Rhine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, between approximately Oberhausen and Krefeld in the East and the Dutch border around Kleve in the West.

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Lower Saxony

Lower Saxony is a German state in northwestern Germany.

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Ludic language

Ludic, or Ludian, or Ludic Karelian (Luudi, Lyydi or lüüdi), is a Finnic language in the Uralic language family or a Karelian dialect.

See Languages of Europe and Ludic language

Lule Sámi

Lule Sámi (Julevsámegiella, Lulesamisk, Lulesamiska) is a Uralic, Sámi language spoken around the Lule River, Sweden, and in the northern parts of Nordland county in Norway, especially the Hamarøy (formerly Tysfjord) municipality, where Lule Sámi is an official language.

See Languages of Europe and Lule Sámi

Lusatia

Lusatia (Łużyce, Łužica, Łužyca, Lužice) is a historical region in Central Europe, territorially split between Germany and modern-day Poland.

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Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Luxembourg

Luxembourgish

Luxembourgish (also Luxemburgish, Luxembourgian, Letzebu(e)rgesch; Lëtzebuergesch) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg.

See Languages of Europe and Luxembourgish

Macedonian language

Macedonian (македонски јазик) is an Eastern South Slavic language.

See Languages of Europe and Macedonian language

Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Maltese language

Maltese (Malti, also L-Ilsien Malti or Lingwa Maltija) is a Semitic language derived from late medieval Sicilian Arabic with Romance superstrata.

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Manx language

Manx (Gaelg or Gailck, or), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Gaelic language of the insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Languages of Europe and Manx language

Mari El

Mari El (Марий Эл; Марий Эл; Hill Mari), officially the Mari El Republic, is a republic of Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Mari El

Mari language

The Mari language (марий йылме,; p), formerly known as the Cheremiss language, spoken by approximately 400,000 people, belongs to the Uralic language family.

See Languages of Europe and Mari language

Maronites

Maronites (Al-Mawārinah; Marunoye) are a Syriac Christian ethnoreligious group native to the Eastern Mediterranean and Levant region of West Asia, whose members traditionally belong to the Maronite Church, with the largest concentration long residing near Mount Lebanon in modern Lebanon.

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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV;; Mäkelborg-Vörpommern), also known by its anglicized name Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, is a state in the north-east of Germany.

See Languages of Europe and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Medieval Greek

Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

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Medieval Latin

Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.

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Mediterranean Lingua Franca

The Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, was a contact language, or languages, that were used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries.

See Languages of Europe and Mediterranean Lingua Franca

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

See Languages of Europe and Mediterranean Sea

Megleno-Romanian language

Megleno-Romanian (known as vlăhește by its speakers, and Megleno-Romanian or Meglenitic and sometimes Moglenitic or Meglinitic by linguists) is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Aromanian.

See Languages of Europe and Megleno-Romanian language

Middle Low German

Middle Low German (Middelsassisk, label, label or label, italics, italics) is a developmental stage of Low German.

See Languages of Europe and Middle Low German

Minderico language

Minderico, also known as Piação do Ninhou (the language of Minde), was originally a sociolect or a secret language spoken by textile producers and traders in the freguesia (civil parish) of Minde (Alcanena, Portugal).

See Languages of Europe and Minderico language

Mingrelian language

Mingrelian, or Megrelian (მარგალური ნინა) is a Kartvelian language spoken in Western Georgia (regions of Mingrelia and Abkhazia), primarily by the Mingrelians.

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Miranda do Douro

Miranda do Douro or Miranda de l Douro in Mirandese is a city and a municipality in the district of Bragança, northeastern Portugal.

See Languages of Europe and Miranda do Douro

Mirandese language

Mirandese (mirandés or lhéngua mirandesa) is an Asturleonese language or variety that is sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal in eastern Tierra de Miranda (made up of the municipalities of Miranda de l Douro, Mogadouro and Bumioso, being extinct in Mogadouro and present in Bumioso only in some eastern villages, like Angueira).

See Languages of Europe and Mirandese language

Modern English

Modern English, sometimes called New English (NE) or present-day English (PDE) as opposed to Middle and Old English, is the form of the English language that has been spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 14th century and was completed by the 17th century.

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Modern Greek

Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά, Néa Elliniká, or Κοινή Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα, Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (Ελληνικά, italic), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the language sometimes referred to as Standard Modern Greek.

See Languages of Europe and Modern Greek

Moksha language

Moksha (label) is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Mokshas.

See Languages of Europe and Moksha language

Moldova

Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.

See Languages of Europe and Moldova

Molise

Molise (Mulise) is a region of Southern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Molise

Monaco

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, on the Mediterranean Sea.

See Languages of Europe and Monaco

Monégasque dialect

Monégasque (munegascu,; monégasque,; monegasco) is the variety of Ligurian spoken in Monaco.

See Languages of Europe and Monégasque dialect

Mongolic languages

The Mongolic languages are a language family spoken by the Mongolic peoples in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, North Asia and East Asia, mostly in Mongolia and surrounding areas and in Kalmykia and Buryatia.

See Languages of Europe and Mongolic languages

Montenegrin language

Montenegrin (crnogorski, црногорски) is a normative variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Montenegrins and is the official language of Montenegro.

See Languages of Europe and Montenegrin language

Montenegro

Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

See Languages of Europe and Montenegro

Mordovia

Mordovia (Мордовия; Мордовиясь; Мордовиясь), officially the Republic of Mordovia, is a republic of Russia, situated in Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Mordovia

Mount Athos

Mount Athos (Ἄθως) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece.

