Table of Contents
720 relations: Abaza language, Abkhaz language, Abkhazia, Abrogans, Abruzzo, Académie Française, Accademia della Crusca, Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester, Adolf Hitler, Adygea, Adyghe language, Aghul language, Akhvakh language, Albania, Albanian diaspora, Albanian language, Albanian Sign Language, Algerian Jewish Sign Language, Alghero, Alsace, American Sign Language, Ancient Greek, Andi language, Andorra, Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo-Saxons, Antiqua (typeface class), Aosta Valley, Apulia, Aquitanian language, Arabic, Arabs in Europe, Aragon, Aragonese language, Aranese dialect, Arbëresh language, Arcadia (regional unit), Archi language, Armenia, Armenian Cypriots, Armenian diaspora, Armenian language, Armenian Sign Language, Armenians in Austria, Armenians in Belarus, Armenians in Belgium, Armenians in Bulgaria, Armenians in France, Armenians in Germany, Armenians in Greece, ... Expand index (670 more) »
Abaza language
Abaza (абаза бызшва, abaza byzshwa; абазэбзэ) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by Abazins in Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Abaza language
Abkhaz language
Abkhaz, also known as Abkhazian, is a Northwest Caucasian language most closely related to Abaza.
See Languages of Europe and Abkhaz language
Abkhazia
Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Abkhazia
Abrogans
Abrogans, also German Abrogans or Codex Abrogans (St Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 911), is a Middle Latin–Old High German glossary, whose preserved copy in the Abbey Library of St Gall is regarded as the oldest preserved book in the German language.
See Languages of Europe and Abrogans
Abruzzo
Abruzzo (Abbrùzze, Abbrìzze or Abbrèzze; Abbrùzzu), historically known as Abruzzi, is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million.
See Languages of Europe and Abruzzo
Académie Française
The Académie Française, also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language.
See Languages of Europe and Académie Française
Accademia della Crusca
The, generally abbreviated as La Crusca, is a Florence-based society of scholars of Italian linguistics and philology.
See Languages of Europe and Accademia della Crusca
Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester
The Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester (Transnistria) is a formal administrative unit of Moldova established by the Government of Moldova to delineate the territory controlled by the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (commonly known as Transnistria).
See Languages of Europe and Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.
See Languages of Europe and Adolf Hitler
Adygea
The Republic of Adygea, also known as the Adygean Republic, is a republic of Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Adygea
Adyghe language
Adyghe (or; also known as West Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians.
See Languages of Europe and Adyghe language
Aghul language
Aghul is a Lezgic language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Aghul language
Akhvakh language
The Akhvakh language (also spelled Axvax, Akhwakh) is a Northeast Caucasian language from the Avar–Andic branch.
See Languages of Europe and Akhvakh language
Albania
Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Albania
Albanian diaspora
The Albanian diaspora (Mërgata Shqiptare or Diaspora Shqiptare) are the ethnic Albanians and their descendants living outside of Albania, Kosovo, southeastern Montenegro, western North Macedonia, southeastern Serbia, northwestern Greece and Southern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Albanian diaspora
Albanian language
Albanian (endonym: shqip, gjuha shqipe, or arbërisht) is an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group.
See Languages of Europe and Albanian language
Albanian Sign Language
Albanian Sign Language (AlbSL) is one of the deaf sign languages of Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Albanian Sign Language
Algerian Jewish Sign Language
Algerian Jewish Sign Language (AJSL), also known as Ghardaia Sign Language, is a moribund village sign language originally of Ghardaïa, Algeria that is now used in Israel and possibly also in France.
See Languages of Europe and Algerian Jewish Sign Language
Alghero
Alghero (L'Alguer; S'Alighèra; L'Aliera) is a city of about 45,000 inhabitants in the Italian province of Sassari in the north west of the island of Sardinia, next to the Mediterranean Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Alghero
Alsace
Alsace (Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss ˈɛlsɑs; German: Elsass (German spelling before 1996: Elsaß.) ˈɛlzas ⓘ; Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.
See Languages of Europe and Alsace
American Sign Language
American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada.
See Languages of Europe and American Sign Language
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Languages of Europe and Ancient Greek
Andi language
Andi is a Northeast Caucasian language belonging to the Avar–Andic branch spoken by about 5,800 ethnic Andi (2010) in the Botlikh region of Dagestan.
See Languages of Europe and Andi language
Andorra
Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south.
See Languages of Europe and Andorra
Anglo-Frisian languages
The Anglo-Frisian languages are the Anglic (English, Scots, Fingallian†, and Yola†) and Frisian (North Frisian, East Frisian, and West Frisian) varieties of the West Germanic languages.
See Languages of Europe and Anglo-Frisian languages
Anglo-Saxons
The Anglo-Saxons, the English or Saxons of Britain, were a cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.
See Languages of Europe and Anglo-Saxons
Antiqua (typeface class)
Antiqua is a style of typeface used to mimic styles of handwriting or calligraphy common during the 15th and 16th centuries.
See Languages of Europe and Antiqua (typeface class)
Aosta Valley
The Aosta Valley (Valle d'Aosta; Vallée d'Aoste; Val d'Aoûta) is a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Aosta Valley
Apulia
Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south.
See Languages of Europe and Apulia
Aquitanian language
The Aquitanian language was the language of the ancient Aquitani, spoken on both sides of the western Pyrenees in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, in the region later known as Gascony) and in the areas south of the Pyrenees in the valleys of the Basque Country before the Roman conquest.
See Languages of Europe and Aquitanian language
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
See Languages of Europe and Arabic
Arabs in Europe
Arabs in Europe are people of Arab descent living in Europe today and over the centuries.
See Languages of Europe and Arabs in Europe
Aragon
Aragon (Spanish and Aragón; Aragó) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.
See Languages of Europe and Aragon
Aragonese language
Aragonese (in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça.
See Languages of Europe and Aragonese language
Aranese dialect
Aranese (aranés) is a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language spoken in the Val d'Aran, in northwestern Catalonia close to the Spanish border with France, where it is one of the three official languages beside Catalan and Spanish.
See Languages of Europe and Aranese dialect
Arbëresh language
Arbëresh (also known as Arbërisht) is the variety of Albanian spoken by the Arbëreshë people of Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Arbëresh language
Arcadia (regional unit)
Arcadia (Arkadía) is one of the regional units of Greece.
See Languages of Europe and Arcadia (regional unit)
Archi language
Archi is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Archis in the village of Archib, southern Dagestan, Russia, and the six surrounding smaller villages.
See Languages of Europe and Archi language
Armenia
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Armenia
Armenian Cypriots
Armenian Cypriots (translit; translit; Kıbrıs Ermenileri) are the ethnic Armenian population native to Cyprus.
See Languages of Europe and Armenian Cypriots
Armenian diaspora
The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population.
See Languages of Europe and Armenian diaspora
Armenian language
Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.
See Languages of Europe and Armenian language
Armenian Sign Language
Armenian Sign Language is the deaf sign language of Armenia.
See Languages of Europe and Armenian Sign Language
Armenians in Austria
Armenians in Austria refers to ethnic Armenians living in Austria.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Austria
Armenians in Belarus
Armenians in Belarus refers to ethnic Armenians living in Belarus.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Belarus
Armenians in Belgium
Armenians in Belgium are citizens of Belgium of Armenian ancestry.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Belgium
Armenians in Bulgaria
Armenians in Bulgaria are the fifth largest minority, after Russians, in the country, numbering 6,552 according to the 2011 census, down from 10,832 in 2001, while Armenian organizations estimate up to 80,000.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Bulgaria
Armenians in France
Armenians in France (translit; Arméniens de France) are French citizens of Armenian ancestry.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in France
Armenians in Germany
Armenians in Germany are ethnic Armenians living within the modern republic of Germany.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Germany
Armenians in Greece
The Armenians in Greece (translit) are Greek citizens of Armenian descent.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Greece
Armenians in Hungary
Armenians in Hungary (magyarországi örmények) are ethnic Armenians living in Hungary.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Hungary
Armenians in Moldova
Armenians in Moldova are the ethnic Armenians that live in Moldova.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Moldova
Armenians in Poland
Armenians in Poland are one of nine legally recognized national minorities in Poland, their historical presence is going back to the Middle Ages.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Poland
Armenians in Russia
Armenians in Russia or Russian Armenians are one of the country's largest ethnic minorities and the largest Armenian diaspora community outside Armenia.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Russia
Armenians in Spain
Armenians in Spain refers to ethnic Armenians living in Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Spain
Armenians in Sweden
Armenians in Sweden are Armenians immigrants and their descendants living in Sweden.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Sweden
Armenians in Switzerland
Swiss-Armenians are citizens of Switzerland of Armenian ancestry.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Switzerland
Armenians in the Czech Republic
Armenians in the Czech Republic are ethnic Armenians living in the modern Czech Republic. As of 2018, there were 1,879 Armenian citizen with a residence permit in the Czech Republic.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in the Czech Republic
Armenians in the Netherlands
Armenians in the Netherlands (Armeniërs in Nederland; translit), also Dutch Armenians (Nederlandse Armenen) or Armenian Dutch (Armeense Nederlanders), are the ethnic Armenians living in the Netherlands.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in the Netherlands
Armenians in the United Kingdom
The Armenian community of the United Kingdom consists mainly of British citizens who are fully or partially of Armenian descent.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in the United Kingdom
Armenians in Ukraine
Armenians in Ukraine are ethnic Armenians who live in Ukraine.
See Languages of Europe and Armenians in Ukraine
Aromanian language
The Aromanian language (limba armãneascã, limba armãnã, armãneashti, armãneashte, armãneashci, armãneashce or limba rãmãneascã, limba rãmãnã, rrãmãneshti), also known as Vlach or Macedo-Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian and Romanian, spoken in Southeastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Aromanian language
Arvanitika
Arvanitika (Arvanitika: αρbε̰ρίσ̈τ,; Greek: αρβανίτικα), also known as Arvanitic, is the variety of Albanian traditionally spoken by the Arvanites, a population group in Greece.
See Languages of Europe and Arvanitika
Assyrian people
Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Assyrian people
Astrakhan Oblast
Astrakhan Oblast (Astrakhanskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southern Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Astrakhan Oblast
Asturian language
Asturian (asturianu),Art.
See Languages of Europe and Asturian language
Asturias
Asturias (Asturies) officially the Principality of Asturias, (Principado de Asturias; Principáu d'Asturies; Galician–Asturian: Principao d'Asturias) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Asturias
Asturleonese language
Asturleonese (Astur-Leonese; Asturlleonés; Asturleonés; Asturo-leonês; Asturlhionés) is a Romance language or language family spoken in northwestern Spain and northeastern Portugal, namely in the historical regions and Spain's modern-day autonomous communities of Asturias, northwestern Castile and León, Cantabria and Extremadura, and in Riudenore and Tierra de Miranda in Portugal.
See Languages of Europe and Asturleonese language
Attic Greek
Attic Greek is the Greek dialect of the ancient region of Attica, including the polis of Athens.
See Languages of Europe and Attic Greek
Atyrau Region
Atyrau Region (translit; Атырауская область) formerly known as Guryev Region until 1991, is one of the regions of Kazakhstan, in the west of the country around the northeast of the Caspian Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Atyrau Region
Auslan
Auslan (Australian Sign Language) is the sign language used by the majority of the Australian Deaf community.
See Languages of Europe and Auslan
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.
See Languages of Europe and Australia
Austria
Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.
See Languages of Europe and Austria
Avar language
Avar (магӏарул мацӏ,, "language of the mountains" or авар мацӏ,, "Avar language"), also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan.
See Languages of Europe and Avar language
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani diaspora
The Azerbaijani diaspora are the communities of Azerbaijanis living outside the places of their ethnic origin: Azerbaijan and the Iranian region of Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Azerbaijani diaspora
Azerbaijani language
Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch.
See Languages of Europe and Azerbaijani language
Åland
Åland (Ahvenanmaa) is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland.
See Languages of Europe and Åland
Bagvalal language
The Bagvalal language (Bagulal) is an Avar–Andic language spoken by the Bagvalals in southwestern Dagestan, Russia, along the right bank of the river Andi-Koisu and the surrounding hills, near the Georgian border.
See Languages of Europe and Bagvalal language
Balearic Islands
The Balearic Islands (Illes Balears; Islas Baleares or) are an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.
See Languages of Europe and Balearic Islands
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
See Languages of Europe and Balkans
Baltic languages
The Baltic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5–7.0 million people mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Baltic languages
Baltic states
The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
See Languages of Europe and Baltic states
Bangladeshi diaspora
The Bangladeshi diaspora (প্রবাসী বাংলাদেশী) are people of Bangladeshi birth, descent or origin who live outside of Bangladesh.
See Languages of Europe and Bangladeshi diaspora
BANZSL
British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language (BANZSL) is the language of which British Sign Language (BSL), Auslan and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) may be considered dialects.
See Languages of Europe and BANZSL
Bashkir language
Bashkir or Bashkort (translit) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch.
See Languages of Europe and Bashkir language
Bashkortostan
Bashkortostan or Bashkiria, officially the Republic of Bashkortostan, is a republic of Russia between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Bashkortostan
Basilicata
Basilicata, also known by its ancient name Lucania, is an administrative region in Southern Italy, bordering on Campania to the west, Apulia to the north and east, and Calabria to the south.
See Languages of Europe and Basilicata
Basque Country (autonomous community)
The Basque Country (Euskadi; País Vasco), also called the Basque Autonomous Community, is an autonomous community in northern Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Basque Country (autonomous community)
Basque Country (greater region)
The Basque Country (Euskal Herria; País Vasco; Pays basque) is the name given to the home of the Basque people.
