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79 relations: Alkali metal, Aneutronic fusion, Atom, Atomic nucleus, Beryllium-10, Big Bang, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Boosted fission weapon, British hydrogen bomb programme, Brown dwarf, Calutron, Carbon, Caroline Herzenberg, Castle Bravo, Castle Romeo, Castle Union, Chronology of the universe, COLEX process, Committed dose, Deuterium, Deuterium fusion, Efimov state, Electron neutrino, Endothermic process, FLiBe, Gilbert Jerome Perlow, Hadean zircon, Halo nucleus, Hans Kronberger (physicist), HD 82943, Heavy water, Helium-3, Helium-4, History of nuclear weapons, Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry, Iqbal Hussain Qureshi, Island of inversion, Isotopes of hydrogen, Isotopes of technetium, Joe 4, John Archibald Wheeler, John von Neumann, Liquid fluoride thorium reactor, List of elements by stability of isotopes, List of radioactive isotopes by half-life, Lithium (disambiguation), Lithium atom, Lithium burning, Lithium fluoride, Lithium hydride, ..., Lithium hydroxide, Mark G. Raizen, May 1966, Meirion Jones, Mordechai Vanunu, Nanosecond, Neutron, Neutron activation, Neutron detection, Neutron microscope, Nuclear reaction, Nuclear weapon design, Nuclear weapon yield, Nucleon, Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Period 2 element, Radiobiology, Radionuclide, RDS-37, Red mercury, September 1966, Stable nuclide, State of matter, Superfluidity, Table of nuclides, Tetraneutron, Triple-alpha process, Tritium. Expand index (29 more) »
Alkali metal
The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.
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Aneutronic fusion
Aneutronic fusion is any form of fusion power in which neutrons carry no more than 1% of the total released energy.
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
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Atomic nucleus
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.
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Beryllium-10
Beryllium-10 (10Be) is a radioactive isotope of beryllium.
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Big Bang
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.
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Big Bang nucleosynthesis
In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (abbreviated BBN, also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, arch(a)eonucleosynthesis, archonucleosynthesis, protonucleosynthesis and pal(a)eonucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the Universe.
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Boosted fission weapon
A boosted fission weapon usually refers to a type of nuclear bomb that uses a small amount of fusion fuel to increase the rate, and thus yield, of a fission reaction.
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British hydrogen bomb programme
The British hydrogen bomb programme was the ultimately successful British effort to develop hydrogen bombs between 1952 and 1958.
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Brown dwarf
Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that occupy the mass range between the heaviest gas giant planets and the lightest stars, having masses between approximately 13 to 75–80 times that of Jupiter, or approximately to about.
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Calutron
A calutron is a mass spectrometer originally designed and used for separating the isotopes of uranium.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Caroline Herzenberg
Caroline Stuart Littlejohn Herzenberg (born March 25, 1932) is an American physicist.
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Castle Bravo
Castle Bravo was the first in a series of high-yield thermonuclear weapon design tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Castle.
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Castle Romeo
Castle Romeo was the code name given to one of the tests in the Operation Castle series of American nuclear tests.
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Castle Union
Castle Union was the code name given to one of the tests in the Operation Castle series of United States nuclear tests.
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Chronology of the universe
The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.
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COLEX process
The COLEX process (or COLEX separation) is a chemical method of isotopic separation of lithium-6 and lithium-7, based on the use of mercury.
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Committed dose
The committed dose in radiological protection is a measure of the stochastic health risk due to an intake of radioactive material into the human body.
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Deuterium
Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol or, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1).
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Deuterium fusion
Deuterium fusion, also called deuterium burning, is a nuclear fusion reaction that occurs in stars and some substellar objects, in which a deuterium nucleus and a proton combine to form a helium-3 nucleus.
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Efimov state
The Efimov effect is an effect in the quantum mechanics of few-body systems predicted by the Russian theoretical physicist V. N. EfimovВ.И. Ефимов: Слабосвязанные состояния трех резонансно взаимодействующих частиц, Ядерная Физика, т. 12, вып.
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Electron neutrino
The electron neutrino is a subatomic lepton elementary particle which has no net electric charge.
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Endothermic process
The term endothermic process describes the process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat.
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FLiBe
FLiBe is a molten salt made from a mixture of lithium fluoride (LiF) and beryllium fluoride (BeF2).