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Mutual intelligibility

In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.

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Nation state

A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.

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National language

A national language is a language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) that has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a nation.

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Nationalencyklopedin

("The National Encyclopedia" in English), abbreviated NE, is a comprehensive contemporary Swedish-language encyclopedia with several hundred thousand articles.

See Languages of Europe and Nationalencyklopedin

Navarre

Navarre, officially the Chartered Community of Navarre, is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.

See Languages of Europe and Navarre

Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

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Neapolitan language

Neapolitan (autonym: ('o n)napulitano; napoletano) is a Romance language of the Italo-Romance group spoken in Naples and most of continental Southern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Neapolitan language

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг; Nyeneciye” awtonomnoy okruk’) is a federal subject of Russia and an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast.

See Languages of Europe and Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Nenets languages

Nenets (in former work also Yurak) is a pair of closely related languages spoken in northern Russia by the Nenets people.

See Languages of Europe and Nenets languages

Neo-Latin

Neo-LatinSidwell, Keith Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin in; others, throughout.

See Languages of Europe and Neo-Latin

Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

See Languages of Europe and Netherlands

New Spain

New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain.

See Languages of Europe and New Spain

New Zealand

New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

See Languages of Europe and New Zealand

New Zealand Sign Language

New Zealand Sign Language or NZSL (te reo Turi) is the main language of the deaf community in New Zealand.

See Languages of Europe and New Zealand Sign Language

Nicosia

Nicosia (also known as Lefkosia in Greek and Lefkoşa in Turkish) is the capital and largest city of Cyprus.

See Languages of Europe and Nicosia

Nogai language

Nogai (Ногай тили, Nogay tili, Ногайша, Nogayşa) also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.

See Languages of Europe and Nogai language

Nord-Pas-de-Calais

Nord-Pas-de-Calais; Nord-Pas-Calés); is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Hauts-de-France. It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south).

See Languages of Europe and Nord-Pas-de-Calais

Nordic countries

The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or Norden) are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic.

See Languages of Europe and Nordic countries

Nordic Journal of Linguistics

The Nordic Journal of Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal concerned with all branches of linguistics, but paying particular attention to theoretical linguistics and languages used in the Nordic countries.

See Languages of Europe and Nordic Journal of Linguistics

North Asia

North Asia or Northern Asia is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms and consists of three federal districts of Russia: Ural, Siberian, and the Far Eastern.

See Languages of Europe and North Asia

North Caucasian languages

The North Caucasian languages, sometimes called simply Caucasic, is a proposed language family consisting of a pair of well established language families spoken in the Caucasus, predominantly in the north, consisting of the Northwest Caucasian family (also called Pontic, Abkhaz–Adyghe, Circassian, or West Caucasian) and the Northeast Caucasian family (also called Nakh–Dagestanian, Caspian or East Caucasian).

See Languages of Europe and North Caucasian languages

North Caucasus

The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.

See Languages of Europe and North Caucasus

North Frisian language

North Frisian is a minority language of Germany, spoken by about 10,000 people in North Frisia.

See Languages of Europe and North Frisian language

North Germanic languages

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.

See Languages of Europe and North Germanic languages

North Macedonia

North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.

See Languages of Europe and North Macedonia

North Sea

The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.

See Languages of Europe and North Sea

Northeast Caucasian languages

The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Nakh-Daghestani or Vainakh-Daghestani, or sometimes Caspian languages (from the Caspian Sea, in contrast to Pontic languages for the Northwest Caucasian languages), is a family of languages spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia and in Northern Azerbaijan as well as in Georgia and diaspora populations in Western Europe and the Middle East.

See Languages of Europe and Northeast Caucasian languages

Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus.

See Languages of Europe and Northern Cyprus

Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions.

See Languages of Europe and Northern Europe

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann; Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland that is variously described as a country, province or region.

See Languages of Europe and Northern Ireland

Northern Sámi

Northern Sámi or North Sámi (Davvisámegiella; Pohjoissaame; Nordsamisk; Nordsamiska; disapproved exonym Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sámi languages.

See Languages of Europe and Northern Sámi

Northwest Caucasian languages

The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages, is a family of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) chiefly in three Russian republics (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia), the disputed territory of Abkhazia, Georgia, and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.

See Languages of Europe and Northwest Caucasian languages

Norway

Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.

See Languages of Europe and Norway

Occitan language

Occitan (occitan), also known as (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania.

See Languages of Europe and Occitan language

Occitano-Romance languages

Occitano-Romance (llengües occitanoromàniques; lengas occitanoromanicas; luengas occitanoromanicas) is a branch of the Romance language group that encompasses the Catalan/Valencian, Occitan languages and sometimes Aragonese, spoken in parts of southern France and northeastern Spain.

See Languages of Europe and Occitano-Romance languages

Ogham

Ogham (Modern Irish:; ogum, ogom, later ogam) is an Early Medieval alphabet used primarily to write the early Irish language (in the "orthodox" inscriptions, 4th to 6th centuries AD), and later the Old Irish language (scholastic ogham, 6th to 9th centuries).

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Oghuric languages

The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric languages (also known as Bulgar, Bulgharic, Bolgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family.

See Languages of Europe and Oghuric languages

Oghuz languages

The Oghuz languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family, spoken by approximately 108 million people.