See Languages of Europe and Basque Country (greater region)
Basque language
Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.
See Languages of Europe and Basque language
Basques
The Basques (or; euskaldunak; vascos; basques) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians.
See Languages of Europe and Basques
Bats language
Bats (Batsbur Mott or Batsba Moṭṭ, also Batsi, Batsbi, Batsb, Batsaw, or Tsova-Tush) is the endangered language of the Bats people, a North Caucasian minority group.
See Languages of Europe and Bats language
Bavarian language
Bavarian (Bairisch; Bavarian: Boarisch or Boirisch), alternately Austro-Bavarian, is a major group of Upper German varieties spoken in the south-east of the German language area, including the German state of Bavaria, most of Austria and the Italian region of South Tyrol.
See Languages of Europe and Bavarian language
Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Belarus
Belarusian language
Belarusian (label) is an East Slavic language.
See Languages of Europe and Belarusian language
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Belgium
Bell Beaker culture
The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC.
See Languages of Europe and Bell Beaker culture
Bengali–Assamese languages
The Assamese-Bengali languages (also Gauda–Kamarupa languages) is a grouping of several languages in the eastern Indian subcontinent.
See Languages of Europe and Bengali–Assamese languages
Bengalis
Bengalis (বাঙ্গালী, বাঙালি), also rendered as endonym Bangali, are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the Bengal region of South Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Bengalis
Berbers
Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.
See Languages of Europe and Berbers
Bezhta language
The Bezhta (or Bezheta) language (Bezhta: бежкьалас миц, bežƛʼalas mic, beƶⱡʼalas mic), also known as Kapucha (from the name of a large village), belongs to the Tsezic group of the North Caucasian language family.
See Languages of Europe and Bezhta language
Bible translations
The Bible has been translated into many languages from the biblical languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek.
See Languages of Europe and Bible translations
Borrowing (linguistics)
In linguistics, borrowing is a type of language change in which a language or dialect undergoes change as a result of contact with another language or dialect.
See Languages of Europe and Borrowing (linguistics)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.
See Languages of Europe and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian language
Bosnian (bosanski / босански), sometimes referred to as Bosniak language, is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by ethnic Bosniaks.
See Languages of Europe and Bosnian language
Botlikh language
Botlikh (also spelled Botlix) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken by the Botlikhs in the Buikhe and Ashino villages in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 5,000 people, according to the 2020 census.
See Languages of Europe and Botlikh language
Boundaries between the continents
Determining the boundaries between the continents is generally a matter of geographical convention.
See Languages of Europe and Boundaries between the continents
Brandenburg
Brandenburg, officially the State of Brandenburg (see Names), is a state in northeastern Germany.
See Languages of Europe and Brandenburg
Breton language
Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language group spoken in Brittany, part of modern-day France.
See Languages of Europe and Breton language
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
See Languages of Europe and British Empire
British Indians
British Indians are citizens of the United Kingdom (UK) whose ancestral roots are from India.
See Languages of Europe and British Indians
British Pakistanis
British Pakistanis (بَرِطانِیہ میں مُقِیمپاکِسْتانِی; also known as Pakistani British people or Pakistani Britons) are Britons or residents of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in Pakistan.
See Languages of Europe and British Pakistanis
British Punjabis
British Punjabis are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose heritage originates wholly or partly in the Punjab, a region in the Indian subcontinent, which is divided between India and Pakistan.
See Languages of Europe and British Punjabis
British Sign Language
British Sign Language (BSL) is a sign language used in the United Kingdom and is the first or preferred language among the deaf community in the UK.
See Languages of Europe and British Sign Language
British Turks
British Turks (Britanyalı Türkler) or Turks in the United Kingdom (Birleşik Krallık'taki Türkler) are Turkish people who have immigrated to the United Kingdom.
See Languages of Europe and British Turks
Brittany
Brittany (Bretagne,; Breizh,; Gallo: Bertaèyn or Bertègn) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.
See Languages of Europe and Brittany
Brittonic languages
The Brittonic languages (also Brythonic or British Celtic; ieithoedd Brythonaidd/Prydeinig; yethow brythonek/predennek; and yezhoù predenek) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family; the other is Goidelic.
See Languages of Europe and Brittonic languages
Bronze Age Europe
The European Bronze Age is characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements.
See Languages of Europe and Bronze Age Europe
Bulgaria
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Bulgaria
Bulgarian language
Bulgarian (bŭlgarski ezik) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.
See Languages of Europe and Bulgarian language
Burgenland
Burgenland (Őrvidék; Gradišće; Austro-Bavarian: Burgnland; Slovene: Gradiščanska; Hradsko) is the easternmost and least populous state of Austria.
See Languages of Europe and Burgenland
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Languages of Europe and Byzantine Empire
Calabria
Calabria is a region in southern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Calabria
Calabrian Greek
Calabrian Greek (endonym: / Γκραίκο; Grecanico. F. Violi, Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico, Apodiafàzzi, Reggio Calabria, 1997. Paolo Martino, L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977 Filippo Violi, Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica, C.S.E.
See Languages of Europe and Calabrian Greek
Calasetta
Calasetta (Ligurian: Câdesédda) is a small town (population 2,919) and comune located on the island of Sant'Antioco, off the Southwestern coast of Sardinia, Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Calasetta
Campania
Campania is an administrative region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri.
See Languages of Europe and Campania
Campidanese Sardinian
Campidanese Sardinian (sardu campidanesu, sardo campidanese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative of all the Romance languages.
See Languages of Europe and Campidanese Sardinian
Canada
Canada is a country in North America.
See Languages of Europe and Canada
Cappadocian Greek
Cappadocian Greek (Καππαδοκικά, Καππαδοκική Διάλεκτος), also known as Cappadocian is a dialect of modern Greek, originally spoken in Cappadocia (modern-day Central Turkey) by the descendants of the Byzantine Greeks of Anatolia.
See Languages of Europe and Cappadocian Greek
Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.
See Languages of Europe and Cardinal Richelieu
Carloforte
Carloforte (U Pàize in Ligurian, literally: the village, the town) is a fishing and resort town located on Isola di San Pietro (Saint Peter's Island), approximately off the southwestern coast of Sardinia, in the Province of South Sardinia, Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Carloforte
Catalan language
Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.
See Languages of Europe and Catalan language
Catalonia
Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.
See Languages of Europe and Catalonia
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Languages of Europe and Catholic Church
Catholic Monarchs of Spain
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Catholic Monarchs of Spain
Caucasian Sign Language
Armenian Woman's Sign Language, also known as Caucasian Sign Language or ("bride's language"), is an indigenous sign language of Armenia.
See Languages of Europe and Caucasian Sign Language
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Caucasus
Caucasus Greeks
The Caucasus Greeks (Έλληνες τουΚαυκάσουor more commonly Καυκάσιοι Έλληνες, Kafkas Rum), also known as the Greeks of Transcaucasia and Russian Asia Minor, are the ethnic Greeks of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia in what is now southwestern Russia, Georgia, and northeastern Turkey.
See Languages of Europe and Caucasus Greeks
Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic.
See Languages of Europe and Celtic languages
Celtic nations
The Celtic nations or Celtic countries are a cultural area and collection of geographical regions in Northwestern Europe where the Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived.
See Languages of Europe and Celtic nations
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
See Languages of Europe and Central Asia
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Central Europe
Central German
Central German or Middle German (mitteldeutsche Dialekte, mitteldeutsche Mundarten, Mitteldeutsch) is a group of High German languages spoken from the Rhineland in the west to the former eastern territories of Germany.
See Languages of Europe and Central German
Chamalal language
Chamalal (also called Camalal or Chamalin) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 500 ethnic Chamalals.
See Languages of Europe and Chamalal language
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles IV (Karel IV.; Karl IV.; Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378Karl IV. In: (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F–K. 38, Frankfurt 1963, p. 294), also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.
See Languages of Europe and Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Chechen language
Chechen (Нохчийн мотт, Noxçiyn mott) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of Europe, Jordan, Austria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) and Georgia.
See Languages of Europe and Chechen language
Chechnya
Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Chechnya
Chinese language
Chinese is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China.
See Languages of Europe and Chinese language
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
See Languages of Europe and Christopher Columbus
Church Slavonic
Church Slavonic is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia.
See Languages of Europe and Church Slavonic
Chuvash language
Chuvash (Чӑвашла) is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas.
See Languages of Europe and Chuvash language
Chuvashia
Chuvashia (Чувашия; Çăvaš Jen), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Chuvashia
Cimbrian language
Cimbrian (zimbar,; Zimbrisch; cimbro) is any of several local Upper German varieties spoken in parts of the Italian regions of Trentino and Veneto.
See Languages of Europe and Cimbrian language
Colognian
Colognian or Kölsch (natively Kölsch Platt) is a small set of very closely related dialects, or variants, of the Ripuarian group of dialects of the Central German group.
See Languages of Europe and Colognian
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline used to describe achievements of learners of foreign languages across Europe and, increasingly, in other countries.
See Languages of Europe and Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque
The communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque (Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa., "agglomeration community of the Basque Country"), is the agglomeration community (federation of communes), centred on the cities of Bayonne and Biarritz.
See Languages of Europe and Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque
Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
Standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian are different national variants and official registers of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language.
See Languages of Europe and Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
Constitution of Kosovo
The Constitution of Kosovo (Kushtetuta e Kosovës, Ustav Kosova) is the supreme law (article 16) of the Republic of Kosovo, a territory of unresolved political status.
See Languages of Europe and Constitution of Kosovo
Contemporary Latin
Contemporary Latin is the form of the Literary Latin used since the end of the 19th century.
See Languages of Europe and Contemporary Latin
Continental Celtic languages
The Continental Celtic languages are the now-extinct group of the Celtic languages that were spoken on the continent of Europe and in central Anatolia, as distinguished from the Insular Celtic languages of the British Isles and Brittany.
See Languages of Europe and Continental Celtic languages
Cornish language
Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family.
See Languages of Europe and Cornish language
Cornwall
Cornwall (Kernow;; or) is a ceremonial county in South West England.
See Languages of Europe and Cornwall
Corsica
Corsica (Corse; Còrsega) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.
See Languages of Europe and Corsica
Corsican language
Corsican (endonym: corsu; full name: lingua corsa) is a Romance language consisting of the continuum of the Italo-Dalmatian dialects spoken on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, France, and in the northern regions of the island of Sardinia, Italy, located due south.
See Languages of Europe and Corsican language
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Council of Europe
County Donegal
County Donegal (Contae Dhún na nGall) is a county of Ireland in the province of Ulster and in the Northern and Western Region.
See Languages of Europe and County Donegal
Cretan Greek
Cretan Greek, or the Cretan dialect (Κρητική Διάλεκτος), is a variety of Modern Greek spoken in Crete and by the Cretan diaspora.
See Languages of Europe and Cretan Greek
Crimea
Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov.
See Languages of Europe and Crimea
Crimean Tatar language
Crimean Tatar, also called Crimean, is a moribund Kipchak Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada.
See Languages of Europe and Crimean Tatar language
Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Croatia
Croatian language
Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats.
See Languages of Europe and Croatian language
Crusader states
The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities that existed in the Levant from 1098 to 1291.
See Languages of Europe and Crusader states
Curonian language
The Curonian language (Kurisch; kuršu valoda; kuršių kalba), or Old Curonian, was a Baltic language spoken by the Curonians, a Baltic tribe who inhabited Courland (now western Latvia and northwestern Lithuania).
See Languages of Europe and Curonian language
Cypriot Arabic
Cypriot Arabic (العربية القبرصية), also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic or Sanna is a moribund variety of Arabic spoken by the Maronite community of Cyprus.
See Languages of Europe and Cypriot Arabic
Cypriot Greek
Cypriot Greek (κυπριακή ελληνική or κυπριακά) is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora.
See Languages of Europe and Cypriot Greek
Cyprus
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Cyprus
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.
See Languages of Europe and Cyrillic script
Czech language
Czech (čeština), historically also known as Bohemian (lingua Bohemica), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.
See Languages of Europe and Czech language
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Czech Republic
Dagestan
Dagestan (Дагестан), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Dagestan
Dalmatian language
Dalmatian or Dalmatic (dalmatico, dalmatski) was a group of Romance varieties that developed along the coast of Dalmatia.
See Languages of Europe and Dalmatian language
Danish language
Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark.
See Languages of Europe and Danish language
Dargwa language
Dargwa (дарган мез, dargan mez) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan.
See Languages of Europe and Dargwa language
Delian League
The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states, numbering between 150 and 330, founded in 478 BC under the leadership (hegemony) of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.
See Languages of Europe and Delian League
Demographics of Europe
Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe's boundaries.
See Languages of Europe and Demographics of Europe
Denmark
Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Denmark
Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture
The Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture (DG EAC; formerly the Directorate-General for Education and Culture) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.
See Languages of Europe and Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture
Domari language
Domari is an endangered Indo-Aryan language, spoken by Dom people scattered across the Middle East and North Africa.
See Languages of Europe and Domari language
Doric Greek
Doric or Dorian (Dōrismós), also known as West Greek, was a group of Ancient Greek dialects; its varieties are divided into the Doric proper and Northwest Doric subgroups.
See Languages of Europe and Doric Greek
Dutch dialects
Dutch dialects are primarily the dialects that are both cognate with the Dutch language and spoken in the same language area as the Dutch standard language.