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Gilbert Jerome Perlow
Gilbert "Gil" Jerome Perlow (10 February 1916 – 17 February 2007), was an American physicist famous for his work related to the Mössbauer effect, and an editor of the Journal of Applied Physics and Applied Physics Letters.
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Hadean zircon
Hadean zircon is the oldest solid crustal material which was formed in Earth's earliest geological time period, the Hadean eon is about 4 billion years ago.
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Halo nucleus
In nuclear physics, an atomic nucleus is called a halo nucleus or is said to have a nuclear halo when it has a core nucleus surrounded by a "halo" of orbiting protons or neutrons, which makes the radius of the nucleus appreciably larger than that predicted by the liquid drop model.
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Hans Kronberger (physicist)
Hans Kronberger CBE, FRS (28 July 1920 – 29 September 1970) was a British physicist.
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HD 82943
HD 82943 (164 G. Hydrae) is a yellow dwarf star approximately 89 light-years away in the constellation of Hydra.
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Heavy water
Heavy water (deuterium oxide) is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (or D, also known as heavy hydrogen), rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.
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Helium-3
Helium-3 (He-3, also written as 3He, see also helion) is a light, non-radioactive isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron (common helium having two protons and two neutrons).
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Helium-4
Helium-4 is a non-radioactive isotope of the element helium.
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History of nuclear weapons
Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions.
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Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry is the scientific study of biological, geological, and chemical processes in the environment using the distribution and relative abundance of hydrogen isotopes.
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Iqbal Hussain Qureshi
Iqbal Hussain Qureshi (Urdu:اقبال حسين قریشی; 27 September 1937 – 8 December 2012; SI, FPAS), best known as I.H. Qureshi, was a Pakistani nuclear chemist and professor of chemistry at the Institute of and Applied Sciences in Islamabad.
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Island of inversion
An island of inversion is a region of the chart of nuclides that contains isotopes with a non-standard ordering of single particle levels in the nuclear shell model.
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Isotopes of hydrogen
Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted 1H, 2H, and 3H.
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Isotopes of technetium
Technetium (43Tc) is the first of the two elements lighter than bismuth that have no non-radioactive isotopes; the other such element is promethium.
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Joe 4
Joe 4 (warhead name: RDS-6s (Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Specialnyi; Special Jet Engine)) was an American nickname for the first Soviet test of a thermonuclear weapon on August 12, 1953, that detonated with a force equivalent to 400 kilotons of TNT.
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John Archibald Wheeler
John Archibald Wheeler (July 9, 1911 – April 13, 2008) was an American theoretical physicist.
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John von Neumann
John von Neumann (Neumann János Lajos,; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath.
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Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
The liquid fluoride thorium reactor (acronym LFTR; often pronounced lifter) is a type of molten salt reactor.
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List of elements by stability of isotopes
Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge.
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List of radioactive isotopes by half-life
This is a list of radioactive isotopes ordered by half-life from shortest to longest.
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Lithium (disambiguation)
Lithium is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.
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Lithium atom
A lithium atom is an atom of the chemical element lithium.
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Lithium burning
Lithium burning is a nucleosynthetic process in which lithium is depleted in a star.
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Lithium fluoride
Lithium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiF.
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Lithium hydride
Lithium hydride is an inorganic compound with the formula LiH.
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Lithium hydroxide
Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH.
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Mark G. Raizen
Mark George Raizen is a physicist who conducts experiments on quantum optics and atom optics.
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May 1966
The following events occurred in May 1966.
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Meirion Jones
Meirion Jones is a British journalist.
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Mordechai Vanunu
Mordechai Vanunu (מרדכי ואנונו; born 14 October 1954), also known as John Crossman, is an Israeli former nuclear technician and peace activist who, citing his opposition to weapons of mass destruction, revealed details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986.
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Nanosecond
A nanosecond (ns) is an SI unit of time equal to one thousand-millionth of a second (or one billionth of a second), that is, 1/1,000,000,000 of a second, or 10 seconds.
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Neutron
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Neutron activation
Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nuclei capture free neutrons, becoming heavier and entering excited states.
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Neutron detection
Neutron detection is the effective detection of neutrons entering a well-positioned detector.
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Neutron microscope
Neutron microscopes use neutrons to create images by nuclear fission of lithium-6 using small-angle neutron scattering.