See Languages of Europe and Oghuz languages

Old English

Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

See Languages of Europe and Old English

Old French

Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.

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Old Hungarian script

The Old Hungarian script or Hungarian runes (Székely-magyar rovás, 'székely-magyar runiform', or rovásírás) is an alphabetic writing system used for writing the Hungarian language.

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Old Italic scripts

The Old Italic scripts are a family of ancient writing systems used in the Italian Peninsula between about 700 and 100 BC, for various languages spoken in that time and place.

See Languages of Europe and Old Italic scripts

Old Prussian language

Old Prussian is an extinct West Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European languages, which was once spoken by the Old Prussians, the Baltic peoples of the Prussian region.

See Languages of Europe and Old Prussian language

Opera

Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers.

See Languages of Europe and Opera

Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts

The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts) is an extensive piece of reform legislation signed into law by Francis I of France on August 10, 1539, in the city of Villers-Cotterêts and the oldest French legislation still used partly by French courts.

See Languages of Europe and Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts

Orthography

An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word boundaries, emphasis, and punctuation.

See Languages of Europe and Orthography

Ossetian language

Ossetian, commonly referred to as Ossetic and rarely as Ossete (iron ӕvzag southern; northern), is an Eastern Iranian language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Greater Caucasus.

See Languages of Europe and Ossetian language

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Overseas Chinese

Overseas Chinese people are those of Chinese birth or ethnicity who reside outside mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.

See Languages of Europe and Overseas Chinese

Pakistani diaspora

Overseas Pakistanis (بیرون ملک پاکستانی نژاد), or the Pakistani diaspora, refers to Pakistanis who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad according to December 2017 estimates.

See Languages of Europe and Pakistani diaspora

Palatine German dialects

Palatine German (Standard German: Pfälzisch, endonym: Pälzisch) is a group of Rhine Franconian dialects spoken in the Upper Rhine Valley, roughly in the area between Zweibrücken, Kaiserslautern, Alzey, Worms, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Mannheim, Odenwald, Heidelberg, Speyer, Landau, Wörth am Rhein and the border to Alsace and Lorraine, in France, but also beyond.

See Languages of Europe and Palatine German dialects

Peloponnese

The Peloponnese, Peloponnesus (Pelopónnēsos) or Morea (Mōrèas; Mōriàs) is a peninsula and geographic region in Southern Greece, and the southernmost region of the Balkans.

See Languages of Europe and Peloponnese

Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

See Languages of Europe and Persian language

Phoenician alphabet

The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BC.

See Languages of Europe and Phoenician alphabet

Phonology

Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.

See Languages of Europe and Phonology

Picard language

Picard (also) is a langue d'oïl of the Romance language family spoken in the northernmost of France and parts of Hainaut province in Belgium.

See Languages of Europe and Picard language

Pidgin

A pidgin, or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages.

See Languages of Europe and Pidgin

Piedmont

Piedmont (Piemonte,; Piemont), located in northwest Italy, is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Piedmont

Piedmontese language

Piedmontese (autonym: piemontèis or lenga piemontèisa; piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, a region of Northwest Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Piedmontese language

Pluricentric language

A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries.

See Languages of Europe and Pluricentric language

Polabian language

The Polabian language, also known as Drevanian–Polabian language, Drevanian language, and Lüneburg Wendish language, is a West Slavic language that was spoken by the Polabian Slavs (Wenden) in present-day northeastern Germany around the Elbe.

See Languages of Europe and Polabian language

Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Poland

Polish language

Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.

See Languages of Europe and Polish language

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

See Languages of Europe and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Pontic Greek

Pontic Greek (translit, translit; Rumca or Romeika) is a variety of Modern Greek indigenous to the Pontus region on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, and the Eastern Turkish and Caucasus region.

See Languages of Europe and Pontic Greek

Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

See Languages of Europe and Portugal

Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Portuguese language

Prekmurje

Prekmurje (Prekmurje Slovene: Prèkmürsko or Prèkmüre; Muravidék) is a geographically, linguistically, culturally and ethnically defined region of Slovenia, settled by Slovenes and a Hungarian minority, lying between the Mur River in Slovenia and the Rába Valley (the watershed of the Rába; Porabje) in the westernmost part of Hungary.

See Languages of Europe and Prekmurje

Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

See Languages of Europe and Proto-Indo-European language

Province of Belluno

The province of Belluno (provincia di Belluno; provinz Belluno; provinzia de Belum) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Province of Belluno

Province of León

León is a province of northwestern Spain in the northern part of the Region of León and in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

See Languages of Europe and Province of León

Province of Reggio Calabria

The province of Reggio Calabria (provincia di Reggio Calabria) was a province in the Calabria region of Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Province of Reggio Calabria

Province of Zamora

Zamora is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Punjabi language

Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.

See Languages of Europe and Punjabi language

Pyrénées-Orientales

Pyrénées-Orientales (Pirineus Orientals; Pirenèus Orientals), also known as Northern Catalonia, are a department of the region of Occitania, Southern France, adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea.

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Pyrenees

The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain.

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Quba District (Azerbaijan)

Quba District (Quba rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Quba District (Azerbaijan)

Questione della lingua

The Questione della lingua (Language question) was a debate that emerged in late medieval and Renaissance Italy concerning the nature of the linguistic practice to be adopted in the written Italian language.

See Languages of Europe and Questione della lingua

Qusar District

Qusar District (Qusar rayonu; script) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Qusar District

Reconquista

The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.