See Languages of Europe and Dutch dialects
Dutch language
Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.
See Languages of Europe and Dutch language
Dutch Sign Language
Dutch Sign Language (Nederlandse Gebarentaal or NGT; Sign Language of the Netherlands or SLN) is the predominant sign language used by deaf people in the Netherlands.
See Languages of Europe and Dutch Sign Language
Early modern period
The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.
See Languages of Europe and Early modern period
East Franconian German
East Franconian (Ostfränkisch) or Mainfränkisch, usually referred to as Franconian (Fränkisch) in German, is a dialect spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Würzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, Meiningen, Bad Mergentheim, and Crailsheim.
See Languages of Europe and East Franconian German
East Frisian language
East Frisian is one of the Frisian languages.
See Languages of Europe and East Frisian language
East Germanic languages
The East Germanic languages, also called the Oder-Vistula Germanic languages, are a group of extinct Germanic languages that were spoken by East Germanic peoples.
See Languages of Europe and East Germanic languages
East Low German
East Low German (ostniederdeutsche Dialekte, ostniederdeutsche Mundarten, Ostniederdeutsch) is a group of Low German dialects spoken in north-eastern Germany as well as by minorities in northern Poland.
See Languages of Europe and East Low German
East Slavic languages
The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages, distinct from the West and South Slavic languages.
See Languages of Europe and East Slavic languages
East Thrace
East Thrace or eastern Thrace (Doğu Trakya or simply Trakya; Anatolikí Thráki; Iztochna Trakiya), also known as Turkish Thrace or European Turkey, is the part of Turkey that is geographically a part of Southeast Europe.
See Languages of Europe and East Thrace
Eastern Aramaic languages
Eastern Aramaic refers to a group of dialects that evolved historically from the varieties of Aramaic spoken in the core territories of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq, southeastern Turkey and parts of northeastern Syria) and further expanded into northern Syria, eastern Arabia and northwestern Iran.
See Languages of Europe and Eastern Aramaic languages
Eastern Armenian
Eastern Armenian is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Western Armenian.
See Languages of Europe and Eastern Armenian
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
See Languages of Europe and Eastern Europe
Eastern Romance languages
The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages.
See Languages of Europe and Eastern Romance languages
Ecclesiastical Latin
Ecclesiastical Latin, also called Church Latin or Liturgical Latin, is a form of Latin developed to discuss Christian thought in Late antiquity and used in Christian liturgy, theology, and church administration to the present day, especially in the Catholic Church.
See Languages of Europe and Ecclesiastical Latin
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Egypt
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language.
See Languages of Europe and Egyptian hieroglyphs
El Bierzo
El Bierzo (or El Bierzu; O Bierzo) is a comarca in the province of León, Spain.
See Languages of Europe and El Bierzo
Elfdalian
Elfdalian or Övdalian (övdalsk or övdalską, in Elfdalian, älvdalska or älvdalsmål in Swedish) is a North Germanic language spoken by up to 3,000 people who live or have grown up in the locality of Älvdalen (Övdaln), which is located in the southeastern part of Älvdalen Municipality in northern Dalarna, Sweden.
See Languages of Europe and Elfdalian
Emilian dialects
Emilian (Reggian, Parmesan and Modenese: emigliân, Bolognese: emigliàn; emiliano) is a Gallo-Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the western part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Emilian dialects
English as a second or foreign language
English as a second or foreign language refers to the use of English by individuals whose native language is different, commonly among students learning to speak and write English.
See Languages of Europe and English as a second or foreign language
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
See Languages of Europe and English language
English language in Europe
The English language in Europe, as a native language, is mainly spoken in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
See Languages of Europe and English language in Europe
Eo-Navia (comarca)
Eo-Navia is one of eight comarca administrative divisions of the province and autonomous community of Asturias in Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Eo-Navia (comarca)
Erzya language
The Erzya language (эрзянь кель), also Erzian or historically Arisa, is spoken by approximately 300,000 people in the northern, eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent regions of Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Erzya language
Estonia
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Estonia
Estonian language
Estonian (eesti keel) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family.
See Languages of Europe and Estonian language
Ethnic groups in Europe
Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Ethnic groups in Europe
Ethnologue
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.
See Languages of Europe and Ethnologue
Eupen-Malmedy
Eupen-Malmedy is a small, predominantly German-speaking region in eastern Belgium.
See Languages of Europe and Eupen-Malmedy
Eurobarometer
Eurobarometer is a series of public opinion surveys conducted regularly on behalf of the European Commission and other EU institutions since 1973.
See Languages of Europe and Eurobarometer
Eurolinguistics
Eurolinguistics is a neologistic term for the study of the languages of Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Eurolinguistics
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
See Languages of Europe and Europe
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
See Languages of Europe and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
European Day of Languages
The European Day of Languages is observed on 26 September, as proclaimed by the Council of Europe on 6 December 2001, at the end of the European Year of Languages (2001), which had been jointly organised by the Council of Europe and the European Union.
See Languages of Europe and European Day of Languages
European Russia
European Russia is the western and most populated part of the Russian Federation.
See Languages of Europe and European Russia
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
See Languages of Europe and European Union
Eurostat
Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
See Languages of Europe and Eurostat
Extremaduran language
Extremaduran (estremeñu, extremeño) is a group of vernacular Romance dialects, related to the Asturleonese language, spoken in Extremadura and adjoining areas in the province of Salamanca.
See Languages of Europe and Extremaduran language
Faetar language
Faetar, fully known as Faetar–Cigliàje (Italian: Faetano–Cellese), is a variety of the Franco-Provençal language that is spoken in two small communities in Foggia, Italy: Faeto and Celle di San Vito, as well as émigré communities in Ontario, Canada (primarily Toronto and Brantford).
See Languages of Europe and Faetar language
Fala language
Fala ("Speech", also called Xalimego) is a Western Romance language commonly classified in the Galician-Portuguese subgroup, with some traits from Leonese, spoken in Spain by about 10,500 people, of whom 5,500 live in a valley of the northwestern part of Extremadura near the border with Portugal.
See Languages of Europe and Fala language
Faroe Islands
The Faroe or Faeroe Islands, or simply the Faroes (Føroyar,; Færøerne), are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean and an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.
See Languages of Europe and Faroe Islands
Faroese language
Faroese is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of which 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere.
See Languages of Europe and Faroese language
Finland
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Finland
Finnic languages
The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples.
See Languages of Europe and Finnic languages
Finnish language
Finnish (endonym: suomi or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland.
See Languages of Europe and Finnish language
Finno-Permic languages
The Finno-Permic or Finno-Permian languages, sometimes just Finnic or Fennic languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprise the Balto-Finnic languages, Sámi languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages.
See Languages of Europe and Finno-Permic languages
First language
A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.
See Languages of Europe and First language
Flemish dialects
Flemish (Vlaams) is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language.
See Languages of Europe and Flemish dialects
Flemish Sign Language
Flemish Sign Language (Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT) is a deaf sign language of Belgium.
See Languages of Europe and Flemish Sign Language
Fraktur
Fraktur is a calligraphic hand of the Latin alphabet and any of several blackletter typefaces derived from this hand.
See Languages of Europe and Fraktur
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) is a multilateral treaty of the Council of Europe aimed at protecting the rights of minorities.
See Languages of Europe and Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
See Languages of Europe and France
Franco-Provençal
Franco-Provençal (also Francoprovençal, Patois or Arpitan) is a language within the Gallo-Romance family, originally spoken in east-central France, western Switzerland and northwestern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Franco-Provençal
French colonial empire
The French colonial empire comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.
See Languages of Europe and French colonial empire
French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
See Languages of Europe and French language
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
See Languages of Europe and French Revolution
French Sign Language
French Sign Language (langue des signes française, LSF) is the sign language of the deaf in France and French-speaking parts of Switzerland.
See Languages of Europe and French Sign Language
French Sign Language family
The French Sign Language (LSF, from) or Francosign family is a language family of sign languages which includes French Sign Language and American Sign Language.
See Languages of Europe and French Sign Language family
Friesland
Friesland (official Fryslân), historically and traditionally known as Frisia, named after the Frisians, is a province of the Netherlands located in the country's northern part.
See Languages of Europe and Friesland
Frisian languages
The Frisian languages are a closely related group of West Germanic languages, spoken by about 400,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany.
See Languages of Europe and Frisian languages
Frisians
The Frisians are an ethnic group indigenous to the coastal regions of the Netherlands, north-western Germany and southern Denmark, and during the Early Middle Ages in the north-western coastal zone of Flanders, Belgium.
See Languages of Europe and Frisians
Friuli
Friuli (Friûl; Friul or Friułi; Furlanija; Friaul) is a historical region of northeast Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Friuli
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia is one of the 20 regions of Italy and one of five autonomous regions with special statute.
See Languages of Europe and Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friulian language
Friulian or Friulan (natively or marilenghe; friulano; Furlanisch; furlanščina) is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance family, spoken in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Friulian language
Fruitbearing Society
The Fruitbearing Society (German Die Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft, lat. societas fructifera) was a German literary society founded in 1617 in Weimar by German scholars and nobility.
See Languages of Europe and Fruitbearing Society
Gagauz language
Gagauz (gagauz dili or gagauzça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people of Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey and it is an official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova.
See Languages of Europe and Gagauz language
Gagauzia
Gagauzia or Gagauz-Yeri, officially the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia (ATUG), is an autonomous territorial unit of Moldova.
See Languages of Europe and Gagauzia
Galicia (Spain)
Galicia (Galicia (officially) or Galiza; Galicia) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.
See Languages of Europe and Galicia (Spain)
Galician language
Galician (galego), also known as Galego, is a Western Ibero-Romance language.
See Languages of Europe and Galician language
Galician–Portuguese
Galician–Portuguese (lingua vulgar; galego–portugués or galaico–portugués; galego–português or galaico–português), also known as Old Galician–Portuguese, Old Galician or Old Portuguese, Medieval Galician or Medieval Portuguese when referring to the history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula.
See Languages of Europe and Galician–Portuguese
Galindian language
The term Galindian is sometimes ascribed to two separate Baltic languages, both of which were peripheral dialects.
See Languages of Europe and Galindian language
Gallo-Italic languages
The Gallo-Italic, Gallo-Italian, Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy: Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian, and Romagnol.
See Languages of Europe and Gallo-Italic languages
Gallo-Romance languages
The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal.
See Languages of Europe and Gallo-Romance languages
Gallurese
Gallurese (gadduresu) is a Romance dialect of the Italo-Dalmatian family spoken in the region of Gallura, northeastern Sardinia.
See Languages of Europe and Gallurese
Geographical distribution of German speakers
This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the German language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken.
See Languages of Europe and Geographical distribution of German speakers
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Georgia (country)
Georgian language
Georgian (ქართული ენა) is the most widely spoken Kartvelian language; it serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages.
See Languages of Europe and Georgian language
Gerhard Rohlfs
Gerhard Rohlfs (July 14, 1892 – September 12, 1986) was a German linguist.
See Languages of Europe and Gerhard Rohlfs
German dialects
German dialects are the various traditional local varieties of the German language.
See Languages of Europe and German dialects
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
See Languages of Europe and German language
German Sign Language
German Sign Language (DGS) is the sign language of the deaf community in Germany, Luxembourg and in the German-speaking community of Belgium.
See Languages of Europe and German Sign Language
German-speaking Switzerland
The German-speaking part of Switzerland (Deutschschweiz, Suisse alémanique, Svizzera tedesca, Svizra tudestga) comprises about 65 percent of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss Plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps).
See Languages of Europe and German-speaking Switzerland
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
See Languages of Europe and Germanic languages
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Germany
Gheg Albanian
Gheg or Geg (Gheg Albanian: gegnisht, Standard gegërisht) is one of the two major varieties of Albanian, the other being Tosk.
See Languages of Europe and Gheg Albanian
Gibraltar
Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).
See Languages of Europe and Gibraltar
Godoberi language
Godoberi (also rendered Ghodoberi; self-designation Ghibdilhi mittsi) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken by the Godoberi in southwestern Dagestan, Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Godoberi language
Goidelic languages
The Goidelic or Gaelic languages (teangacha Gaelacha; cànanan Goidhealach; çhengaghyn Gaelgagh) form one of the two groups of Insular Celtic languages, the other being the Brittonic languages.
See Languages of Europe and Goidelic languages
Gothic language
Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.
See Languages of Europe and Gothic language
Great Britain
Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.
See Languages of Europe and Great Britain
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Greece
Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.
See Languages of Europe and Greek alphabet
Greek diaspora
The Greek diaspora, also known as Omogenia (Omogéneia), are the communities of Greeks living outside of Greece and Cyprus.
See Languages of Europe and Greek diaspora
Greek East and Latin West
Greek East and Latin West are terms used to distinguish between the two parts of the Greco-Roman world and of medieval Christendom, specifically the eastern regions where Greek was the lingua franca (Greece, Anatolia, the southern Balkans, the Levant, and Egypt) and the western parts where Latin filled this role (Italy, Gaul, Hispania, North Africa, the northern Balkans, territories in Central Europe, and the British Isles).
See Languages of Europe and Greek East and Latin West
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Languages of Europe and Greek language
Griko language
Griko (endonym: /Γκρίκο), sometimes spelled Grico, is one of the two dialects of Italiot Greek (the other being Calabrian Greek or Grecanico), spoken by Griko people in Salento, province of Lecce, Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Griko language
Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region
Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region (Quba-Xaçmaz iqtisadi rayonu) is one of the 14 economic regions of Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region
Guernsey
Guernsey (Guernésiais: Guernési; Guernesey) is the second-largest island in the Channel Islands, located west of the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy.
