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264 relations: Adam Skwarczyński, Adjutant, Aleksander Litwinowicz, Aleksander Prystor, Aleksander Sulkiewicz, Aleksandra Piłsudska, Ancient language, Annopol, Anti-communism, Antisemitism, Antoni Czubiński, April Constitution of Poland, Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz, August Zaleski, Austria-Hungary, Autarky, Axis powers, Żeligowski's Mutiny, Bank Handlowy, Bank of France, Bank of Poland, Battle of Warsaw (1920), Beirut, Belgium, Beniaminów, Biała Podlaska, Bohdan Winiarski, Bolesław Piasecki, Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, Bordeaux, Brest trials, Bucharest, Camp of National Unity, Captain, Catholic Church, Central Powers, Centrolew, Charisma, Chef, Chernivtsi, Coal, Colonel, Communist Party of Poland, Congress Poland, Conservatism, Council of National Defense (Poland), Cross of Independence, Cross of Valour (Poland), Currency, Customs, ..., Dakar, Dąbrowa coat of arms, Debt, Decree, Devaluation, Druskininkai, Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Encirclement, England, English Electric, Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, Fascism, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Filipów, Podlaskie Voivodeship, France, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Freemasonry, French-Polish Rail Association, Front (military), Front Morges, Gabriel Narutowicz, Galicia (Eastern Europe), Gazeta Polska (1929–39), General Inspector of the Armed Forces, General strike, Gold, Gold standard, Governor of the Bank of England, Grand Duchy of Finland, Great Britain, Great Depression, Greek language, Grodno, Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer, Hayk Bzhishkyan, Henryk Floyar-Rajchman, Henryk Leon Strasburger, Hungary, Ignacy Daszyński, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Ignacy Matuszewski, Ignacy Mościcki, Interventionism (politics), Invasion of Poland, Italy, Jagiellonian University, Jan Dąbski, Jan Lechoń, Jan Piłsudski, Jan Szembek (diplomat), January Uprising, Józef Beck, Józef Piłsudski, Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Józefów, Jerzy Rutkowski, Jews, Juliusz Łukasiewicz, Kalisz, Kazimierz Świtalski, Kazimierz Sosnkowski, Kiev, Kingdom of Italy, Kraków, Krotoszyn, Latin, Legion of Honour, Lieutenant colonel, Limanowa, Liver, London, London Paddington station, Lublin, Lucjan Żeligowski, Lutsk, Lviv, Lwów Voivodeship, Maciej Rataj, Magdeburg, Malaria, Marian Kukiel, Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski, May Coup (Poland), Mayor, Member of parliament, Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin, Metropolitan-Vickers, Michał Grażyński, Montagu Norman, 1st Baron Norman, Nasielsk, National Democracy, National Radical Camp Falanga, National Workers' Union (Poland), Nazi Germany, Netherlands, New York City, New York Stock Exchange, Night of the Long Knives, Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government, Oath crisis, Order of Polonia Restituta, Ostrów Mazowiecka, Oxford, Ozone, Paris, Pension (lodging), Piłsudski's colonels, Piłsudskiite, Pierre-Étienne Flandin, Piotrków Trybunalski, PKO Bank Polski, Plagiarism, Pneumonia, Podgórze, Podlachia, Podporuchik, Poland, Polish Armed Forces, Polish Coal Trunk-Line, Polish diaspora, Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, Polish Legions in World War I, Polish legislative election, 1928, Polish legislative election, 1935, Polish Military Organisation, Polish National Government (January Uprising), Polish Northern Front (1920), Polish People's Party, Polish Rifle Squads, Polish Socialist Party, Polish studies, Polish złoty, Polish–Soviet War, Powązki Cemetery, Power station, Prisoner-of-war camp, Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland, Pseudonym, Railway air brake, Railway electrification system, Różopole, Krotoszyn County, Regency Council (Poland), Rembertów, Riflemen's Association, Right-wing politics, Romania, Royal Castle, Warsaw, Russian Partition, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Sabotage, Saint Petersburg, Sanation, Sea Cliff, New York, Second Cabinet of Władysław Sikorski, Second Department of Polish General Staff, Second Polish Republic, Sejm, Senate of Poland, Siemkowice, Socialism, St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, Stanisław Car, Stanisław Kot, Stanisław Skwarczyński, Stanisław Szeptycki, Stanisław Wojciechowski, Stanisławów Voivodeship, Statism, Stefan Starzyński, Sterling area, Stróża, Limanowa County, Strike action, Suraż, Suwałki, Sweden, Switzerland, Symon Petliura, Szczypiorno, Tadeusz Żuliński (activist), Tadeusz Kasprzycki, Tadeusz Kościuszko, Tadeusz Piskor, Tarnopol Voivodeship, Travel visa, Triple Alliance (1882), Turkey, Ukraine, Union of Active Struggle, United States, Vichy France, Virtuti Militari, Volhynia, Volunteer Army (Poland), Vulture, Waldorf Astoria New York, Walery Sławek, Warsaw, Władysław Raczkiewicz, Władysław Sikorski, Władysław Studnicki, Władysław Wróblewski, Wincenty Witos, Wolvercote Cemetery, World War I, World War II, Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna, Zaolzie, Zdzisław Lubomirski, Ziemiańska, 1905 Russian Revolution, 1st Brigade, Polish Legions, 28th Infantry Division (Poland), 36th Infantry Regiment (Poland), 5th Legions' Infantry Regiment. Expand index (214 more) »
Adam Skwarczyński
Adam Skwarczynski (Stary, Adam Sliwinski, Adam Plomienczyk, 1886–1934) was a Polish independence activist and politician, one of main ideologists of the Sanacja movement.