See Languages of Europe and Reconquista

Reggio Calabria

Reggio di Calabria (Riggiu; Rìji), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Regional Council of Calabria.

See Languages of Europe and Reggio Calabria

Reginald Foster (Latinist)

Reginald Thomas Foster (November 14, 1939 – December 25, 2020) was an American Catholic priest and friar of the Order of Discalced Carmelites.

See Languages of Europe and Reginald Foster (Latinist)

Regional Council of Veneto

The Regional Council of Veneto (Consiglio Regionale del Veneto) is the regional parliament of Veneto.

See Languages of Europe and Regional Council of Veneto

Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

See Languages of Europe and Renaissance

Renaissance Latin

Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Literary Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries, particularly by the Renaissance humanism movement.

See Languages of Europe and Renaissance Latin

Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

See Languages of Europe and Republic of Ireland

Republic of Karelia

The Republic of Karelia, Karjala or Karelia (Каре́лия, Ка́рьяла; Karjala) is a republic of Russia situated in the northwest of the country.

See Languages of Europe and Republic of Karelia

Rhaeto-Romance languages

Rhaeto-Romance, Rheto-Romance, Rhaeto-Italian,or Rhaetian, is a purported subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in south-eastern Switzerland and north-eastern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Rhaeto-Romance languages

Ripuarian language

Ripuarian (also Ripuarian Franconian; Ripuarisch,, ripuarische Mundart, ripuarischer Dialekt, ripuarisch-fränkische Mundart, Ribuarisch, Ripuarisch, Noordmiddelfrankisch) is a German dialect group, part of the West Central German language group.

See Languages of Europe and Ripuarian language

Romagnol

Romagnol (rumagnòl or rumagnôl; romagnolo) is a Romance language spoken in the historical region of Romagna, consisting mainly of the southeastern part of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Romagnol

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See Languages of Europe and Roman Empire

Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.

See Languages of Europe and Romance languages

Romandy

Romandy (Romandie or Suisse romande; Arpitan: Romandia)Before World War I, the term French Switzerland (Suisse française) was.

See Languages of Europe and Romandy

Romani language

Romani (also Romany, Romanes, Roma; rromani ćhib) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani communities.

See Languages of Europe and Romani language

Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova.

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Romansh language

Romansh is a Gallo-Romance language spoken predominantly in the Swiss canton of the Grisons (Graubünden).

See Languages of Europe and Romansh language

Royal Spanish Academy

The Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española, generally abbreviated as RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language.

See Languages of Europe and Royal Spanish Academy

Rune

A rune is a letter in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets native to the Germanic peoples.

See Languages of Europe and Rune

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Russia

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

See Languages of Europe and Russian Empire

Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Russian language

Rusyn language

Rusyn (translit; translit)http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf, p. 8.

See Languages of Europe and Rusyn language

Ruthenian language

Ruthenian (ру́скаꙗ мо́ва or ру́скїй ѧзы́къ; see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

See Languages of Europe and Ruthenian language

Rutul language

Rutul or Rutulian is a Lezgic language spoken by the spoken by the Rutuls, an ethnic group living in Dagestan (Russia) and some parts of Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Rutul language

Sacred language

A sacred language, holy language or liturgical language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like Mosque service) by people who speak another, primary language (like Persian, Urdu, Pashtu, Balochi, Sindhi etc.) in their daily lives.

See Languages of Europe and Sacred language

Salento

Salento (Salentino: Salentu, Salentino Griko: Σαλέντο), also known as Terra d'Otranto, is a cultural, historical and geographic region at the southern end of the administrative region of Apulia, in southern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Salento

Samogitian language

Samogitian (žemaitiu kalba or sometimes žemaitiu rokunda, žemaitiu šnekta or žemaitiu ruoda; žemaičių tarmė, žemaičių kalba), often considered a dialect of Lithuanian, is an Eastern Baltic language spoken primarily in Samogitia.

See Languages of Europe and Samogitian language

Samtskhe–Javakheti

Samtskhe–Javakheti (სამცხე-ჯავახეთი) is a region (mkhare) in southern Georgia with a population of 147.400 (2023) and an area of.

See Languages of Europe and Samtskhe–Javakheti

San Marino

San Marino (San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino (Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate and enclave within Italy.

See Languages of Europe and San Marino

Sanabria (comarca)

Sanabria (A Seabra in the Galician language, Senabria in Leonese language) is a comarca in the northwest of the province of Zamora, western Spain.

See Languages of Europe and Sanabria (comarca)

Sardinia

Sardinia (Sardegna; Sardigna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the twenty regions of Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Sardinia

Sardinian language

Sardinian or Sard (sardu,, limba sarda,, or lìngua sarda) is a Romance language spoken by the Sardinians on the Western Mediterranean island of Sardinia.

See Languages of Europe and Sardinian language

Sassarese language

Sassarese (natively sassaresu or turritanu; tataresu) is an Italo-Dalmatian language and transitional variety between Sardinian and Corsican. It is regarded as a Corso–Sardinian language because of Sassari's historic ties with Tuscany and geographical proximity to Corsica. Despite the robust Sardinian influences (in terms of vocabulary and phonology, as well as syntax), it still keeps its Corsican (and therefore Tuscan) roots, which closely relate it to Gallurese; the latter is linguistically considered a Corsican dialect despite its geographical location, although this claim is a matter of controversy.