See Languages of Europe and Guernsey
Gujarati language
Gujarati (label) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people.
See Languages of Europe and Gujarati language
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Hanseatic League
Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
See Languages of Europe and Hebrew language
Hellenic languages
Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek.
See Languages of Europe and Hellenic languages
High Franconian German
High Franconian or Upper Franconian (Oberfränkisch) is a part of High German consisting of East Franconian and South Franconian.
See Languages of Europe and High Franconian German
High German languages
The High German languages (hochdeutsche Mundarten, i.e. High German dialects), or simply High German (Hochdeutsch) – not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called "High German" – comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia).
See Languages of Europe and High German languages
Highest Alemannic German
Highest Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German and is often considered to be part of the German language, even though mutual intelligibility with Standard German and other non-Alemannic German dialects is very limited.
See Languages of Europe and Highest Alemannic German
Hinuq language
The Hinuq language (autonym: гьинузас мец hinuzas mec, also known as Hinukh, Hinux, Ginukh, or Ginux) is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Tsezic subgroup.
See Languages of Europe and Hinuq language
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
See Languages of Europe and Holy Roman Empire
Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, also known as the Hungarian conquest or the Hungarian land-taking, was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the Hungarians in Central Europe in the late 9th and early 10th century.
See Languages of Europe and Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Uralic language of the proposed Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries.
See Languages of Europe and Hungarian language
Hungary
Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Hungary
Hunzib language
Hunzib is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Hunzib people in southern Dagestan, near the Russian border with Georgia.
See Languages of Europe and Hunzib language
Iași
Iași (also known by other alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy, is the third largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County.
See Languages of Europe and Iași
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
See Languages of Europe and Iberian Peninsula
Iceland
Iceland (Ísland) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Iceland
Icelandic language
Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language.
See Languages of Europe and Icelandic language
Immigration to Europe
Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially after World War II.
See Languages of Europe and Immigration to Europe
Indo-Aryan languages
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.
See Languages of Europe and Indo-Aryan languages
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
See Languages of Europe and Indo-European languages
Ingrian language
Ingrian (inkeroin keeli), also called Izhorian (ižoran keeli), is a Finnic language spoken by the (mainly Orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria.
See Languages of Europe and Ingrian language
Ingush language
Ingush (Гӏалгӏай мотт,, pronounced) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 500,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya.
See Languages of Europe and Ingush language
Ingushetia
Ingushetia or Ingushetiya, officially the Republic of Ingushetia, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Ingushetia
Insular Celtic languages
Insular Celtic languages are the group of Celtic languages spoken in Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man.
See Languages of Europe and Insular Celtic languages
International recognition of Kosovo
International governments are divided on the issue of recognition of the independence of Kosovo from Serbia, which was declared in 2008.
See Languages of Europe and International recognition of Kosovo
Iranian diaspora
The Iranian diaspora, also known as Iranian expats, are Iranian citizens or people of Iranian descent living outside Iran.
See Languages of Europe and Iranian diaspora
Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
See Languages of Europe and Iranian languages
Ireland
Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Ireland
Irish language
Irish (Standard Irish: Gaeilge), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language group, which is a part of the Indo-European language family.
See Languages of Europe and Irish language
Irish Sign Language
Irish Sign Language (ISL, Teanga Chomharthaíochta na hÉireann) is the sign language of Ireland, used primarily in the Republic of Ireland.
See Languages of Europe and Irish Sign Language
Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (Mannin, also Ellan Vannin) or Mann, is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland.
See Languages of Europe and Isle of Man
ISO 639
ISO 639 is a standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) concerned with representation of languages and language groups.
See Languages of Europe and ISO 639
ISO 639 macrolanguage
A macrolanguage is a group of mutually intelligible speech varieties, or dialect continuum, that have no traditional name in common, and which may be considered distinct languages by their speakers.
See Languages of Europe and ISO 639 macrolanguage
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Israel
Istria County
Istria County (Istarska županija; Regione istriana, "Istrian Region") is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the majority of the Istrian peninsula.
See Languages of Europe and Istria County
Istriot language
The Istriot language (Lèngua Eîstriota) is a Romance language of the Italo-Dalmatian branch spoken by about 400 people in the southwestern part of the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, particularly in Rovinj and Vodnjan.
See Languages of Europe and Istriot language
Istro-Romanian language
The Istro-Romanian language (rumârește, vlășește) is an Eastern Romance language, spoken in a few villages and hamlets in the peninsula of Istria in Croatia, as well as in the diaspora of this people.
See Languages of Europe and Istro-Romanian language
Italian Empire
The Italian colonial empire (Impero coloniale italiano), also known as the Italian Empire (Impero italiano) between 1936 and 1941, was founded in Africa in the 19th century.
See Languages of Europe and Italian Empire
Italian fashion
Italy is one of the leading countries in fashion design, alongside France and the United Kingdom.
See Languages of Europe and Italian fashion
Italian language
Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.
See Languages of Europe and Italian language
Italian Sign Language
Italian Sign Language (LIS) is the visual language used by deaf people in Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Italian Sign Language
Italic languages
The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC.
See Languages of Europe and Italic languages
Italo-Dalmatian languages
The Italo-Dalmatian languages, or Central Romance languages, are a group of Romance languages spoken in Italy, Corsica (France), and formerly in Dalmatia (Croatia).
See Languages of Europe and Italo-Dalmatian languages
Italo-Western languages
Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages.
See Languages of Europe and Italo-Western languages
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Italy
Jersey
Jersey (label), officially known as the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west France.
See Languages of Europe and Jersey
Jewish languages
Jewish languages are the various languages and dialects that developed in Jewish communities in the diaspora.
See Languages of Europe and Jewish languages
Jireček Line
The Jireček Line is a conceptual boundary through the ancient Balkans that divides the influence of the Latin (in the north) and Greek (in the south) languages in the Roman Empire from antiquity until the 4th century.
See Languages of Europe and Jireček Line
Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Jordan
Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol, Hebrew script), also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish.
See Languages of Europe and Judaeo-Spanish
Judeo-Italian languages
Judeo-Italian (or Judaeo-Italian, Judæo-Italian, and other names including Italkian) is an endangered Jewish language, with only about 200 speakers in Italy and 250 total speakers today.
See Languages of Europe and Judeo-Italian languages
Judeo-Tat
Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (Cuhuri, Жугьури, ז׳אוּהאוּראִ) is a Judeo-Persian dialect of the Tat language historically spoken by the Mountain Jews, primarily in Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and today in Israel.
See Languages of Europe and Judeo-Tat
Kabardian language
Kabardian, also known as, is a Northwest Caucasian language, that is considered to be the east dialect of Adyghe language.
See Languages of Europe and Kabardian language
Kabardino-Balkaria
Kabardino-Balkaria (Кабарди́но-Балка́рия), officially the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus.
See Languages of Europe and Kabardino-Balkaria
Kabyle language
Kabyle or Kabylian (native name: Taqbaylit) is a Berber language (''tamazight'') spoken by the Kabyle people in the north and northeast of Algeria.
See Languages of Europe and Kabyle language
Kabyle people
The Kabyle people (Izwawen or Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen,, al-qabā'il) are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, east of Algiers.
See Languages of Europe and Kabyle people
Kaitag language
Kaitag (Kaitag:; also Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Kaitag language
Kalmyk Oirat
Kalmyk Oirat (Хальмг Өөрдин келн, Haľmg Öördin keln), commonly known as the Kalmyk language (Хальмг келн, Haľmg keln), is a variety of the Oirat language, natively spoken by the Kalmyk people of Kalmykia, a federal subject of Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Kalmyk Oirat
Kalmykia
Kalmykia, officially the Republic of Kalmykia, is a republic of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Kalmykia
Karachay-Balkar
Karachay–Balkar (Къарачай-Малкъар тил, Qaraçay-Malqar til), or Mountain Turkic (Таулу тил, page), is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey.
See Languages of Europe and Karachay-Balkar
Karachay-Cherkessia
Karachay-Cherkessia (Karachayevo-Cherkesiya), officially the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus.
See Languages of Europe and Karachay-Cherkessia
Karaim language
The Karaim language (Crimean dialect: къарай тили, qaray tili; Trakai dialect: karaj tili), also known by its Hebrew name Lashon Kedar (Hebrew:, “language of the nomads") is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak group, with Hebrew influences, similarly to Yiddish or Judaeo-Spanish.
See Languages of Europe and Karaim language
Karata-Tukita language
Karata (кӏкӏирлӏи) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in southern Dagestan, Russia by 260 Karata in 2010.
See Languages of Europe and Karata-Tukita language
Karelian language
Karelian (karjala, karjalan kieli|label.
See Languages of Europe and Karelian language
Kartvelian languages
The Kartvelian languages (tr; also known as South Caucasian, Kartvelic, and Iberian languagesBoeder (2002), p. 3) are a language family indigenous to the South Caucasus and spoken primarily in Georgia.
See Languages of Europe and Kartvelian languages
Kashubian language
Kashubian or Cassubian (kaszëbsczi jãzëk, język kaszubski) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.
See Languages of Europe and Kashubian language
Katharevousa
Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα,, literally "purifying ") is a conservative form of the Modern Greek language conceived in the late 18th century as both a literary language and a compromise between Ancient Greek and the contemporary vernacular, Demotic Greek.
See Languages of Europe and Katharevousa
Kazakh language
Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs.
See Languages of Europe and Kazakh language
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Kazakhstan
Khachmaz District
Khachmaz District (Xaçmaz rayonu; Хъачмаз район) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Khachmaz District
Khwarshi language
Khwarshi (also spelled Xvarshi, Khvarshi) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in the Tsumadinsky-, Kizilyurtovsky- and Khasavyurtovsky districts of Dagestan by the Khwarshi people.
See Languages of Europe and Khwarshi language
Kipchak languages
The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China.
See Languages of Europe and Kipchak languages
Knaanic language
Knaanic (also called Canaanic, Leshon Knaan, Judaeo-Czech, Judeo-Slavic) is a tentative name for a number of West Slavic dialects or registers formerly spoken by the Jews in the lands of the Western Slavs, notably the Czech lands, but also the lands of modern Poland, Lusatia, and other Sorbian regions.
See Languages of Europe and Knaanic language
Koine Greek
Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.
See Languages of Europe and Koine Greek
Komi language
Komi (label; Old Permic script: 𐍚𐍞𐍜𐍙 𐍚𐍯𐍮), also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (зыран коми кыв, 𐍗𐍯𐍛𐍐𐍝 𐍚𐍞𐍜𐍙 𐍚𐍯𐍮),.
See Languages of Europe and Komi language
Komi Republic
The Komi Republic (Республика Коми; Коми Республика), sometimes simply referred to as Komi, is a republic of Russia situated in the northeast of European Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Komi Republic
Kormakitis
Kormakitis (Cypriot Arabic: Kurmajit; Κορμακίτης, Kormakítis; Kormacit or Koruçam) is a small village in Cyprus.
See Languages of Europe and Kormakitis
Kruševo
Kruševo (Крушево; Crushuva "Crușuva") is a town in North Macedonia.
See Languages of Europe and Kruševo
Krymchak language
Krymchak (кърымчахтыльы, Qrımçah tılyı; also called Judeo-Crimean Tatar, Krimchak, Chagatai, Dzhagatay) is a moribund Turkic language spoken in Crimea by the Krymchak people.
See Languages of Europe and Krymchak language
Kubachi language
Kubachi (alternatively Kubachin) is a language in the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia, by Kubachi people.
See Languages of Europe and Kubachi language
Kumyk language
Kumyk (къумукъ тил,L. S. Levitskaya, "Kumyk language", in Languages of the world. Turkic languages (1997). qumuq til, قموق تیل) is a Turkic language spoken by about 426,212 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation.
See Languages of Europe and Kumyk language
Kurdish language
Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.
See Languages of Europe and Kurdish language
Kurdish population
The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.
See Languages of Europe and Kurdish population
Kurds
Kurds or Kurdish people (rtl, Kurd) are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.
See Languages of Europe and Kurds
Kurds in France
Kurds in France may refer to people born in or residing in France of full or partial Kurds origin.
See Languages of Europe and Kurds in France
Kurds in Germany
Kurds in Germany are residents or citizens of Germany of full or partial Kurdish origin.
See Languages of Europe and Kurds in Germany
Kurds in Sweden
Kurds in Sweden may refer to people born in or residing in the Sweden of Kurdish origin.
See Languages of Europe and Kurds in Sweden
Kurmanji
Kurmanji (lit), also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions.
See Languages of Europe and Kurmanji
Kven language
Kven (or; or; kveeni or kveenin kieli; kvensk) is a Finnic language or a group of Finnish dialects spoken in the northernmost parts of Norway by the Kven people.
See Languages of Europe and Kven language
Ladin language
Ladin (autonym: ladin; ladino; Ladinisch) is a Romance language of the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup, mainly spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in the provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino, and Belluno, by the Ladin people.
See Languages of Europe and Ladin language
Lak language
Lak (лакку маз) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family.
See Languages of Europe and Lak language
Language contact
Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other.
See Languages of Europe and Language contact
Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.
See Languages of Europe and Language family
Language isolate
A language isolate is a language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with any other languages.
See Languages of Europe and Language isolate
Languages of Africa
The number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect) at between 1,250 and 2,100, and by some counts at over 3,000.