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Adjutant
Adjutant is a military appointment given to an officer who assists the commanding officer with unit administration.
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Aleksander Litwinowicz
Aleksander Litwinowicz (1879 — 1948) was a Polish general who was a member of Polish Independence Organizations before World War I and a member of the Polish Legions during the war.
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Aleksander Prystor
Aleksander Błażej Prystor (2 January 1874–11 August 1941) was a Polish politician, soldier and activist who served as 23rd Prime Minister of Poland from 1931 to 1933.
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Aleksander Sulkiewicz
Iskander Mirza Huzman Beg Sulkiewicz (December 8, 1867 – September 18, 1916), known as Aleksander Sulkiewicz, was a Polish politician of Lipka Tatar ethnicity who campaigned for Polish independence and co-founded the Polish Socialist Party.
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Aleksandra Piłsudska
Aleksandra Piłsudska (Suwałki, 12 December 1882 – London, 31 March 1963), née Szczerbińska, was the second wife of Józef Piłsudski.
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Ancient language
An ancient language is any language originating in times that may be referred to as ancient.
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Annopol
Annopol is a small town in south-eastern Poland (historic Lesser Poland), with 2,679 inhabitants (2004) in Kraśnik County.
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Anti-communism
Anti-communism is opposition to communism.
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Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
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Antoni Czubiński
Antoni Czubiński (22 November 1928 in Konin, Poland – 10 February 2003 in Poznań, Poland) was a Polish historian and director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1978 to 1990.
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April Constitution of Poland
The April Constitution of Poland (Ustawa konstytucyjna 23 IV 1935 or Konstytucja kwietniowa) was the general law passed by the act of the Polish Sejm on 23 April 1935.
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Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz
Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office.
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August Zaleski
August Zaleski (13 September 1883 – 7 April 1972) was a Polish economist, politician, and diplomat.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
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Autarky
Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient.
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Axis powers
The Axis powers (Achsenmächte; Potenze dell'Asse; 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Axis and the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied forces.
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Żeligowski's Mutiny
Żeligowski's Mutiny (bunt Żeligowskiego also żeligiada, Želigovskio maištas) was a Polish military operation led by General Lucjan Żeligowski in October 1920, which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania.
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Bank Handlowy
Bank Handlowy (BHW) or Citi Handlowy is a Polish bank based in Warsaw, established in 1870.
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Bank of France
The Bank of France known in French as the Banque de France, headquartered in Paris, is the central bank of France; it is linked to the European Central Bank (ECB).
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Bank of Poland
The Bank of Poland (Bank Polski) is the name of two former banks in Poland, each of which acted as a central bank.
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Battle of Warsaw (1920)
The Battle of Warsaw refers to the decisive Polish victory in 1920 during the Polish–Soviet War.
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Beirut
Beirut (بيروت, Beyrouth) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.
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Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.
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Beniaminów
Beniaminów is a village in Poland.
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Biała Podlaska
Biała Podlaska (Біла Bila, Alba Ducalis), is a city in eastern Poland with 58,047 inhabitants (2005).