See Languages of Europe and Sassarese language

Saterland Frisian language

Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian, Saterfrisian or Saterlandic (Seeltersk), spoken in the Saterland municipality of Lower Saxony in Germany, is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language.

See Languages of Europe and Saterland Frisian language

Saxony

Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic.

See Languages of Europe and Saxony

Sámi languages

Sámi languages, in English also rendered as Sami and Saami, are a group of Uralic languages spoken by the Indigenous Sámi people in Northern Europe (in parts of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden, and extreme northwestern Russia).

See Languages of Europe and Sámi languages

Schleswig-Holstein

Schleswig-Holstein (Slesvig-Holsten; Sleswig-Holsteen; Slaswik-Holstiinj; Sleswick-Holsatia) is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical Duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig.

See Languages of Europe and Schleswig-Holstein

Schwabacher

The German word Schwabacher (pronounced) refers to a specific style of blackletter typefaces which evolved from Gothic Textualis (Textura) under the influence of Humanist type design in Italy during the 15th century.

See Languages of Europe and Schwabacher

Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

See Languages of Europe and Scotland

Scots language

ScotsThe endonym for Scots is Scots.

See Languages of Europe and Scots language

Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic (endonym: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland.

See Languages of Europe and Scottish Gaelic

Selonian language

Selonian was an East Baltic language, which was spoken by the East Baltic tribe of the Selonians, who until the 15th century lived in Selonia, a territory in southeastern Latvia and northeastern Lithuania.

See Languages of Europe and Selonian language

Semigallian language

Semigallian or Zemgalian, was an East Baltic language of the Baltic language sub-family of the Indo-European languages.

See Languages of Europe and Semigallian language

Semitic languages

The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

See Languages of Europe and Semitic languages

Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

See Languages of Europe and Serbia

Serbian language

Serbian (српски / srpski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.

See Languages of Europe and Serbian language

Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian – also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.

See Languages of Europe and Serbo-Croatian

Shabran District

Shabran District (Şabran rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Shabran District

Shtokavian

Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski / штокавски) is the prestige supradialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language and the basis of its Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin standards.

See Languages of Europe and Shtokavian

Sicilian language

Sicilian (sicilianu,; siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.

See Languages of Europe and Sicilian language

Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Sicily

Siculo-Arabic

Siculo-Arabic or Sicilian Arabic (al-lahja l-ʿarabiyya ṣ-ṣiqilliyya) is the term used for varieties of Arabic that were spoken in the Emirate of Sicily (which included Malta) from the 9th century, persisting under the subsequent Norman rule until the 13th century.

See Languages of Europe and Siculo-Arabic

Silesian German

Silesian (Silesian: Schläsisch, Schläs’sch, Schlä’sch, Schläsch, Schlesisch), Silesian German or Lower Silesian is a nearly extinct German dialect spoken in Silesia.

See Languages of Europe and Silesian German

Silesian language

Silesian, occasionally called Upper Silesian, is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group spoken by part of people in Upper Silesia.

See Languages of Europe and Silesian language

Siyazan District

Siyazan District (Siyəzən rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Languages of Europe and Siyazan District

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.

See Languages of Europe and Slavic languages

Slovak language

Slovak (endonym: slovenčina or slovenský jazyk), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See Languages of Europe and Slovak language

Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Slovakia

Slovene Istria

Slovene Istria (slovenska Istra; Istria slovena) is a region in southwest Slovenia.

See Languages of Europe and Slovene Istria

Slovene language

Slovene or Slovenian (slovenščina) is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Languages of Europe and Slovene language

Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Slovenia

Somali diaspora

The Somali diaspora or Qurbajoogta refers to Somalis who were born in Greater Somalia and reside in areas of the world that they were not born in.

See Languages of Europe and Somali diaspora

Somali language

Somali (Latin script: Af-Soomaali; Wadaad:; Osmanya: 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch.

See Languages of Europe and Somali language

Sorbian languages

The Sorbian languages (serbska rěč, serbska rěc) are the Upper Sorbian language and Lower Sorbian language, two closely related and partially mutually intelligible languages spoken by the Sorbs, a West Slavic ethno-cultural minority in the Lusatia region of Eastern Germany.

See Languages of Europe and Sorbian languages

South Caucasus

The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.

See Languages of Europe and South Caucasus

South Ossetia

South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus.

See Languages of Europe and South Ossetia

South Slavic languages

The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages.

See Languages of Europe and South Slavic languages

South Tyrol

South Tyrol (Südtirol,; Alto Adige,; Südtirol) is an autonomous province in northern Italy.

See Languages of Europe and South Tyrol

Southern Europe

Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Southern Europe

Southern Russia

Southern Russia or the South of Russia (p) is a colloquial term for the southernmost geographic portion of European Russia generally covering the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasian Federal District.

See Languages of Europe and Southern Russia

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See Languages of Europe and Soviet Union

Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

See Languages of Europe and Spain

Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

See Languages of Europe and Spanish Empire

Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Spanish language

Spanish Sign Language

Spanish Sign Language (Lengua de Signos Española, LSE) is a sign language used mainly by deaf people in Spain and the people who live with them.

See Languages of Europe and Spanish Sign Language

Standard Average European

Standard Average European (SAE) is a concept introduced in 1939 by American linguist Benjamin Whorf to group the modern Indo-European languages of Europe with shared common features.

See Languages of Europe and Standard Average European

Standard German

Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland, Schriftdeutsch), is the umbrella term for the standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas.