See Languages of Europe and Languages of Africa
Languages of India
Languages spoken in the Republic of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians; both families together are sometimes known as Indic languages.
See Languages of Europe and Languages of India
Languages of Italy
The languages of Italy include Italian, which serves as the country's national language, in its standard and regional forms, as well as numerous local and regional languages, most of which, like Italian, belong to the broader Romance group.
See Languages of Europe and Languages of Italy
Languages of Switzerland
The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian, and Romansh.
See Languages of Europe and Languages of Switzerland
Languages of the Caucasus
The Caucasian languages comprise a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Languages of the Caucasus
Languages of the United Kingdom
English, in various dialects, is the most widely spoken language of the United Kingdom, but a number of regional and migrant languages are also spoken. Regional indigenous languages are Scots and Ulster Scots and the Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and, as a revived language with few speakers, Cornish.
See Languages of Europe and Languages of the United Kingdom
Langues d'oïl
The langues d'oïl (The diaeresis over the 'i' indicates the two vowels are sounded separately) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands.
See Languages of Europe and Langues d'oïl
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
See Languages of Europe and Late antiquity
Late Latin
Late Latin is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.
See Languages of Europe and Late Latin
Latgalian language
Latgalian (latgaliešu valoda) is an East Baltic language; it is sometimes considered a dialect of Latvian.
See Languages of Europe and Latgalian language
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Languages of Europe and Latin
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
See Languages of Europe and Latin alphabet
Latin script
The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.
See Languages of Europe and Latin script
Latin Union
The Latin Union is an international organization of nations that use Romance languages, whose activities have been suspended since 2012.
See Languages of Europe and Latin Union
Latvia
Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Latvia
Latvian language
Latvian (latviešu valoda), also known as Lettish, is an East Baltic language belonging to the Indo-European language family.
See Languages of Europe and Latvian language
Laz language
The Laz language or Lazuri is a Kartvelian language spoken by the Laz people on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Laz language
Lebanon
Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Lebanon
Leibniz Institute of European History
The Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG) in Mainz, Germany, is an independent, public research institute that carries out and promotes historical research on the foundations of Europe in the early and late Modern period.
See Languages of Europe and Leibniz Institute of European History
Leonidio
Leonidio (Λεωνίδιο, Katharevousa: Λεωνίδιον, Tsakonian: Αγιελήδι) is a town and a former municipality in Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece.
See Languages of Europe and Leonidio
Letterhead
A letterhead is the heading at the top of a sheet of letter paper (stationery).
See Languages of Europe and Letterhead
Lexicography
Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines.
See Languages of Europe and Lexicography
Lezgian language
Lezgian, also called Lezgi or Lezgin, is a Northeast Caucasian language.
See Languages of Europe and Lezgian language
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south.
See Languages of Europe and Liechtenstein
Liguria
Liguria (Ligûria) is a region of north-western Italy; its capital is Genoa.
See Languages of Europe and Liguria
Ligurian language
Ligurian (endonym: lìgure) or Genoese (endonym: zeneise or zeneize) is a Gallo-Italic language spoken primarily in the territories of the former Republic of Genoa, now comprising the area of Liguria in Northern Italy, parts of the Mediterranean coastal zone of France, Monaco (where it is called Monégasque), the village of Bonifacio in Corsica, and in the villages of Carloforte on San Pietro Island and Calasetta on Sant'Antioco Island off the coast of southwestern Sardinia.
See Languages of Europe and Ligurian language
Limassol
Limassol (Lemesós; Limasol or Leymosun) is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus and capital of the Limassol district.
See Languages of Europe and Limassol
Limba Sarda Comuna
Limba Sarda Comuna (LSC) is an orthography for the Sardinian language, created with the aim of transcribing the many variants of spoken Sardinian, with their distinctive characteristics, in the same way, and adopted experimentally in 2006 by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia for the official writing of its acts, jointly with Italian.
See Languages of Europe and Limba Sarda Comuna
Limburg (Belgium)
Limburg (Limburg,; Limburg or Wes-Limburg; Limbourg), also known as Belgian Limburg, is a province in Belgium.
See Languages of Europe and Limburg (Belgium)
Limburg (Netherlands)
Limburg, also known as Dutch Limburg, is the southernmost of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands.
See Languages of Europe and Limburg (Netherlands)
Limburgish
Limburgish (Limburgs or Lèmburgs; Limburgs; Limburgisch; Limbourgeois), also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic, is a West Germanic language spoken in Dutch Limburg, Belgian Limburg, and neighbouring regions of Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia).
See Languages of Europe and Limburgish
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
See Languages of Europe and Lingua franca
List of endangered languages in Europe
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers.
See Languages of Europe and List of endangered languages in Europe
List of languages by number of native speakers
Human languages ranked by their number of native speakers are as follows.
See Languages of Europe and List of languages by number of native speakers
List of languages by total number of speakers
This is a list of languages by total number of speakers.
See Languages of Europe and List of languages by total number of speakers
List of multilingual countries and regions
This is an incomplete list of areas with either multilingualism at the community level or at the personal level.
See Languages of Europe and List of multilingual countries and regions
List of sovereign states
The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty.
See Languages of Europe and List of sovereign states
List of transcontinental countries
This is a list of countries with territory that straddles more than one continent, known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states.
See Languages of Europe and List of transcontinental countries
Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Lithuania
Lithuanian language
Lithuanian is an East Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
See Languages of Europe and Lithuanian language
Livonian language
The Livonian language (līvõ kēļ or rāndakēļ) is a Finnic language whose native land is the Livonian Coast of the Gulf of Riga, located in the north of the Kurzeme peninsula in Latvia but also used to be spoken in the Salaca River valley.
See Languages of Europe and Livonian language
Logudorese Sardinian
Logudorese Sardinian (sardu logudoresu, sardo logudorese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative of all Romance languages.
See Languages of Europe and Logudorese Sardinian
Lombard language
The Lombard language (native name: lombard,Classical Milanese orthography, and. lumbard,Ticinese orthography. lumbartModern Western orthography and Classical Cremish Orthography. or lombart,Eastern unified orthography. depending on the orthography; pronunciation) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages and is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland, including most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden.
See Languages of Europe and Lombard language
Lombardy
Lombardy (Lombardia; Lombardia) is an administrative region of Italy that covers; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population.
See Languages of Europe and Lombardy
Lorraine
Lorraine, also,,; Lorrain: Louréne; Lorraine Franconian: Lottringe; Lothringen; Loutrengen; Lotharingen is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern France, now located in the administrative region of Grand Est.
See Languages of Europe and Lorraine
Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
See Languages of Europe and Louis XIV
Low Franconian
In historical and comparative linguistics, Low Franconian is a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary West Germanic varieties closely related to, and including, the Dutch language.
See Languages of Europe and Low Franconian
Low German
Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands.
See Languages of Europe and Low German
Low Saxon
Low Saxon (Nedersaksisch), also known as West Low German (Westniederdeutsch) are a group of Low German dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, northwestern Germany and southern Denmark (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority).
See Languages of Europe and Low Saxon
Lower Rhine region
The Lower Rhine region or Niederrhein is a region around the Lower Rhine section of the river Rhine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, between approximately Oberhausen and Krefeld in the East and the Dutch border around Kleve in the West.
See Languages of Europe and Lower Rhine region
Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony is a German state in northwestern Germany.
See Languages of Europe and Lower Saxony
Ludic language
Ludic, or Ludian, or Ludic Karelian (Luudi, Lyydi or lüüdi), is a Finnic language in the Uralic language family or a Karelian dialect.
See Languages of Europe and Ludic language
Lule Sámi
Lule Sámi (Julevsámegiella, Lulesamisk, Lulesamiska) is a Uralic, Sámi language spoken around the Lule River, Sweden, and in the northern parts of Nordland county in Norway, especially the Hamarøy (formerly Tysfjord) municipality, where Lule Sámi is an official language.
See Languages of Europe and Lule Sámi
Lusatia
Lusatia (Łużyce, Łužica, Łužyca, Lužice) is a historical region in Central Europe, territorially split between Germany and modern-day Poland.
See Languages of Europe and Lusatia
Luxembourg
Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Luxembourg
Luxembourgish
Luxembourgish (also Luxemburgish, Luxembourgian, Letzebu(e)rgesch; Lëtzebuergesch) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg.
See Languages of Europe and Luxembourgish
Macedonian language
Macedonian (македонски јазик) is an Eastern South Slavic language.
See Languages of Europe and Macedonian language
Malta
Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Malta
Maltese language
Maltese (Malti, also L-Ilsien Malti or Lingwa Maltija) is a Semitic language derived from late medieval Sicilian Arabic with Romance superstrata.
See Languages of Europe and Maltese language
Manx language
Manx (Gaelg or Gailck, or), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Gaelic language of the insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family.
See Languages of Europe and Manx language
Mari El
Mari El (Марий Эл; Марий Эл; Hill Mari), officially the Mari El Republic, is a republic of Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Mari El
Mari language
The Mari language (марий йылме,; p), formerly known as the Cheremiss language, spoken by approximately 400,000 people, belongs to the Uralic language family.
See Languages of Europe and Mari language
Maronites
Maronites (Al-Mawārinah; Marunoye) are a Syriac Christian ethnoreligious group native to the Eastern Mediterranean and Levant region of West Asia, whose members traditionally belong to the Maronite Church, with the largest concentration long residing near Mount Lebanon in modern Lebanon.
See Languages of Europe and Maronites
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV;; Mäkelborg-Vörpommern), also known by its anglicized name Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, is a state in the north-east of Germany.
See Languages of Europe and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Medieval Greek
Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
See Languages of Europe and Medieval Greek
Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
See Languages of Europe and Medieval Latin
Mediterranean Lingua Franca
The Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, was a contact language, or languages, that were used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th centuries.
See Languages of Europe and Mediterranean Lingua Franca
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Languages of Europe and Mediterranean Sea
Megleno-Romanian language
Megleno-Romanian (known as vlăhește by its speakers, and Megleno-Romanian or Meglenitic and sometimes Moglenitic or Meglinitic by linguists) is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Aromanian.
See Languages of Europe and Megleno-Romanian language
Middle Low German
Middle Low German (Middelsassisk, label, label or label, italics, italics) is a developmental stage of Low German.
See Languages of Europe and Middle Low German
Minderico language
Minderico, also known as Piação do Ninhou (the language of Minde), was originally a sociolect or a secret language spoken by textile producers and traders in the freguesia (civil parish) of Minde (Alcanena, Portugal).
See Languages of Europe and Minderico language
Mingrelian language
Mingrelian, or Megrelian (მარგალური ნინა) is a Kartvelian language spoken in Western Georgia (regions of Mingrelia and Abkhazia), primarily by the Mingrelians.
See Languages of Europe and Mingrelian language
Miranda do Douro
Miranda do Douro or Miranda de l Douro in Mirandese is a city and a municipality in the district of Bragança, northeastern Portugal.
See Languages of Europe and Miranda do Douro
Mirandese language
Mirandese (mirandés or lhéngua mirandesa) is an Asturleonese language or variety that is sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal in eastern Tierra de Miranda (made up of the municipalities of Miranda de l Douro, Mogadouro and Bumioso, being extinct in Mogadouro and present in Bumioso only in some eastern villages, like Angueira).
See Languages of Europe and Mirandese language
Modern English
Modern English, sometimes called New English (NE) or present-day English (PDE) as opposed to Middle and Old English, is the form of the English language that has been spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 14th century and was completed by the 17th century.
See Languages of Europe and Modern English
Modern Greek
Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά, Néa Elliniká, or Κοινή Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα, Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (Ελληνικά, italic), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the language sometimes referred to as Standard Modern Greek.
See Languages of Europe and Modern Greek
Moksha language
Moksha (label) is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Mokshas.
See Languages of Europe and Moksha language
Moldova
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.
See Languages of Europe and Moldova
Molise
Molise (Mulise) is a region of Southern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Molise
Monaco
Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, on the Mediterranean Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Monaco
Monégasque dialect
Monégasque (munegascu,; monégasque,; monegasco) is the variety of Ligurian spoken in Monaco.
See Languages of Europe and Monégasque dialect
Mongolic languages
The Mongolic languages are a language family spoken by the Mongolic peoples in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, North Asia and East Asia, mostly in Mongolia and surrounding areas and in Kalmykia and Buryatia.
See Languages of Europe and Mongolic languages
Montenegrin language
Montenegrin (crnogorski, црногорски) is a normative variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Montenegrins and is the official language of Montenegro.
See Languages of Europe and Montenegrin language
Montenegro
Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.
See Languages of Europe and Montenegro
Mordovia
Mordovia (Мордовия; Мордовиясь; Мордовиясь), officially the Republic of Mordovia, is a republic of Russia, situated in Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Mordovia
Mount Athos
Mount Athos (Ἄθως) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece.
See Languages of Europe and Mount Athos
Mutual intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.
See Languages of Europe and Mutual intelligibility
Nation state
A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.
See Languages of Europe and Nation state
National language
A national language is a language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) that has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a nation.
See Languages of Europe and National language
Nationalencyklopedin
("The National Encyclopedia" in English), abbreviated NE, is a comprehensive contemporary Swedish-language encyclopedia with several hundred thousand articles.
See Languages of Europe and Nationalencyklopedin
Navarre
Navarre, officially the Chartered Community of Navarre, is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.
See Languages of Europe and Navarre
Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.