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Bohdan Winiarski
Bohdan Stefan Winiarski (27 April 1884 in Bohdanów, Łomża County – 4 December 1969 in Poznań) was a Polish politician, jurist and former President of the International Court of Justice.
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Bolesław Piasecki
Bolesław Bogdan Piasecki (alias Leon Całka, Sablewski; born February 18, 1915 in Łódź, died January 1, 1979 in Warsaw) was a Polish politician and writer.
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Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski
Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, diplomat, poet, artist, and formally, for one day, President of the Republic of Poland.
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Bordeaux
Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: Bordèu) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
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Brest trials
The Brest trials (Proces brzeski) were among the most famous trials conducted under the Second Polish Republic.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.
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Camp of National Unity
Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego (Camp of National Unity; abbreviated "OZN"; and often called "Ozon" (Polish for "ozone") was a Polish political party founded in 1937 by sections of the leadership in the Sanacja movement. A year after the 1935 death of Poland's Chief of State Marshal Józef Piłsudski, in mid-1936, one of his followers, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, attempted to unite the various government factions under his leadership. The attempt failed as another (opposing) Sanacja politician, President Ignacy Mościcki, likewise had a large following; nevertheless, substantial numbers of people did throw their lot in with Rydz-Śmigły. On February 21, 1937, diplomat and Colonel Adam Koc formally announced the formation of OZN. Its stated aims were to improve Poland's national defense and to safeguard the April 1935 Constitution. OZN was strongly pro-military, and its politicians sought to portray Marshal Rydz-Śmigły as Marshal Józef Piłsudski's heir, describing Rydz-Śmigły as the "second person in the country" after President Mościcki—a claim that had no foundation in the Polish Constitution. The OZN adopted 13 theses on the Jewish question. Modeled after the Nuremberg laws, they labelled Jews as a foreign element that should be deprived of all civil rights and ultimately expelled altogether. However, because the OZN was a political grouping without actual concrete political power, these laws remained theoretical and were never implemented or enforced in pre-war Poland. OZNs first official leader was Adam Koc, and its second was General Stanisław Skwarczyński. After the 1939 German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II, OZN leadership passed to Colonel Zygmunt Wenda. In 1937, OZN claimed some 40,000–50,000 members; in 1938, 100,000. During World War II and the German occupation of Poland, OZNs underground military arm, created in 1942, was known as Obóz Polski Walczącej (the Camp of Fighting Poland).
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Captain
Captain and chief officer are overlapping terms, formal or informal, for the commander of a military unit, the commander of a ship, airplane, spacecraft, or other vessel, or the commander of a port, fire department or police department, election precinct, etc.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Central Powers
The Central Powers (Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit), consisting of Germany,, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).
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Centrolew
The Centrolew (Center-Left) was a coalition of several Polish political parties (Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", Polish People's Party "Piast", National Workers' Party, Polish Socialist Party, Stronnictwo Chłopskie and Polskie Stronnictwo Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji) after the 1928 ''Sejm'' elections.
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Charisma
The term charisma (pl. charismata, adj. charismatic) has two senses.
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Chef
A chef is a trained professional cook who is proficient in all aspects of food preparation, often focusing on a particular cuisine.
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Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi (Černivci; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine, situated on the upper course of the River Prut.
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Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
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Colonel
Colonel ("kernel", abbreviated Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank below the brigadier and general officer ranks.
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Communist Party of Poland
The Communist Party of Poland (Komunistyczna Partia Polski, KPP) was a communist party in Poland.
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832.
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Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
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Council of National Defense (Poland)
The Council of National Defense (Rada Obrony Państwa) was an extraordinary temporary governmental body created by a decree of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic, of 1 July 1920.
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Cross of Independence
Cross of Independence (Krzyż Niepodległości) was second highest Polish military decorations between World Wars I and II.
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Cross of Valour (Poland)
The Cross of Valor (Krzyż Walecznych) is a Polish military decoration.
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Currency
A currency (from curraunt, "in circulation", from currens, -entis), in the most specific use of the word, refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins.
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Customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal, and hazardous items, into and out of a country.
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Dakar
Dakar is the capital and largest city of Senegal.
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Dąbrowa coat of arms
Dąbrowa is a Polish coat of arms originated from the Duchy of Masovia.
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Debt
Debt is when something, usually money, is owed by one party, the borrower or debtor, to a second party, the lender or creditor.
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Decree
A decree is a rule of law usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution).