See Languages of Europe and Standard German

Standard language

A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and stands out among other varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or prestige.

See Languages of Europe and Standard language

Sudovian language

Sudovian (also known as Yotvingian, or Jatvingian) was a West Baltic language of Northeastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Sudovian language

Superpower

Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale.

See Languages of Europe and Superpower

Svan language

Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; tr) is a Kartvelian language spoken in the western Georgian region of Svaneti primarily by the Svan people.

See Languages of Europe and Svan language

Swabian German

Swabian (Schwäbisch) is one of the dialect groups of Upper German, sometimes one of the dialect groups of Alemannic German (in the broad sense), that belong to the High German dialect continuum.

See Languages of Europe and Swabian German

Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Sweden

Swedish language

Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland.

See Languages of Europe and Swedish language

Swedish Sign Language

Swedish Sign Language (SSL) is the sign language used in Sweden.

See Languages of Europe and Swedish Sign Language

Swiss German

Swiss German (Standard German: Schweizerdeutsch, Schwiizerdütsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch Mundart,Because of the many different dialects, and because there is no defined orthography for any of them, many different spellings can be found. and others) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy bordering Switzerland.

See Languages of Europe and Swiss German

Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Switzerland

Tabasaran language

Tabasaran (also written Tabassaran) is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Lezgic branch.

See Languages of Europe and Tabasaran language

Tamil diaspora

The Tamil diaspora refers to descendants of the Tamil speaking immigrants who emigrated from their native lands in the southern Indian subcontinent (Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka) to other parts of the world.

See Languages of Europe and Tamil diaspora

Tamil language

Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Tamil language

Tamils in France

Tamils in France refer to the citizens as well as expatriate residents of Tamil origin living in France.

See Languages of Europe and Tamils in France

Tat language (Caucasus)

Tat, also known as Caucasian Persian, Tat/Tati Persian,Gernot Windfuhr, "Persian Grammar: history and state of its study", Walter de Gruyter, 1979.

See Languages of Europe and Tat language (Caucasus)

Tatar language

Tatar (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia and Crimea.

See Languages of Europe and Tatar language

Tatarstan

Tatarstan (Татарстан; Татарстан), officially the Republic of Tatarstan, sometimes also called Tataria, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Tatarstan

The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

See Languages of Europe and The Guardian

Thede Kahl

Thede Kahl (born 30 March 1971 in Hamburg) is a German ethnographer and ethnolinguist.

See Languages of Europe and Thede Kahl

Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

See Languages of Europe and Thirty Years' War

Tindi language

Tindi is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in the Russian republic of Dagestan.

See Languages of Europe and Tindi language

Tosk Albanian

Tosk (toskërishtja) is the southern group of dialects of the Albanian language, spoken by the ethnographic group known as Tosks.

See Languages of Europe and Tosk Albanian

Toubon Law

The Toubon Law (full name: law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language) is a French law mandating the use of the French language in official government publications, in all advertisements, in all workplaces, in commercial contracts, in some other commercial communication contexts, in all government-financed schools, and some other contexts.

See Languages of Europe and Toubon Law

Travellingua

Travellingua, also known as the Language and Culture Explorers' Club, is a project which was supported by the European Commission under the Socrates Lingua 1 (Promotion of Language Learning) action.

See Languages of Europe and Travellingua

Trentino

Provincia autonoma di Trento (Provinzia Autonoma de Trent; Autonome Provinz Trient), commonly known as Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy in the country's far north.

See Languages of Europe and Trentino

Tsakonian language

Tsakonian or Tsaconian (also Tzakonian or Tsakonic, τσακώνικα and Tsakonian: τσακώνικα, α τσακώνικα γρούσσα) is a highly divergent modern variety of Greek, spoken in the Tsakonian region of the Peloponnese, Greece.

See Languages of Europe and Tsakonian language

Tsez language

Tsez, also known as Dido (Tsez: цезйас мец or цез мец), is a Northeast Caucasian language with about 15,000 speakers (15,354 in 2002) spoken by the Tsez, a Muslim people in the mountainous Tsunta District of southwestern Dagestan in Russia.

See Languages of Europe and Tsez language

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Turkey

Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Turkic languages

Turkish language

Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.

See Languages of Europe and Turkish language

Turkish Sign Language

Turkish Sign Language (Türk İşaret Dili, TİD) is the language used by the deaf community in Turkey.

See Languages of Europe and Turkish Sign Language

Turks in Austria

Turks in Austria, also referred to as Turkish Austrians and Austrian Turks, (Türken in Österreich; Avusturya'daki Türkler) are people of Turkish ethnicity living in Austria.

See Languages of Europe and Turks in Austria

Turks in Europe

The Turks in Europe (sometimes called Euro-Turks; Avrupa'daki Türkler or Avrupa'da yaşayan Türkler or Avrupa Türkleri) refers to Turkic peoples living in Europe, particularly those of Turkish origin.

See Languages of Europe and Turks in Europe

Turks in France

Turks in France also called the Turkish-French community, French Turks or Franco-Turks (Turcs de France; Fransa'daki Türkler) refers to the ethnic Turkish people who live in France.

See Languages of Europe and Turks in France

Turks in Germany

Turks in Germany, also referred to as German Turks and Turkish Germans (Türken in Deutschland/Deutschtürken; Almancılar), are people with a migration background from Turkey living in Germany.