See Languages of Europe and Nazi Party
Neapolitan language
Neapolitan (autonym: ('o n)napulitano; napoletano) is a Romance language of the Italo-Romance group spoken in Naples and most of continental Southern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Neapolitan language
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг; Nyeneciye” awtonomnoy okruk’) is a federal subject of Russia and an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast.
See Languages of Europe and Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Nenets languages
Nenets (in former work also Yurak) is a pair of closely related languages spoken in northern Russia by the Nenets people.
See Languages of Europe and Nenets languages
Neo-Latin
Neo-LatinSidwell, Keith Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin in; others, throughout.
See Languages of Europe and Neo-Latin
Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
See Languages of Europe and Netherlands
New Spain
New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain.
See Languages of Europe and New Spain
New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
See Languages of Europe and New Zealand
New Zealand Sign Language
New Zealand Sign Language or NZSL (te reo Turi) is the main language of the deaf community in New Zealand.
See Languages of Europe and New Zealand Sign Language
Nicosia
Nicosia (also known as Lefkosia in Greek and Lefkoşa in Turkish) is the capital and largest city of Cyprus.
See Languages of Europe and Nicosia
Nogai language
Nogai (Ногай тили, Nogay tili, Ногайша, Nogayşa) also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.
See Languages of Europe and Nogai language
Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Nord-Pas-de-Calais; Nord-Pas-Calés); is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Hauts-de-France. It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south).
See Languages of Europe and Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Nordic countries
The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or Norden) are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic.
See Languages of Europe and Nordic countries
Nordic Journal of Linguistics
The Nordic Journal of Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal concerned with all branches of linguistics, but paying particular attention to theoretical linguistics and languages used in the Nordic countries.
See Languages of Europe and Nordic Journal of Linguistics
North Asia
North Asia or Northern Asia is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms and consists of three federal districts of Russia: Ural, Siberian, and the Far Eastern.
See Languages of Europe and North Asia
North Caucasian languages
The North Caucasian languages, sometimes called simply Caucasic, is a proposed language family consisting of a pair of well established language families spoken in the Caucasus, predominantly in the north, consisting of the Northwest Caucasian family (also called Pontic, Abkhaz–Adyghe, Circassian, or West Caucasian) and the Northeast Caucasian family (also called Nakh–Dagestanian, Caspian or East Caucasian).
See Languages of Europe and North Caucasian languages
North Caucasus
The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.
See Languages of Europe and North Caucasus
North Frisian language
North Frisian is a minority language of Germany, spoken by about 10,000 people in North Frisia.
See Languages of Europe and North Frisian language
North Germanic languages
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.
See Languages of Europe and North Germanic languages
North Macedonia
North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.
See Languages of Europe and North Macedonia
North Sea
The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
See Languages of Europe and North Sea
Northeast Caucasian languages
The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Nakh-Daghestani or Vainakh-Daghestani, or sometimes Caspian languages (from the Caspian Sea, in contrast to Pontic languages for the Northwest Caucasian languages), is a family of languages spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia and in Northern Azerbaijan as well as in Georgia and diaspora populations in Western Europe and the Middle East.
See Languages of Europe and Northeast Caucasian languages
Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus.
See Languages of Europe and Northern Cyprus
Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions.
See Languages of Europe and Northern Europe
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann; Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland that is variously described as a country, province or region.
See Languages of Europe and Northern Ireland
Northern Sámi
Northern Sámi or North Sámi (Davvisámegiella; Pohjoissaame; Nordsamisk; Nordsamiska; disapproved exonym Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sámi languages.
See Languages of Europe and Northern Sámi
Northwest Caucasian languages
The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages, is a family of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) chiefly in three Russian republics (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia), the disputed territory of Abkhazia, Georgia, and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.
See Languages of Europe and Northwest Caucasian languages
Norway
Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.
See Languages of Europe and Norway
Occitan language
Occitan (occitan), also known as (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania.
See Languages of Europe and Occitan language
Occitano-Romance languages
Occitano-Romance (llengües occitanoromàniques; lengas occitanoromanicas; luengas occitanoromanicas) is a branch of the Romance language group that encompasses the Catalan/Valencian, Occitan languages and sometimes Aragonese, spoken in parts of southern France and northeastern Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Occitano-Romance languages
Ogham
Ogham (Modern Irish:; ogum, ogom, later ogam) is an Early Medieval alphabet used primarily to write the early Irish language (in the "orthodox" inscriptions, 4th to 6th centuries AD), and later the Old Irish language (scholastic ogham, 6th to 9th centuries).
See Languages of Europe and Ogham
Oghuric languages
The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric languages (also known as Bulgar, Bulgharic, Bolgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family.
See Languages of Europe and Oghuric languages
Oghuz languages
The Oghuz languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family, spoken by approximately 108 million people.
See Languages of Europe and Oghuz languages
Old English
Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.
See Languages of Europe and Old English
Old French
Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.
See Languages of Europe and Old French
Old Hungarian script
The Old Hungarian script or Hungarian runes (Székely-magyar rovás, 'székely-magyar runiform', or rovásírás) is an alphabetic writing system used for writing the Hungarian language.
See Languages of Europe and Old Hungarian script
Old Italic scripts
The Old Italic scripts are a family of ancient writing systems used in the Italian Peninsula between about 700 and 100 BC, for various languages spoken in that time and place.
See Languages of Europe and Old Italic scripts
Old Prussian language
Old Prussian is an extinct West Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European languages, which was once spoken by the Old Prussians, the Baltic peoples of the Prussian region.
See Languages of Europe and Old Prussian language
Opera
Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers.
See Languages of Europe and Opera
Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts) is an extensive piece of reform legislation signed into law by Francis I of France on August 10, 1539, in the city of Villers-Cotterêts and the oldest French legislation still used partly by French courts.
See Languages of Europe and Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
Orthography
An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word boundaries, emphasis, and punctuation.
See Languages of Europe and Orthography
Ossetian language
Ossetian, commonly referred to as Ossetic and rarely as Ossete (iron ӕvzag southern; northern), is an Eastern Iranian language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Greater Caucasus.
See Languages of Europe and Ossetian language
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
See Languages of Europe and Ottoman Empire
Overseas Chinese
Overseas Chinese people are those of Chinese birth or ethnicity who reside outside mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.
See Languages of Europe and Overseas Chinese
Pakistani diaspora
Overseas Pakistanis (بیرون ملک پاکستانی نژاد), or the Pakistani diaspora, refers to Pakistanis who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad according to December 2017 estimates.
See Languages of Europe and Pakistani diaspora
Palatine German dialects
Palatine German (Standard German: Pfälzisch, endonym: Pälzisch) is a group of Rhine Franconian dialects spoken in the Upper Rhine Valley, roughly in the area between Zweibrücken, Kaiserslautern, Alzey, Worms, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Mannheim, Odenwald, Heidelberg, Speyer, Landau, Wörth am Rhein and the border to Alsace and Lorraine, in France, but also beyond.
See Languages of Europe and Palatine German dialects
Peloponnese
The Peloponnese, Peloponnesus (Pelopónnēsos) or Morea (Mōrèas; Mōriàs) is a peninsula and geographic region in Southern Greece, and the southernmost region of the Balkans.
See Languages of Europe and Peloponnese
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
See Languages of Europe and Persian language
Phoenician alphabet
The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BC.
See Languages of Europe and Phoenician alphabet
Phonology
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.
See Languages of Europe and Phonology
Picard language
Picard (also) is a langue d'oïl of the Romance language family spoken in the northernmost of France and parts of Hainaut province in Belgium.
See Languages of Europe and Picard language
Pidgin
A pidgin, or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages.
See Languages of Europe and Pidgin
Piedmont
Piedmont (Piemonte,; Piemont), located in northwest Italy, is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Piedmont
Piedmontese language
Piedmontese (autonym: piemontèis or lenga piemontèisa; piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, a region of Northwest Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Piedmontese language
Pluricentric language
A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries.
See Languages of Europe and Pluricentric language
Polabian language
The Polabian language, also known as Drevanian–Polabian language, Drevanian language, and Lüneburg Wendish language, is a West Slavic language that was spoken by the Polabian Slavs (Wenden) in present-day northeastern Germany around the Elbe.
See Languages of Europe and Polabian language
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Poland
Polish language
Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.
See Languages of Europe and Polish language
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
See Languages of Europe and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Pontic Greek
Pontic Greek (translit, translit; Rumca or Romeika) is a variety of Modern Greek indigenous to the Pontus region on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, and the Eastern Turkish and Caucasus region.
See Languages of Europe and Pontic Greek
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.
See Languages of Europe and Portugal
Portuguese language
Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Portuguese language
Prekmurje
Prekmurje (Prekmurje Slovene: Prèkmürsko or Prèkmüre; Muravidék) is a geographically, linguistically, culturally and ethnically defined region of Slovenia, settled by Slovenes and a Hungarian minority, lying between the Mur River in Slovenia and the Rába Valley (the watershed of the Rába; Porabje) in the westernmost part of Hungary.
See Languages of Europe and Prekmurje
Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
See Languages of Europe and Proto-Indo-European language
Province of Belluno
The province of Belluno (provincia di Belluno; provinz Belluno; provinzia de Belum) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Province of Belluno
Province of León
León is a province of northwestern Spain in the northern part of the Region of León and in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
See Languages of Europe and Province of León
Province of Reggio Calabria
The province of Reggio Calabria (provincia di Reggio Calabria) was a province in the Calabria region of Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Province of Reggio Calabria
Province of Zamora
Zamora is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
See Languages of Europe and Province of Zamora
Punjabi language
Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.
See Languages of Europe and Punjabi language
Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrénées-Orientales (Pirineus Orientals; Pirenèus Orientals), also known as Northern Catalonia, are a department of the region of Occitania, Southern France, adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea.
See Languages of Europe and Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrenees
The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Pyrenees
Quba District (Azerbaijan)
Quba District (Quba rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Quba District (Azerbaijan)
Questione della lingua
The Questione della lingua (Language question) was a debate that emerged in late medieval and Renaissance Italy concerning the nature of the linguistic practice to be adopted in the written Italian language.
See Languages of Europe and Questione della lingua
Qusar District
Qusar District (Qusar rayonu; script) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Qusar District
Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.
See Languages of Europe and Reconquista
Reggio Calabria
Reggio di Calabria (Riggiu; Rìji), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Regional Council of Calabria.
See Languages of Europe and Reggio Calabria
Reginald Foster (Latinist)
Reginald Thomas Foster (November 14, 1939 – December 25, 2020) was an American Catholic priest and friar of the Order of Discalced Carmelites.
See Languages of Europe and Reginald Foster (Latinist)
Regional Council of Veneto
The Regional Council of Veneto (Consiglio Regionale del Veneto) is the regional parliament of Veneto.
See Languages of Europe and Regional Council of Veneto
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
See Languages of Europe and Renaissance
Renaissance Latin
Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Literary Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries, particularly by the Renaissance humanism movement.
See Languages of Europe and Renaissance Latin
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.
See Languages of Europe and Republic of Ireland
Republic of Karelia
The Republic of Karelia, Karjala or Karelia (Каре́лия, Ка́рьяла; Karjala) is a republic of Russia situated in the northwest of the country.
See Languages of Europe and Republic of Karelia
Rhaeto-Romance languages
Rhaeto-Romance, Rheto-Romance, Rhaeto-Italian,or Rhaetian, is a purported subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in south-eastern Switzerland and north-eastern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Rhaeto-Romance languages
Ripuarian language
Ripuarian (also Ripuarian Franconian; Ripuarisch,, ripuarische Mundart, ripuarischer Dialekt, ripuarisch-fränkische Mundart, Ribuarisch, Ripuarisch, Noordmiddelfrankisch) is a German dialect group, part of the West Central German language group.
See Languages of Europe and Ripuarian language
Romagnol
Romagnol (rumagnòl or rumagnôl; romagnolo) is a Romance language spoken in the historical region of Romagna, consisting mainly of the southeastern part of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Romagnol
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
See Languages of Europe and Roman Empire
Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
See Languages of Europe and Romance languages
Romandy
Romandy (Romandie or Suisse romande; Arpitan: Romandia)Before World War I, the term French Switzerland (Suisse française) was.
See Languages of Europe and Romandy
Romani language
Romani (also Romany, Romanes, Roma; rromani ćhib) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani communities.
See Languages of Europe and Romani language
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Romania
Romanian language
Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova.
See Languages of Europe and Romanian language
Romansh language
Romansh is a Gallo-Romance language spoken predominantly in the Swiss canton of the Grisons (Graubünden).
See Languages of Europe and Romansh language
Royal Spanish Academy
The Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española, generally abbreviated as RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language.
See Languages of Europe and Royal Spanish Academy
Rune
A rune is a letter in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets native to the Germanic peoples.
See Languages of Europe and Rune
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Russia
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.
See Languages of Europe and Russian Empire
Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Russian language
Rusyn language
Rusyn (translit; translit)http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf, p. 8.
See Languages of Europe and Rusyn language
Ruthenian language
Ruthenian (ру́скаꙗ мо́ва or ру́скїй ѧзы́къ; see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
See Languages of Europe and Ruthenian language
Rutul language
Rutul or Rutulian is a Lezgic language spoken by the spoken by the Rutuls, an ethnic group living in Dagestan (Russia) and some parts of Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Rutul language
Sacred language
A sacred language, holy language or liturgical language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like Mosque service) by people who speak another, primary language (like Persian, Urdu, Pashtu, Balochi, Sindhi etc.) in their daily lives.