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Devaluation
In modern monetary policy, a devaluation is an official lowering of the value of a country's currency within a fixed exchange rate system, by which the monetary authority formally sets a new fixed rate with respect to a foreign reference currency or currency basket.
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Druskininkai
Druskininkai (Druskieniki, Друскенiкi, דרוזגעניק Druzgenik, Друскеники) is a spa town on the Nemunas River in southern Lithuania, close to the borders of Belarus and Poland.
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Edward Rydz-Śmigły
Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły (11 March 1886 – 2 December 1941; nom de guerre Śmigły, Tarłowski, Adam Zawisza), also called Edward Śmigły-Rydz, was a Polish politician, statesman, Marshal of Poland and Commander-in-Chief of Poland's armed forces, as well as painter and poet.
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Encirclement
Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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English Electric
The English Electric Company Limited was a British industrial manufacturer formed after the armistice of World War I at the end of 1918.
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Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski
Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski (30 December 1888, Kraków – 22 August 1974, Kraków) was a Polish politician and economist, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland, government minister and manager of the Second Polish Republic.
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Fascism
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
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Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (9 June 1885,http://www.generals.dk/general/S%C5%82awoj-Sk%C5%82adkowski/Felicjan/Poland.html Gąbin – 31 August 1962) was a Polish physician,Waclaw Jedrzejewicz Piłsudski: A Life for Poland Hippocrene, 1982 Page 246 general and politician who served as Minister of Internal Affairs and is 28th Prime Minister of Poland before World War II.
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Filipów, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Filipów (Pilypavas), is a village in Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
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Freemasonry
Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.
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French-Polish Rail Association
French-Polish Rail Association (Polish: Francusko-Polskie Towarzystwo Kolejowe, FPTK, French: Compagnie Franco-Polonaise de Chemins de Fer, CFPCF) was a Joint-stock company, established in 1931 to complete construction and then usage of the Polish Coal Trunk-Line.
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Front (military)
A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces.
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Front Morges
Front Morges was a political alliance of centrist political parties of interwar Poland (Polish Christian Democratic Party, National Workers' Party, Związek Hallerczyków).
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Gabriel Narutowicz
Gabriel Narutowicz (17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the 1st President of Poland from 11 December 1922 until his assassination on 16 December, five days after assuming office.
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Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Galicia (Ukrainian and Галичина, Halyčyna; Galicja; Czech and Halič; Galizien; Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics; Galiția/Halici; Галиция, Galicija; גאַליציע Galitsiye) is a historical and geographic region in Central Europe once a small Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and later a crown land of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, that straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine.
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Gazeta Polska (1929–39)
Gazeta Polska was an important newspaper in the interwar Poland, published from 1929 to 1939 in Warsaw.
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General Inspector of the Armed Forces
General Inspector of the Armed Forces (Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych; GISZ) was an office created in the Second Polish Republic in 1926, after the May Coup.
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General strike
A general strike (or mass strike) is a strike action in which a substantial proportion of the total labour force in a city, region, or country participates.
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Gold
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.
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Gold standard
A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold.
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Governor of the Bank of England
The Governor of the Bank of England is the most senior position in the Bank of England.
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Grand Duchy of Finland
The Grand Duchy of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta, Storfurstendömet Finland, Великое княжество Финляндское,; literally Grand Principality of Finland) was the predecessor state of modern Finland.
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Great Britain
Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe.
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Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Grodno
Grodno or Hrodna (Гродна, Hrodna; ˈɡrodnə, see also other names) is a city in western Belarus.
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Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer
Gustaw Konstanty Orlicz-Dreszer (October 2, 1889 − July 16, 1936) was a Polish general, and a political and social activist.
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Hayk Bzhishkyan
Hayk Bzhishkyan (Հայկ Բժշկյան, Persian هایک پزشکیان, Russian: Гайк Бжишкян, also known as Guy Dmitrievich Guy, Gai Dmitrievich Gai (Гай Дмитриевич Гай), Gaya Gai (Гая Гай), or Bzhishkyan, – 11 December 1937), was a Soviet military commander of the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet War.
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Henryk Floyar-Rajchman
Henryk Floyar-Rajchman (December 7, 1893 - March 22, 1951) was a Polish statesman and a founding member of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America for Research in the Modern History of Poland created in New York City in July 1943.
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Henryk Leon Strasburger
Henryk Leon Strasburger (27 May 1887 – 2 May 1951) was a Polish economist, General Commissioner in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk) and delegate to the League of Nations.
