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57 relations: Agha Shahi, Agra summit, Anti-Indian sentiment, Aseff Ahmad Ali, Austria, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Condoleezza Rice, Dawn News, Donald Rumsfeld, Eastern Bloc, Farooq Leghari, Foreign policy, Foreign relations of Pakistan, Foreign Secretary of Pakistan, Foreign Service of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Government of Pakistan, Humayun Khan (diplomat), India, India Today, International Atomic Energy Agency, Islam, Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri, List of diplomatic missions in Pakistan, List of states with nuclear weapons, Media of Pakistan, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan), Munir Ahmad Khan, National Security Advisor (United States), National Security Council (Pakistan), Niaz Naik, Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan, Nuclear strategy, Nuclear weapon, Oxford University Press, Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction, Pakistan Observer, Pakistan's role in the War on Terror, Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, Pervez Musharraf, Physics, Policy of deliberate ambiguity, Political science, Preemptive war, Raja Ramanna, Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, Sartaj Aziz, September 11 attacks, Shaukat Aziz, ..., Simla Agreement, Soviet Union, Stratocracy, Theoretical physics, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, United States Institute of Peace, War on Terror. Expand index (7 more) »
Agha Shahi
Agha Shahi (آغا شا ﮨی; 25 August 1920 – 6 September 2006), ''NI'', was a Pakistani career Foreign service officer who was the leading civilian figure in the military government of former President General Zia-ul-Haq from 1977 to 1982.
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Agra summit
The Agra summit was a historic two-day summit meeting between India and Pakistan which lasted from 14–16 July 2001.
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Anti-Indian sentiment
Anti-Indian sentiment or Indophobia refers to negative feelings and hatred towards India, Indians, and Indian culture.
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Aseff Ahmad Ali
Sardar Asif Ahmad Ali Daula (born 21 October 1940) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 18th Foreign Minister of Pakistan from 1993 to 1996.
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Austria
Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.
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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments.
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Condoleezza Rice
Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is an American political scientist and diplomat.
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Dawn News
Dawn News is one of Pakistan's 24-hour Urdu news channel.
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Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is a retired American political figure and businessman.
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Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
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Farooq Leghari
Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari (English IPA: fɑrukʰ æɦmæd ləɡhərɪ̈) (Balochi, Saraiki, سردار فاروق احمد خان لغاری; 29 May 1940 – 20 October 2010), was a Pakistani politician who served as the 8th President of Pakistan from 14 November 1993 until resigning on 2 December 1997.
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Foreign policy
A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu.
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Foreign relations of Pakistan
Pakistan is the second largest Muslim-majority country in terms of population (after Indonesia) and its status as a declared nuclear power, being the only Muslim majority nation to have that status, plays a part in its international role.
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Foreign Secretary of Pakistan
The Foreign Secretary of Pakistan is the Federal Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
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Foreign Service of Pakistan
Foreign Service of Pakistan was formally created in October 1952, after having been an improvised organization since the creation and independence of Pakistan in 1947.
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Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Ghulam Ishaq Khan (غلام اسحاق خان.; January 20, 1915 – 27 October 2006), was a Pakistani bureaucrat who served as the 7th President of Pakistan, elected in 1988 until his resignation in 1993.
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Government of Pakistan
The Government of Pakistan (حکومتِ پاکستان) is a federal government established by the Constitution of Pakistan as a constituted governing authority of the four provinces of a proclaimed and established parliamentary democratic republic, constitutionally called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
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Humayun Khan (diplomat)
Humayun Khan (born 1932) is a former Ambassador, Foreign Secretary, High Commissioner from Pakistan to India and United Kingdom.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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India Today
India Today is an Indian English-language fortnightly news magazine and news television channel.
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International Atomic Energy Agency
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri
Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri (Urdu: خورشيد محمود قصورى; born 18 June 1941), is a Pakistani politician and writer who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan between November 2002 until November 2007.
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List of diplomatic missions in Pakistan
This is a list of diplomatic missions in Pakistan.
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List of states with nuclear weapons
There are eight sovereign states that have successfully detonated nuclear weapons.
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Media of Pakistan
Media in Pakistan provides information on television, radio, cinema, newspapers, and magazines in Pakistan.
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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)
The following is the list of all the previous foreign ministers of Pakistan to date.
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (وزارت خارجہ, Wazarat-e-Kharja, abbreviated as MoFA) is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan tasked in managing Pakistan's diplomatic and consular relations as well as its foreign policy.
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Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan (منير احمد خان; b. 20 May 1926 – 22 April 1999; ''NI'' ''HI''), was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a nuclear physicist, who served as the chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) from 1972 to 1991.
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National Security Advisor (United States)
The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), commonly referred to as the National Security Advisor (NSA) or at times informally termed the NSC Advisor,The National Security Advisor and Staff: p. 1.
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National Security Council (Pakistan)
The National Security Council (شورا قومی حفاظتی) (reporting name: NSC) is a federal institutional and consultative body chaired by the Prime Minister of Pakistan as its chairman.
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Niaz Naik
Niaz A. Naik (May 31, 1926 – August 8, 2009) was a Pakistani diplomat.