See Languages of Europe and Turks in Germany

Turks in Russia

Turks in Russia (Rusya'daki Türkler, Турки в России), also referred to as Turkish Russians or Russian Turks, refers to people of full or partial ethnic Turkish origin who have either immigrated to Russia or who were born in the Russian state.

See Languages of Europe and Turks in Russia

Turks in Sweden

Turks in Sweden or Swedish Turks (Turkar i Sverige; İsveç Türkleri) are people of ethnic Turkish origin living in Sweden.

See Languages of Europe and Turks in Sweden

Turks in Switzerland

Turks in Switzerland (İsviçre'deki Türkler), also referred to as Swiss Turks (İsviçreli Türkler) and Turkish Swiss people (Türk İsviçreliler), are Swiss residents of Turkish origin.

See Languages of Europe and Turks in Switzerland

Turks in the Netherlands

Turks in the Netherlands (Turken in Nederland; Hollanda'daki Türkler), also Dutch Turks (Nederlandse Turken) or Turkish Dutch (Turkse Nederlanders; Hollanda Türkleri), refers to people of full or partial Turkish ethnicity living in the Netherlands.

See Languages of Europe and Turks in the Netherlands

Tuzi Municipality

Tuzi Municipality (Montenegrin: Opština Tuzi / Општина Тузи; Albanian: Komuna e Tuzit) is one of the 25 Municipalities of Montenegro.

See Languages of Europe and Tuzi Municipality

Udmurt language

Udmurt (Cyrillic: Удмурт) is a Permic language spoken by the Udmurt people who are native to Udmurtia.

See Languages of Europe and Udmurt language

Udmurtia

Udmurtia, officially the Udmurt Republic, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Udmurtia

Ugric languages

The Ugric or Ugrian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family.

See Languages of Europe and Ugric languages

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Ukraine

Ukrainian language

Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.

See Languages of Europe and Ukrainian language

Ulcinj Municipality

Ulcinj Municipality (Montenegrin: Opština Ulcinj / Општина Улцињ; Albanian: Komuna e Ulqinit) is the southernmost municipality of Montenegro, bordered by Albania to the east, Bar Municipality to the north and Adriatic Sea to the south and the west.

See Languages of Europe and Ulcinj Municipality

Ulster

Ulster (Ulaidh or Cúige Uladh; Ulstèr or Ulster) is one of the four traditional or historic Irish provinces.

See Languages of Europe and Ulster

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

See Languages of Europe and United Kingdom

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

See Languages of Europe and United Nations

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Languages of Europe and United States

Upper German

Upper German (Oberdeutsch) is a family of High German dialects spoken primarily in the southern German-speaking area (Sprachraum).

See Languages of Europe and Upper German

Upper Saxon German

Upper Saxon (Obersächsisch) is an East Central German dialect spoken in much of the modern German state of Saxony and in adjacent parts of southeastern Saxony-Anhalt and eastern Thuringia.

See Languages of Europe and Upper Saxon German

Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.

See Languages of Europe and Ural Mountains

Uralic languages

The Uralic languages, sometimes called the Uralian languages, form a language family of 42 languages spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Uralic languages

Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.

See Languages of Europe and Urdu

Uzbek language

Uzbek (pronounced), formerly known as Turki, is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks.

See Languages of Europe and Uzbek language

Uzbeks in Russia

Uzbeks represent a large diaspora in Russia, numbering 1.9 million (January, 2016).

See Languages of Europe and Uzbeks in Russia

Val d'Aran

Aran (often known as the Aran Valley, or Val d'Aran in Aranese Occitan; in other forms of Occitan: Vath d'Aran or Vau d'Aran, in Catalan: Vall d'Aran, in Spanish: Valle de Arán) is an autonomous administrative entity (formerly considered a comarca) in northwest Catalonia, Spain, consisting of in area, located in the Pyrenees mountains, in the Alt Pirineu i Aran region and in the province of Lleida.

See Languages of Europe and Val d'Aran

Valencian Community

The Valencian Community is an autonomous community of Spain.

See Languages of Europe and Valencian Community

Varieties of Arabic

Varieties of Arabic (or dialects or vernacular languages) are the linguistic systems that Arabic speakers speak natively.

See Languages of Europe and Varieties of Arabic

Vatican City

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.

See Languages of Europe and Vatican City

Võro language

Võro (võro kiilʼ, võru keel) is the language of South Estonia, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

See Languages of Europe and Võro language

Võru County

Võru County (Võru maakond or Võrumaa; Võro maakund) is a county in southern Estonia.

See Languages of Europe and Võru County

Venetian language

Venetian, wider Venetian or Venetan (łengua vèneta or vèneto) is a Romance language spoken natively in the northeast of Italy,Ethnologue mostly in Veneto, where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it.

See Languages of Europe and Venetian language

Veneto

Veneto or the Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the north-east of the country.

See Languages of Europe and Veneto

Veps language

Veps, also known as Vepsian (Veps: vepsän kelʹ, vepsän keli, or vepsä), is a Finnic language from the Uralic language family, that is spoken by Vepsians.

See Languages of Europe and Veps language

Vivaro-Alpine dialect

Vivaro-Alpine (vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc) is a variety of Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria).

See Languages of Europe and Vivaro-Alpine dialect

Vocabulary

A vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual.

See Languages of Europe and Vocabulary

Vojvodina

Vojvodina (Војводина), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, is an autonomous province that occupies the northernmost part of Serbia, located in Central Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Vojvodina

Votic language

Votic, or Votian (vaďďa tšeeli, maatšeeli), is a Finnic language spoken by the Votes of Ingria, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages.