See Languages of Europe and Sacred language
Salento
Salento (Salentino: Salentu, Salentino Griko: Σαλέντο), also known as Terra d'Otranto, is a cultural, historical and geographic region at the southern end of the administrative region of Apulia, in southern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Salento
Samogitian language
Samogitian (žemaitiu kalba or sometimes žemaitiu rokunda, žemaitiu šnekta or žemaitiu ruoda; žemaičių tarmė, žemaičių kalba), often considered a dialect of Lithuanian, is an Eastern Baltic language spoken primarily in Samogitia.
See Languages of Europe and Samogitian language
Samtskhe–Javakheti
Samtskhe–Javakheti (სამცხე-ჯავახეთი) is a region (mkhare) in southern Georgia with a population of 147.400 (2023) and an area of.
See Languages of Europe and Samtskhe–Javakheti
San Marino
San Marino (San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino (Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate and enclave within Italy.
See Languages of Europe and San Marino
Sanabria (comarca)
Sanabria (A Seabra in the Galician language, Senabria in Leonese language) is a comarca in the northwest of the province of Zamora, western Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Sanabria (comarca)
Sardinia
Sardinia (Sardegna; Sardigna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the twenty regions of Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Sardinia
Sardinian language
Sardinian or Sard (sardu,, limba sarda,, or lìngua sarda) is a Romance language spoken by the Sardinians on the Western Mediterranean island of Sardinia.
See Languages of Europe and Sardinian language
Sassarese language
Sassarese (natively sassaresu or turritanu; tataresu) is an Italo-Dalmatian language and transitional variety between Sardinian and Corsican. It is regarded as a Corso–Sardinian language because of Sassari's historic ties with Tuscany and geographical proximity to Corsica. Despite the robust Sardinian influences (in terms of vocabulary and phonology, as well as syntax), it still keeps its Corsican (and therefore Tuscan) roots, which closely relate it to Gallurese; the latter is linguistically considered a Corsican dialect despite its geographical location, although this claim is a matter of controversy.
See Languages of Europe and Sassarese language
Saterland Frisian language
Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian, Saterfrisian or Saterlandic (Seeltersk), spoken in the Saterland municipality of Lower Saxony in Germany, is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language.
See Languages of Europe and Saterland Frisian language
Saxony
Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic.
See Languages of Europe and Saxony
Sámi languages
Sámi languages, in English also rendered as Sami and Saami, are a group of Uralic languages spoken by the Indigenous Sámi people in Northern Europe (in parts of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden, and extreme northwestern Russia).
See Languages of Europe and Sámi languages
Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein (Slesvig-Holsten; Sleswig-Holsteen; Slaswik-Holstiinj; Sleswick-Holsatia) is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical Duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig.
See Languages of Europe and Schleswig-Holstein
Schwabacher
The German word Schwabacher (pronounced) refers to a specific style of blackletter typefaces which evolved from Gothic Textualis (Textura) under the influence of Humanist type design in Italy during the 15th century.
See Languages of Europe and Schwabacher
Scotland
Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
See Languages of Europe and Scotland
Scots language
ScotsThe endonym for Scots is Scots.
See Languages of Europe and Scots language
Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic (endonym: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland.
See Languages of Europe and Scottish Gaelic
Selonian language
Selonian was an East Baltic language, which was spoken by the East Baltic tribe of the Selonians, who until the 15th century lived in Selonia, a territory in southeastern Latvia and northeastern Lithuania.
See Languages of Europe and Selonian language
Semigallian language
Semigallian or Zemgalian, was an East Baltic language of the Baltic language sub-family of the Indo-European languages.
See Languages of Europe and Semigallian language
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Languages of Europe and Semitic languages
Serbia
Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.
See Languages of Europe and Serbia
Serbian language
Serbian (српски / srpski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.
See Languages of Europe and Serbian language
Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian – also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.
See Languages of Europe and Serbo-Croatian
Shabran District
Shabran District (Şabran rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Shabran District
Shtokavian
Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski / штокавски) is the prestige supradialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language and the basis of its Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin standards.
See Languages of Europe and Shtokavian
Sicilian language
Sicilian (sicilianu,; siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.
See Languages of Europe and Sicilian language
Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Sicily
Siculo-Arabic
Siculo-Arabic or Sicilian Arabic (al-lahja l-ʿarabiyya ṣ-ṣiqilliyya) is the term used for varieties of Arabic that were spoken in the Emirate of Sicily (which included Malta) from the 9th century, persisting under the subsequent Norman rule until the 13th century.
See Languages of Europe and Siculo-Arabic
Silesian German
Silesian (Silesian: Schläsisch, Schläs’sch, Schlä’sch, Schläsch, Schlesisch), Silesian German or Lower Silesian is a nearly extinct German dialect spoken in Silesia.
See Languages of Europe and Silesian German
Silesian language
Silesian, occasionally called Upper Silesian, is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group spoken by part of people in Upper Silesia.
See Languages of Europe and Silesian language
Siyazan District
Siyazan District (Siyəzən rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Languages of Europe and Siyazan District
Slavic languages
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.
See Languages of Europe and Slavic languages
Slovak language
Slovak (endonym: slovenčina or slovenský jazyk), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.
See Languages of Europe and Slovak language
Slovakia
Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Slovakia
Slovene Istria
Slovene Istria (slovenska Istra; Istria slovena) is a region in southwest Slovenia.
See Languages of Europe and Slovene Istria
Slovene language
Slovene or Slovenian (slovenščina) is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.
See Languages of Europe and Slovene language
Slovenia
Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Slovenia
Somali diaspora
The Somali diaspora or Qurbajoogta refers to Somalis who were born in Greater Somalia and reside in areas of the world that they were not born in.
See Languages of Europe and Somali diaspora
Somali language
Somali (Latin script: Af-Soomaali; Wadaad:; Osmanya: 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch.
See Languages of Europe and Somali language
Sorbian languages
The Sorbian languages (serbska rěč, serbska rěc) are the Upper Sorbian language and Lower Sorbian language, two closely related and partially mutually intelligible languages spoken by the Sorbs, a West Slavic ethno-cultural minority in the Lusatia region of Eastern Germany.
See Languages of Europe and Sorbian languages
South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.
See Languages of Europe and South Caucasus
South Ossetia
South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus.
See Languages of Europe and South Ossetia
South Slavic languages
The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages.
See Languages of Europe and South Slavic languages
South Tyrol
South Tyrol (Südtirol,; Alto Adige,; Südtirol) is an autonomous province in northern Italy.
See Languages of Europe and South Tyrol
Southern Europe
Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Southern Europe
Southern Russia
Southern Russia or the South of Russia (p) is a colloquial term for the southernmost geographic portion of European Russia generally covering the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasian Federal District.
See Languages of Europe and Southern Russia
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
See Languages of Europe and Soviet Union
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
See Languages of Europe and Spain
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.
See Languages of Europe and Spanish Empire
Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Spanish language
Spanish Sign Language
Spanish Sign Language (Lengua de Signos Española, LSE) is a sign language used mainly by deaf people in Spain and the people who live with them.
See Languages of Europe and Spanish Sign Language
Standard Average European
Standard Average European (SAE) is a concept introduced in 1939 by American linguist Benjamin Whorf to group the modern Indo-European languages of Europe with shared common features.
See Languages of Europe and Standard Average European
Standard German
Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland, Schriftdeutsch), is the umbrella term for the standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas.
See Languages of Europe and Standard German
Standard language
A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and stands out among other varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or prestige.
See Languages of Europe and Standard language
Sudovian language
Sudovian (also known as Yotvingian, or Jatvingian) was a West Baltic language of Northeastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Sudovian language
Superpower
Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale.
See Languages of Europe and Superpower
Svan language
Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; tr) is a Kartvelian language spoken in the western Georgian region of Svaneti primarily by the Svan people.
See Languages of Europe and Svan language
Swabian German
Swabian (Schwäbisch) is one of the dialect groups of Upper German, sometimes one of the dialect groups of Alemannic German (in the broad sense), that belong to the High German dialect continuum.
See Languages of Europe and Swabian German
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Sweden
Swedish language
Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland.
See Languages of Europe and Swedish language
Swedish Sign Language
Swedish Sign Language (SSL) is the sign language used in Sweden.
See Languages of Europe and Swedish Sign Language
Swiss German
Swiss German (Standard German: Schweizerdeutsch, Schwiizerdütsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch Mundart,Because of the many different dialects, and because there is no defined orthography for any of them, many different spellings can be found. and others) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy bordering Switzerland.
See Languages of Europe and Swiss German
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Switzerland
Tabasaran language
Tabasaran (also written Tabassaran) is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Lezgic branch.
See Languages of Europe and Tabasaran language
Tamil diaspora
The Tamil diaspora refers to descendants of the Tamil speaking immigrants who emigrated from their native lands in the southern Indian subcontinent (Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka) to other parts of the world.
See Languages of Europe and Tamil diaspora
Tamil language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Tamil language
Tamils in France
Tamils in France refer to the citizens as well as expatriate residents of Tamil origin living in France.
See Languages of Europe and Tamils in France
Tat language (Caucasus)
Tat, also known as Caucasian Persian, Tat/Tati Persian,Gernot Windfuhr, "Persian Grammar: history and state of its study", Walter de Gruyter, 1979.
See Languages of Europe and Tat language (Caucasus)
Tatar language
Tatar (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia and Crimea.
See Languages of Europe and Tatar language
Tatarstan
Tatarstan (Татарстан; Татарстан), officially the Republic of Tatarstan, sometimes also called Tataria, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Tatarstan
The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
See Languages of Europe and The Guardian
Thede Kahl
Thede Kahl (born 30 March 1971 in Hamburg) is a German ethnographer and ethnolinguist.
See Languages of Europe and Thede Kahl
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.
See Languages of Europe and Thirty Years' War
Tindi language
Tindi is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in the Russian republic of Dagestan.
See Languages of Europe and Tindi language
Tosk Albanian
Tosk (toskërishtja) is the southern group of dialects of the Albanian language, spoken by the ethnographic group known as Tosks.
See Languages of Europe and Tosk Albanian
Toubon Law
The Toubon Law (full name: law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language) is a French law mandating the use of the French language in official government publications, in all advertisements, in all workplaces, in commercial contracts, in some other commercial communication contexts, in all government-financed schools, and some other contexts.
See Languages of Europe and Toubon Law
Travellingua
Travellingua, also known as the Language and Culture Explorers' Club, is a project which was supported by the European Commission under the Socrates Lingua 1 (Promotion of Language Learning) action.
See Languages of Europe and Travellingua
Trentino
Provincia autonoma di Trento (Provinzia Autonoma de Trent; Autonome Provinz Trient), commonly known as Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy in the country's far north.
See Languages of Europe and Trentino
Tsakonian language
Tsakonian or Tsaconian (also Tzakonian or Tsakonic, τσακώνικα and Tsakonian: τσακώνικα, α τσακώνικα γρούσσα) is a highly divergent modern variety of Greek, spoken in the Tsakonian region of the Peloponnese, Greece.
See Languages of Europe and Tsakonian language
Tsez language
Tsez, also known as Dido (Tsez: цезйас мец or цез мец), is a Northeast Caucasian language with about 15,000 speakers (15,354 in 2002) spoken by the Tsez, a Muslim people in the mountainous Tsunta District of southwestern Dagestan in Russia.
See Languages of Europe and Tsez language
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Turkey
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Turkic languages
Turkish language
Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.
See Languages of Europe and Turkish language
Turkish Sign Language
Turkish Sign Language (Türk İşaret Dili, TİD) is the language used by the deaf community in Turkey.
See Languages of Europe and Turkish Sign Language
Turks in Austria
Turks in Austria, also referred to as Turkish Austrians and Austrian Turks, (Türken in Österreich; Avusturya'daki Türkler) are people of Turkish ethnicity living in Austria.
See Languages of Europe and Turks in Austria
Turks in Europe
The Turks in Europe (sometimes called Euro-Turks; Avrupa'daki Türkler or Avrupa'da yaşayan Türkler or Avrupa Türkleri) refers to Turkic peoples living in Europe, particularly those of Turkish origin.
See Languages of Europe and Turks in Europe
Turks in France
Turks in France also called the Turkish-French community, French Turks or Franco-Turks (Turcs de France; Fransa'daki Türkler) refers to the ethnic Turkish people who live in France.
See Languages of Europe and Turks in France
Turks in Germany
Turks in Germany, also referred to as German Turks and Turkish Germans (Türken in Deutschland/Deutschtürken; Almancılar), are people with a migration background from Turkey living in Germany.
See Languages of Europe and Turks in Germany
Turks in Russia
Turks in Russia (Rusya'daki Türkler, Турки в России), also referred to as Turkish Russians or Russian Turks, refers to people of full or partial ethnic Turkish origin who have either immigrated to Russia or who were born in the Russian state.
See Languages of Europe and Turks in Russia
Turks in Sweden
Turks in Sweden or Swedish Turks (Turkar i Sverige; İsveç Türkleri) are people of ethnic Turkish origin living in Sweden.
See Languages of Europe and Turks in Sweden
Turks in Switzerland
Turks in Switzerland (İsviçre'deki Türkler), also referred to as Swiss Turks (İsviçreli Türkler) and Turkish Swiss people (Türk İsviçreliler), are Swiss residents of Turkish origin.
See Languages of Europe and Turks in Switzerland
Turks in the Netherlands
Turks in the Netherlands (Turken in Nederland; Hollanda'daki Türkler), also Dutch Turks (Nederlandse Turken) or Turkish Dutch (Turkse Nederlanders; Hollanda Türkleri), refers to people of full or partial Turkish ethnicity living in the Netherlands.