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Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan
The Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan is a theoretical concept of military strategy that promotes deterrence by guaranteeing an immediate "massive retaliation" to an aggressive attack against the state.
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Nuclear strategy
Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons.
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Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan is one of nine states to possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan began development of nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to having the bomb ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, consisting of over twenty laboratories and projects under nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing fissile material, Abdul Qadeer Khan was brought from Europe by Bhutto at the end of 1974. As pointed out by Houston Wood, Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in his article on gas centrifuges, "The most difficult step in building a nuclear weapon is the production of fissile material"; as such, this work in producing fissile material as head of the Kahuta Project was pivotal to Pakistan developing the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb by the end of 1984.Levy, Adrian and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York. Walker Publishing Company. 1977: page 112. Print. The Kahuta Project started under the supervision of a coordination board that oversaw the activities of KRL and PAEC. The Board consisted of A G N Kazi (secretary general, finance), Ghulam Ishaq Khan (secretary general, defence), and Agha Shahi (secretary general, foreign affairs), and reported directly to Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan and General Tikka Khan appointed military engineer Major General Ali Nawab to the program. Eventually, the supervision passed to Lt General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan in President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Administration. Moderate uranium enrichment for the production of fissile material was achieved at KRL by April 1978. Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was in response to the loss of East Pakistan in 1971's Bangladesh Liberation War. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on 20 January 1972, in Multan, which came to known as "Multan meeting". Bhutto was the main architect of this programme, and it was here that Bhutto orchestrated nuclear weapons programme and rallied Pakistan's academic scientists to build the atomic bomb in three years for national survival. At the Multan meeting, Bhutto also appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of PAEC, who, until then, had been working as director at the nuclear power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in Vienna, Austria. In December 1972, Abdus Salam led the establishment of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as he called scientists working at ICTP to report to Munir Ahmad Khan. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear deterrence capability. Following India's surprise nuclear test, codenamed Smiling Buddha in 1974, the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the permanent five members of the United Nations Security Council, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable impetus. Finally, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test (Operation Shakti), Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in the Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai district, Balochistan. This operation was named Chagai-I by Pakistan, the underground iron-steel tunnel having been long-constructed by provincial martial law administrator General Rahimuddin Khan during the 1980s. The last test of Pakistan was conducted at the sandy Kharan Desert under the codename Chagai-II, also in Balochistan, on 30 May 1998. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and Khushab Nuclear Complex, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined. Pakistan thus became the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test nuclear weapons. Although, according to a letter sent by A.Q. Khan to General Zia, the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb using highly enriched uranium as fissile material produced at KRL had been achieved by KRL in 1984.
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Pakistan Observer
The Pakistan Observer is an English-language daily newspaper published in Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore.
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Pakistan's role in the War on Terror
Pakistan's role in the War on Terror is a widely discussed topic among policy-makers of various countries, political analysts and international delegates around the world.
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Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations
Pakistan Ambassador to the United Nations or officially the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations is the diplomatic position representing Pakistan on all platforms of the United Nations (UN) in New York City.
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Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf (پرویز مشرف; born 11 August 1943) is a Pakistani politician and a retired four-star army general who was the tenth President of Pakistan from 2001 until tendering resignation, to avoid impeachment, in 2008.
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Policy of deliberate ambiguity
A policy of deliberate ambiguity (also known as a policy of strategic ambiguity, strategic uncertainty) is the practice by a country of being intentionally ambiguous on certain aspects of its foreign policy or whether it possesses certain weapons of mass destruction.
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Political science
Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior.
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Preemptive war
A preemptive war is a war that is commenced in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war shortly before that attack materializes.
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Raja Ramanna
Raja Ramanna (28 January 1928 – 24 September 2004) was an Indian physicist who is best known for his role in India's nuclear program during its early stages.
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Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
Sahabzada Yaqub Ali Khan (Urdu: صاحبزادہ یعقوب خان; born 23 December 1920 – 26 January 2016) SPk, was a Pakistani statesman, diplomat, military figure, pacifist, linguist, and a retired three-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army.
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Sartaj Aziz
Sartaj Aziz (سرتاج عزيز.; born 7 February 1929) is a Pakistani is the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission of Pakistan.
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September 11 attacks
The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
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Shaukat Aziz
Shaukat Aziz (شوکت عزیز) (born 6 March 1949 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan) is a Pakistani economist and financier who served as 18th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 20 August 2004 to 15 November 2007, as well as the Finance Minister of Pakistan from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007.
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Simla Agreement
The Simla Agreement (or Shimla Agreement) was signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Simla, the capital city of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Stratocracy
A stratocracy (from στρατός, stratos, "army" and κράτος, kratos, "dominion", "power") is a form of government headed by military chiefs.
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Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.
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Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.
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United States Institute of Peace
The United States Institute of Peace (USIP) is an American non-partisan, independent, federal institution that provides analysis of and is involved in conflicts around the world.
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War on Terror
The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is an international military campaign that was launched by the United States government after the September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001.
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Abdul Sattar (Pakistan politician), Abdul Sattar (Pakistani diplomat).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_(diplomat)