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Nuclear reaction
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is semantically considered to be the process in which two nuclei, or else a nucleus of an atom and a subatomic particle (such as a proton, neutron, or high energy electron) from outside the atom, collide to produce one or more nuclides that are different from the nuclide(s) that began the process.
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Nuclear weapon design
Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate.
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Nuclear weapon yield
The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy released when that particular nuclear weapon is detonated, usually expressed as a TNT equivalent (the standardized equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene which, if detonated, would produce the same energy discharge), either in kilotons (kt—thousands of tons of TNT), in megatons (Mt—millions of tons of TNT), or sometimes in terajoules (TJ).
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Nucleon
In chemistry and physics, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus.
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Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan is one of nine states to possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan began development of nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to having the bomb ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, consisting of over twenty laboratories and projects under nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing fissile material, Abdul Qadeer Khan was brought from Europe by Bhutto at the end of 1974. As pointed out by Houston Wood, Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in his article on gas centrifuges, "The most difficult step in building a nuclear weapon is the production of fissile material"; as such, this work in producing fissile material as head of the Kahuta Project was pivotal to Pakistan developing the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb by the end of 1984.Levy, Adrian and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York. Walker Publishing Company. 1977: page 112. Print. The Kahuta Project started under the supervision of a coordination board that oversaw the activities of KRL and PAEC. The Board consisted of A G N Kazi (secretary general, finance), Ghulam Ishaq Khan (secretary general, defence), and Agha Shahi (secretary general, foreign affairs), and reported directly to Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan and General Tikka Khan appointed military engineer Major General Ali Nawab to the program. Eventually, the supervision passed to Lt General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan in President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Administration. Moderate uranium enrichment for the production of fissile material was achieved at KRL by April 1978. Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was in response to the loss of East Pakistan in 1971's Bangladesh Liberation War. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on 20 January 1972, in Multan, which came to known as "Multan meeting". Bhutto was the main architect of this programme, and it was here that Bhutto orchestrated nuclear weapons programme and rallied Pakistan's academic scientists to build the atomic bomb in three years for national survival. At the Multan meeting, Bhutto also appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of PAEC, who, until then, had been working as director at the nuclear power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in Vienna, Austria. In December 1972, Abdus Salam led the establishment of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as he called scientists working at ICTP to report to Munir Ahmad Khan. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear deterrence capability. Following India's surprise nuclear test, codenamed Smiling Buddha in 1974, the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the permanent five members of the United Nations Security Council, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable impetus. Finally, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test (Operation Shakti), Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in the Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai district, Balochistan. This operation was named Chagai-I by Pakistan, the underground iron-steel tunnel having been long-constructed by provincial martial law administrator General Rahimuddin Khan during the 1980s. The last test of Pakistan was conducted at the sandy Kharan Desert under the codename Chagai-II, also in Balochistan, on 30 May 1998. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and Khushab Nuclear Complex, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined. Pakistan thus became the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test nuclear weapons. Although, according to a letter sent by A.Q. Khan to General Zia, the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb using highly enriched uranium as fissile material produced at KRL had been achieved by KRL in 1984.
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Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (also known as PINSTECH), is a multiprogram science and technology national research institute managed for the Ministry of Science by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).
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Period 2 element
A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements.
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Radiobiology
Radiobiology (also known as radiation biology) is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, especially health effects of radiation.
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Radionuclide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.
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RDS-37
RDS-37 was the Soviet Union's first two-stage hydrogen bomb, first tested on November 22, 1955.
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Red mercury
Red mercury is a substance of uncertain composition purportedly used in the creation of nuclear bombs, as well as a variety of unrelated weapons systems.
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September 1966
The following events occurred in September 1966.
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Stable nuclide
Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay.
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State of matter
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.
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Superfluidity
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without loss of kinetic energy.
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Table of nuclides
A table of nuclides or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
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Tetraneutron
A tetraneutron is a hypothetical stable cluster of four neutrons.
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Triple-alpha process
The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed into carbon.
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Tritium
Tritium (or; symbol or, also known as hydrogen-3) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen.
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Redirects here:
Li-11, Li-4, Li-6, Li-7, Lithium 6, Lithium isotopes, Lithium-10, Lithium-10m1, Lithium-10m2, Lithium-11, Lithium-12, Lithium-4, Lithium-5, Lithium-6, Lithium-7, Lithium-8, Lithium-9.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium