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Hungary
Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.
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Ignacy Daszyński
Ignacy Ewaryst Daszyński (Zbaraż, 26 October 1866 – 31 October 1936, Bystra Śląska) was a Polish socialist politician, journalist, and very briefly Prime Minister of the Second Polish Republic's first government, formed in Lublin in 1918.
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Ignacy Jan Paderewski
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (– 29 June 1941) was a Polish pianist and composer, politician, statesman and spokesman for Polish independence.
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Ignacy Matuszewski
Ignacy Hugo Matuszewski (born September 10, 1891 in Warsaw, died on August 3, 1946 in New York City) was a Polish politician, publicist, diplomat, Minister of Treasury of the Second Polish Republic, colonel, infantry officer and intelligence agent of the Polish Army, member of the International Olympic Committee.
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Ignacy Mościcki
Ignacy Mościcki (1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939.
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Interventionism (politics)
Interventionism is a policy of non-defensive (proactive) activity undertaken by a nation-state, or other geo-political jurisdiction of a lesser or greater nature, to manipulate an economy and/or society.
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Invasion of Poland
The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Jagiellonian University
The Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński; Latin: Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis, also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.
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Jan Dąbski
Jan Dąbski (April 10, 1880, Kukizów, Galicia – June 5, 1931, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish politician.
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Jan Lechoń
Leszek Józef Serafinowicz (pen name: Jan Lechoń; March 13, 1899 in Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire – June 8, 1956 in New York City) was a Polish poet, literary and theater critic, diplomat, and co-founder of the Skamander literary movement and the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.
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Jan Piłsudski
Jan Piłsudski (1876 – 1950), was a Polish politician and younger brother of Marshal Józef Piłsudski.
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Jan Szembek (diplomat)
Jan Szembek (July 11, 1881 – July 9, 1945) was a Polish diplomat, one of the most influential in the final years of the Second Polish Republic, and a close associate of Józef Beck.
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January Uprising
The January Uprising (Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m. sukilimas, Belarusian: Паўстанне 1863-1864 гадоў, Польське повстання) was an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire.
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Józef Beck
Józef Beck (4 October 1894 – 5 June 1944) was a Polish statesman who served the Second Republic of Poland as a diplomat and military officer, and was a close associate of Józef Piłsudski.
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Józef Piłsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman; he was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal of Poland" (from 1920), and de facto leader (1926–35) of the Second Polish Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs.
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Józef Piłsudski Institute of America
The Józef Piłsudski Institute of America (full name: Józef Piłsudski Institute of America for Research in the Modern History of Poland) was created in New York City in July 1943.
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Józefów
Józefów is a town in east-central Poland, located in Masovian Voivodeship, in Otwock County.
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Jerzy Rutkowski
Jerzy Rutkowski (23 April 1914 in Kiev – 18 December 1989 in Warsaw) was a Polish political activist and resistance soldier.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Juliusz Łukasiewicz
Juliusz Łukasiewicz (May 6, 1892 - April 6, 1951) was a Polish diplomat, an ambassador of Poland to the Soviet Union and France, and a Polish Freemason.
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Kalisz
Kalisz (Old Greek: Καλισία, Latin: Calisia, Yiddish: קאַליש, Kalisch) is a city in central Poland with 101,625 inhabitants (December 2017), the capital city of the Kalisz Region.
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Kazimierz Świtalski
Kazimierz Stanisław Świtalski (4 March 1886, Sanok – 28 December 1962, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish politician, diplomat, soldier, military officer in the Polish Legions and 18th Prime Minister of Poland between April and December 1929.
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Kazimierz Sosnkowski
General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (19 November 1885 in Warsaw – 11 October 1969 in Arundel, Quebec) was a Polish nobleman, independence fighter, diplomat, architect, politician and a Polish Army general.
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Kyiv; Kiyev; Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946—when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.
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Kraków
Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.
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Krotoszyn
Krotoszyn (Krotoschin, קארטשין Kortshin) is a town in central Poland with 30,010 inhabitants.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Legion of Honour
The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.
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Lieutenant colonel
Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel.
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Limanowa
Limanowa (Ilmenau, לימינוב Liminuv) is a small town (population 14,624) in southern Poland, in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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London Paddington station
Paddington, also known as London Paddington, is a Central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex, located on Praed Street in the Paddington area.
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Lublin
Lublin (Lublinum) is the ninth largest city in Poland and the second largest city of Lesser Poland.