See Languages of Europe and Turks in the Netherlands
Tuzi Municipality
Tuzi Municipality (Montenegrin: Opština Tuzi / Општина Тузи; Albanian: Komuna e Tuzit) is one of the 25 Municipalities of Montenegro.
See Languages of Europe and Tuzi Municipality
Udmurt language
Udmurt (Cyrillic: Удмурт) is a Permic language spoken by the Udmurt people who are native to Udmurtia.
See Languages of Europe and Udmurt language
Udmurtia
Udmurtia, officially the Udmurt Republic, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Udmurtia
Ugric languages
The Ugric or Ugrian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family.
See Languages of Europe and Ugric languages
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Ukraine
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.
See Languages of Europe and Ukrainian language
Ulcinj Municipality
Ulcinj Municipality (Montenegrin: Opština Ulcinj / Општина Улцињ; Albanian: Komuna e Ulqinit) is the southernmost municipality of Montenegro, bordered by Albania to the east, Bar Municipality to the north and Adriatic Sea to the south and the west.
See Languages of Europe and Ulcinj Municipality
Ulster
Ulster (Ulaidh or Cúige Uladh; Ulstèr or Ulster) is one of the four traditional or historic Irish provinces.
See Languages of Europe and Ulster
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
See Languages of Europe and United Kingdom
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
See Languages of Europe and United Nations
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
See Languages of Europe and United States
Upper German
Upper German (Oberdeutsch) is a family of High German dialects spoken primarily in the southern German-speaking area (Sprachraum).
See Languages of Europe and Upper German
Upper Saxon German
Upper Saxon (Obersächsisch) is an East Central German dialect spoken in much of the modern German state of Saxony and in adjacent parts of southeastern Saxony-Anhalt and eastern Thuringia.
See Languages of Europe and Upper Saxon German
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.
See Languages of Europe and Ural Mountains
Uralic languages
The Uralic languages, sometimes called the Uralian languages, form a language family of 42 languages spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Uralic languages
Urdu
Urdu (اُردُو) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.
See Languages of Europe and Urdu
Uzbek language
Uzbek (pronounced), formerly known as Turki, is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks.
See Languages of Europe and Uzbek language
Uzbeks in Russia
Uzbeks represent a large diaspora in Russia, numbering 1.9 million (January, 2016).
See Languages of Europe and Uzbeks in Russia
Val d'Aran
Aran (often known as the Aran Valley, or Val d'Aran in Aranese Occitan; in other forms of Occitan: Vath d'Aran or Vau d'Aran, in Catalan: Vall d'Aran, in Spanish: Valle de Arán) is an autonomous administrative entity (formerly considered a comarca) in northwest Catalonia, Spain, consisting of in area, located in the Pyrenees mountains, in the Alt Pirineu i Aran region and in the province of Lleida.
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Valencian Community
The Valencian Community is an autonomous community of Spain.
See Languages of Europe and Valencian Community
Varieties of Arabic
Varieties of Arabic (or dialects or vernacular languages) are the linguistic systems that Arabic speakers speak natively.
See Languages of Europe and Varieties of Arabic
Vatican City
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.
See Languages of Europe and Vatican City
Võro language
Võro (võro kiilʼ, võru keel) is the language of South Estonia, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.
See Languages of Europe and Võro language
Võru County
Võru County (Võru maakond or Võrumaa; Võro maakund) is a county in southern Estonia.
See Languages of Europe and Võru County
Venetian language
Venetian, wider Venetian or Venetan (łengua vèneta or vèneto) is a Romance language spoken natively in the northeast of Italy,Ethnologue mostly in Veneto, where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it.
See Languages of Europe and Venetian language
Veneto
Veneto or the Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the north-east of the country.
See Languages of Europe and Veneto
Veps language
Veps, also known as Vepsian (Veps: vepsän kelʹ, vepsän keli, or vepsä), is a Finnic language from the Uralic language family, that is spoken by Vepsians.
See Languages of Europe and Veps language
Vivaro-Alpine dialect
Vivaro-Alpine (vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc) is a variety of Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria).
See Languages of Europe and Vivaro-Alpine dialect
Vocabulary
A vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual.
See Languages of Europe and Vocabulary
Vojvodina
Vojvodina (Војводина), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, is an autonomous province that occupies the northernmost part of Serbia, located in Central Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Vojvodina
Votic language
Votic, or Votian (vaďďa tšeeli, maatšeeli), is a Finnic language spoken by the Votes of Ingria, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages.
See Languages of Europe and Votic language
Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward.
See Languages of Europe and Vulgar Latin
Wales
Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
See Languages of Europe and Wales
Wallonia
Wallonia (Wallonie), officially the Walloon Region (Région wallonne), is one of the three regions of Belgium—along with Flanders and Brussels.
See Languages of Europe and Wallonia
Walloon language
Walloon (natively walon; wallon) is a Romance language that is spoken in much of Wallonia and, to a very small extent, in Brussels, Belgium; some villages near Givet, northern France; and a clutch of communities in northeastern Wisconsin, United States.
See Languages of Europe and Walloon language
Walser German
Walser German (Walserdeutsch) and Walliser German (Walliserdeutsch, locally Wallisertiitsch) are a group of Highest Alemannic dialects spoken in parts of Switzerland (Valais, Ticino, Grisons), Italy (Piedmont, Aosta Valley), Liechtenstein (Triesenberg, Planken), and Austria (Vorarlberg).
See Languages of Europe and Walser German
Welsh language
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.
See Languages of Europe and Welsh language
West Frisian languages
The West Frisian languages are a group of closely related, though not mutually intelligible, Frisian languages of the Netherlands.
See Languages of Europe and West Frisian languages
West Germanic languages
The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).
See Languages of Europe and West Germanic languages
West Iberian languages
West Iberian is a branch of the Ibero-Romance languages that includes the Castilian languages (Spanish, Judaeo-Spanish), Astur-Leonese (Asturian, Leonese, Mirandese, Extremaduran (sometimes) and Cantabrian),, where Cantabrian is listed in the Astur-Leonese linguistic group.
See Languages of Europe and West Iberian languages
West Kazakhstan Region
West Kazakhstan Region (translit; translit) is a region of Kazakhstan.
See Languages of Europe and West Kazakhstan Region
West Slavic languages
The West Slavic languages are a subdivision of the Slavic language group.
See Languages of Europe and West Slavic languages
Western Armenian
Western Armenian is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Eastern Armenian.
See Languages of Europe and Western Armenian
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe.
See Languages of Europe and Western Europe
Western Romance languages
Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini Line.
See Languages of Europe and Western Romance languages
Westphalian language
Westphalian or Westfalish (Standard High German: Westfälisch, Standard Dutch: Westfaals) is one of the major dialect groups of Low German.
See Languages of Europe and Westphalian language
Wilamowice
Wilamowice (earlier Willamowice; Wilmesau; Wymysoü) is a rural town in southern Poland, situated in the Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship.
See Languages of Europe and Wilamowice
Wymysorys language
Wymysorys (Wymysiöeryś), also known as Vilamovian or Wilamowicean, is a West Germanic language spoken by the Vilamovian ethnic minority in the town of Wilamowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland (Wymysoü in Wymysorys), on the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland, near Bielsko-Biała.
See Languages of Europe and Wymysorys language
Yenish language
Yenish (French:, German) is a variety of German spoken by the Yenish people, former nomads living mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Alsace and other parts of France.
See Languages of Europe and Yenish language
Yevanic language
Yevanic, also known as Judaeo-Greek, Romaniyot, Romaniote, and Yevanitika, is a Greek dialect formerly used by the Romaniotes and by the Constantinopolitan Karaites (in whose case the language is called Karaitika or Karaeo-Greek).
See Languages of Europe and Yevanic language
Yiddish
Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish or idish,,; ייִדיש-טײַטש, historically also Yidish-Taytsh) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews.
See Languages of Europe and Yiddish
Zakarpattia Oblast
Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Закарпатська область), also referred to as simply Zakarpattia (Закарпаття; Hungarian: Kárpátalja) or Transcarpathia in English, is an oblast in west Ukraine, mostly coterminous with the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia.
See Languages of Europe and Zakarpattia Oblast
Zaza language
Zaza or Zazaki is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zazas, who are commonly considered as Kurds, and in many cases identify as such.
See Languages of Europe and Zaza language
Zeelandic
Zeelandic (Zeêuws; Zeeuws; Zêeuws) is a group of language varieties spoken in the southwestern parts of the Netherlands.
See Languages of Europe and Zeelandic
References
Also known as Alphabetic list of living languages in Europe, European Languages, European language, Germanic-speaking Europe, Immigrant languages in Europe, Languages in Europe, List of European languages, List of languages in Europe, List of languages of Europe, List of living languages in Europe, Non-Indo-European languages of Europe, Romance-speaking Europe, Slavic-speaking Europe.
, Armenians in Hungary, Armenians in Moldova, Armenians in Poland, Armenians in Russia, Armenians in Spain, Armenians in Sweden, Armenians in Switzerland, Armenians in the Czech Republic, Armenians in the Netherlands, Armenians in the United Kingdom, Armenians in Ukraine, Aromanian language, Arvanitika, Assyrian people, Astrakhan Oblast, Asturian language, Asturias, Asturleonese language, Attic Greek, Atyrau Region, Auslan, Australia, Austria, Avar language, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani diaspora, Azerbaijani language, Åland, Bagvalal language, Balearic Islands, Balkans, Baltic languages, Baltic states, Bangladeshi diaspora, BANZSL, Bashkir language, Bashkortostan, Basilicata, Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country (greater region), Basque language, Basques, Bats language, Bavarian language, Belarus, Belarusian language, Belgium, Bell Beaker culture, Bengali–Assamese languages, Bengalis, Berbers, Bezhta language, Bible translations, Borrowing (linguistics), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian language, Botlikh language, Boundaries between the continents, Brandenburg, Breton language, British Empire, British Indians, British Pakistanis, British Punjabis, British Sign Language, British Turks, Brittany, Brittonic languages, Bronze Age Europe, Bulgaria, Bulgarian language, Burgenland, Byzantine Empire, Calabria, Calabrian Greek, Calasetta, Campania, Campidanese Sardinian, Canada, Cappadocian Greek, Cardinal Richelieu, Carloforte, Catalan language, Catalonia, Catholic Church, Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Caucasian Sign Language, Caucasus, Caucasus Greeks, Celtic languages, Celtic nations, Central Asia, Central Europe, Central German, Chamalal language, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Chechen language, Chechnya, Chinese language, Christopher Columbus, Church Slavonic, Chuvash language, Chuvashia, Cimbrian language, Colognian, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque, Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian, Constitution of Kosovo, Contemporary Latin, Continental Celtic languages, Cornish language, Cornwall, Corsica, Corsican language, Council of Europe, County Donegal, Cretan Greek, Crimea, Crimean Tatar language, Croatia, Croatian language, Crusader states, Curonian language, Cypriot Arabic, Cypriot Greek, Cyprus, Cyrillic script, Czech language, Czech Republic, Dagestan, Dalmatian language, Danish language, Dargwa language, Delian League, Demographics of Europe, Denmark, Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture, Domari language, Doric Greek, Dutch dialects, Dutch language, Dutch Sign Language, Early modern period, East Franconian German, East Frisian language, East Germanic languages, East Low German, East Slavic languages, East Thrace, Eastern Aramaic languages, Eastern Armenian, Eastern Europe, Eastern Romance languages, Ecclesiastical Latin, Egypt, Egyptian hieroglyphs, El Bierzo, Elfdalian, Emilian dialects, English as a second or foreign language, English language, English language in Europe, Eo-Navia (comarca), Erzya language, Estonia, Estonian language, Ethnic groups in Europe, Ethnologue, Eupen-Malmedy, Eurobarometer, Eurolinguistics, Europe, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, European Day of Languages, European Russia, European Union, Eurostat, Extremaduran language, Faetar language, Fala language, Faroe Islands, Faroese language, Finland, Finnic languages, Finnish language, Finno-Permic languages, First language, Flemish dialects, Flemish Sign Language, Fraktur, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, France, Franco-Provençal, French colonial empire, French language, French Revolution, French Sign Language, French Sign Language family, Friesland, Frisian languages, Frisians, Friuli, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Friulian language, Fruitbearing Society, Gagauz language, Gagauzia, Galicia (Spain), Galician language, Galician–Portuguese, Galindian language, Gallo-Italic 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language, Sicily, Siculo-Arabic, Silesian German, Silesian language, Siyazan District, Slavic languages, Slovak language, Slovakia, Slovene Istria, Slovene language, Slovenia, Somali diaspora, Somali language, Sorbian languages, South Caucasus, South Ossetia, South Slavic languages, South Tyrol, Southern Europe, Southern Russia, Soviet Union, Spain, Spanish Empire, Spanish language, Spanish Sign Language, Standard Average European, Standard German, Standard language, Sudovian language, Superpower, Svan language, Swabian German, Sweden, Swedish language, Swedish Sign Language, Swiss German, Switzerland, Tabasaran language, Tamil diaspora, Tamil language, Tamils in France, Tat language (Caucasus), Tatar language, Tatarstan, The Guardian, Thede Kahl, Thirty Years' War, Tindi language, Tosk Albanian, Toubon Law, Travellingua, Trentino, Tsakonian language, Tsez language, Turkey, Turkic languages, Turkish language, Turkish Sign Language, Turks in Austria, Turks in Europe, Turks in France, 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