See Languages of Europe and Votic language

Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward.

See Languages of Europe and Vulgar Latin

Wales

Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

See Languages of Europe and Wales

Wallonia

Wallonia (Wallonie), officially the Walloon Region (Région wallonne), is one of the three regions of Belgium—along with Flanders and Brussels.

See Languages of Europe and Wallonia

Walloon language

Walloon (natively walon; wallon) is a Romance language that is spoken in much of Wallonia and, to a very small extent, in Brussels, Belgium; some villages near Givet, northern France; and a clutch of communities in northeastern Wisconsin, United States.

See Languages of Europe and Walloon language

Walser German

Walser German (Walserdeutsch) and Walliser German (Walliserdeutsch, locally Wallisertiitsch) are a group of Highest Alemannic dialects spoken in parts of Switzerland (Valais, Ticino, Grisons), Italy (Piedmont, Aosta Valley), Liechtenstein (Triesenberg, Planken), and Austria (Vorarlberg).

See Languages of Europe and Walser German

Welsh language

Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.

See Languages of Europe and Welsh language

West Frisian languages

The West Frisian languages are a group of closely related, though not mutually intelligible, Frisian languages of the Netherlands.

See Languages of Europe and West Frisian languages

West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).

See Languages of Europe and West Germanic languages

West Iberian languages

West Iberian is a branch of the Ibero-Romance languages that includes the Castilian languages (Spanish, Judaeo-Spanish), Astur-Leonese (Asturian, Leonese, Mirandese, Extremaduran (sometimes) and Cantabrian),, where Cantabrian is listed in the Astur-Leonese linguistic group.

See Languages of Europe and West Iberian languages

West Kazakhstan Region

West Kazakhstan Region (translit; translit) is a region of Kazakhstan.

See Languages of Europe and West Kazakhstan Region

West Slavic languages

The West Slavic languages are a subdivision of the Slavic language group.

See Languages of Europe and West Slavic languages

Western Armenian

Western Armenian is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Eastern Armenian.

See Languages of Europe and Western Armenian

Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

See Languages of Europe and Western Europe

Western Romance languages

Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini Line.

See Languages of Europe and Western Romance languages

Westphalian language

Westphalian or Westfalish (Standard High German: Westfälisch, Standard Dutch: Westfaals) is one of the major dialect groups of Low German.

See Languages of Europe and Westphalian language

Wilamowice

Wilamowice (earlier Willamowice; Wilmesau; Wymysoü) is a rural town in southern Poland, situated in the Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship.

See Languages of Europe and Wilamowice

Wymysorys language

Wymysorys (Wymysiöeryś), also known as Vilamovian or Wilamowicean, is a West Germanic language spoken by the Vilamovian ethnic minority in the town of Wilamowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland (Wymysoü in Wymysorys), on the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland, near Bielsko-Biała.

See Languages of Europe and Wymysorys language

Yenish language

Yenish (French:, German) is a variety of German spoken by the Yenish people, former nomads living mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Alsace and other parts of France.

See Languages of Europe and Yenish language

Yevanic language

Yevanic, also known as Judaeo-Greek, Romaniyot, Romaniote, and Yevanitika, is a Greek dialect formerly used by the Romaniotes and by the Constantinopolitan Karaites (in whose case the language is called Karaitika or Karaeo-Greek).

See Languages of Europe and Yevanic language

Yiddish

Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish or idish,,; ייִדיש-טײַטש, historically also Yidish-Taytsh) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews.

See Languages of Europe and Yiddish

Zakarpattia Oblast

Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Закарпатська область), also referred to as simply Zakarpattia (Закарпаття; Hungarian: Kárpátalja) or Transcarpathia in English, is an oblast in west Ukraine, mostly coterminous with the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia.

See Languages of Europe and Zakarpattia Oblast

Zaza language

Zaza or Zazaki is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zazas, who are commonly considered as Kurds, and in many cases identify as such.

See Languages of Europe and Zaza language

Zeelandic

Zeelandic (Zeêuws; Zeeuws; Zêeuws) is a group of language varieties spoken in the southwestern parts of the Netherlands.

See Languages of Europe and Zeelandic

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europe

Also known as Alphabetic list of living languages in Europe, European Languages, European language, Germanic-speaking Europe, Immigrant languages in Europe, Languages in Europe, List of European languages, List of languages in Europe, List of languages of Europe, List of living languages in Europe, Non-Indo-European languages of Europe, Romance-speaking Europe, Slavic-speaking Europe.

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or foreign language, English language, English language in Europe, Eo-Navia (comarca), Erzya language, Estonia, Estonian language, Ethnic groups in Europe, Ethnologue, Eupen-Malmedy, Eurobarometer, Eurolinguistics, Europe, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, European Day of Languages, European Russia, European Union, Eurostat, Extremaduran language, Faetar language, Fala language, Faroe Islands, Faroese language, Finland, Finnic languages, Finnish language, Finno-Permic languages, First language, Flemish dialects, Flemish Sign Language, Fraktur, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, France, Franco-Provençal, French colonial empire, French language, French Revolution, French Sign Language, French Sign Language family, Friesland, Frisian languages, Frisians, Friuli, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Friulian language, Fruitbearing Society, Gagauz language, Gagauzia, Galicia (Spain), Galician language, Galician–Portuguese, Galindian language, Gallo-Italic 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