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Lucjan Żeligowski
Lucjan Żeligowski (1865–1947) was a Polish general, politician, military commander and veteran of World War I, the Polish-Soviet War and World War II.
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Lutsk
Lutsk (Luc'k,, Łuck, Luck) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine.
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Lviv
Lviv (Львів; Львов; Lwów; Lemberg; Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016.
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Lwów Voivodeship
Lwów Voivodeship (Województwo lwowskie) was an administrative unit of interwar Poland (1918–1939).
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Maciej Rataj
Maciej Rataj (19 February 1884 – 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician and writer.
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Magdeburg
Magdeburg (Low Saxon: Meideborg) is the capital city and the second largest city of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Marian Kukiel
Marian Włodzimierz Kukiel (pseudonyms: Marek Kąkol, Stach Zawierucha; 15 May 1885 in Dąbrowa Tarnowska – 15 August 1972 in London) was a Polish major general, historian, social and political activist.
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Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski
Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski (16 March 1892, Pandėlys, Kovno Governorate – 12 April 1946 near Woking) was a Polish politician and military officer who served as voivode of Białystok Voivodeship in 1930-1934, Mayor of Warsaw in 1934 and 27th Prime Minister of Poland from 1935 to 1936.
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May Coup (Poland)
The May Coup d'État (Przewrót majowy or zamach majowy) was a coup d'état carried out in Poland by Marshal Józef Piłsudski between 12 and 14 May 1926.
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Mayor
In many countries, a mayor (from the Latin maior, meaning "bigger") is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town.
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Member of parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament.
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Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin
The Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin, usually referred to in Poland as the Silesian Metropolis (Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia; Metropolia Silesia), See also: Further information: is an association of municipalities composed of 14 neighbouring cities in the Polish Province of Silesia.
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Metropolitan-Vickers
Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick, or Metrovicks, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse.
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Michał Grażyński
Michał Grażyński (May 12, 1890, in Gdów – December 10, 1965, in London, United Kingdom) was a Polish military leader, social and political activist, doctor of philosophy and law, voivode of the Silesian Voivodeship, Scouting activist and president of Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego.
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Montagu Norman, 1st Baron Norman
Montagu Collet Norman, 1st Baron Norman DSO PC (6 September 1871 – 4 February 1950) was an English banker, best known for his role as the Governor of the Bank of England from 1920 to 1944.
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Nasielsk
Nasielsk is a small town in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland.
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National Democracy
National Democracy (Narodowa Demokracja, also known from its abbreviation ND as "Endecja") was a Polish political movement active from the second half of the 19th century under the foreign partitions of the country until the end of the Second Polish Republic.
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National Radical Camp Falanga
The Falanga National Radical Camp (Ruch Narodowo Radykalny-Falanga, RNR-Falanga, colloquially ONR-Falanga), was a minor Polish far-right political grouping of the 1930s, one of two to emerge following the split of the National Radical Camp (Oboz Narodowo Radykalny, ONR) in 1934.
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National Workers' Union (Poland)
The National Workers' Union (Narodowy Związek Robotniczy, NZR) was a political party in Poland.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (abbreviated as NYSE, and nicknamed "The Big Board"), is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York.
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Night of the Long Knives
The Night of the Long Knives (German), also called Operation Hummingbird (German: Unternehmen Kolibri) or, in Germany, the Röhm Putsch, was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from June 30 to July 2, 1934, when the National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazis, carried out a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate Adolf Hitler's absolute hold on power in Germany.
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Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
The Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem,; abbreviated BBWR) was a "non-political" organization in the interwar Second Polish Republic, in 1928–35.
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Oath crisis
The Oath crisis (Kryzys przysięgowy) was a World War I political conflict between the Imperial German Army command and the Józef Piłsudski-led Polish Legions.
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Order of Polonia Restituta
The Order of Polonia Restituta (Order Odrodzenia Polski, Order of the Rebirth of Poland) is a Polish state order established 4 February 1921.
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Ostrów Mazowiecka
Ostrów Mazowiecka is a town in northeastern Poland with 23,486 inhabitants (2004).
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Oxford
Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire.
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Ozone
Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Pension (lodging)
A pension is a type of guest house or boarding house.
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Piłsudski's colonels
Piłsudski's colonels,, TIME, Monday, April 07, 1930, TIME, Monday, December 25, 1933 or the colonels' regime (in Polish called simply "the colonels"), dominated the government of the Second Polish Republic from 1926 to 1939.
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Piłsudskiite
A Piłsudskiite was a supporter of Poland's Marshal Józef Piłsudski, founder of the World War I-era Polish Legions and the first Chief of State of the Second Republic of Poland.
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Pierre-Étienne Flandin
Pierre-Étienne Flandin (12 April 1889 – 13 June 1958) was a French conservative politician of the Third Republic, leader of the Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD), and Prime Minister of France from 8 November 1934 to 31 May 1935.
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Piotrków Trybunalski
Piotrków Trybunalski (also known by alternative names) is a city in central Poland with 74,694 inhabitants (2016).
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PKO Bank Polski
Powszechna Kasa Oszczędności Bank Polski Spółka Akcyjna (also known as PKO Bank Polski, PKO BP) is Poland's largest bank.
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Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.
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Podgórze
Podgórze is a district of Kraków, Poland, situated on the right (southern) bank of the Vistula River, at the foot of Lasota Hill.
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Podlachia
Podlachia or Podlasie, (Podlasie, Падляшша Padliašša, Palenkė) is a historical region in the eastern part of Poland.
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Podporuchik
Podporuchik (potporučnik, потпоручник, poručík, podporucznik, подпору́чик, подпоручик, п, poručík) is an Officer's rank out of the Lieutenants rank group in Slavophone armed forces.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Polish Armed Forces
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland (Polish:Siły Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, abbreviated SZ RP; popularly called Wojsko Polskie in Poland, abbreviated WP—roughly, the "Polish Military") are the national armed forces of the Republic of Poland.
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Polish Coal Trunk-Line
The Coal Trunk-Line (Magistrala Węglowa) is one of the most important rail connections in Poland.
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Polish diaspora
The Polish diaspora refers to Poles who live outside Poland.
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Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum
The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum (Instytut Polski i Muzeum im.), commonly known as Sikorski Institute, is a London-based non-governmental organisation of the Polish community in the United Kingdom.
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Polish Legions in World War I
The Polish Legions (Legiony Polskie) was a name of the Polish military force (the first active Polish army in generations) established in August 1914 in Galicia soon after World War I erupted between the opposing alliances of the Triple Entente on one side (including the British Empire, the French Republic and the Russian Empire); and the Central Powers on the other side, including the German Empire and Austria-Hungary.
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Polish legislative election, 1928
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 4 March 1928, with Senate elections held a week later on 11 March.
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Polish legislative election, 1935
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 8 September 1935, with Senate elections held a week later on 15 September.
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Polish Military Organisation
Polish Military Organisation, PMO ('Polska Organizacja Wojskowa', POW) was a secret military organization created by Józef Piłsudski in August 1914, and officially named in November 1914, during World War I. Its tasks were to gather intelligence and sabotage the enemies of the Polish people.
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Polish National Government (January Uprising)
The Polish National Government 1863–64 was an underground Polish supreme authority during the January Uprising, a large scale insurrection during the Russian partition of the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Polish Northern Front (1920)
The Northern Front was one of the largest strategic formations of the Polish Army.
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Polish People's Party
The Polish People's Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, abbreviated to PSL (traditionally translated as Polish Peasants' Party), often shortened to ludowcy ('the populars') is an agrarian and Christian democratic political party in Poland. It has 14 members of the Sejm and four Members of the European Parliament. It was the junior partner in a coalition with Civic Platform. It is a member of the European People's Party and the European People's Party group in the European Parliament. The party was formed in 1990 as a left-wing party. The PSL formed a coalition with the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) after winning 132 seats in the Sejm at the 1993 election, with PSL leader Waldemar Pawlak as Prime Minister until 1995. The party fell to 27 at the next election, and moved towards the centre at the end of the 1990s. In 2001, the party re-entered a coalition with the SLD, but withdrew in 2003. After the 2007 election, the PSL entered a coalition with the centre-right Civic Platform (PO). The party's name traces its tradition to an agrarian party in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Galician Poland, which sent MPs to the parliament in Vienna. Until the 2014 local election, the PSL formed self-government coalition in fifteen to sixteen regional assemblies.
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Polish Rifle Squads
The Polish Rifle Squads (Polskie Drużyny Strzeleckie, PDS) was a Polish pro-independence paramilitary organization, founded in 1911 by the Youth Independence Organization Zarzewie in the Austro-Hungarian sector of partitioned Poland.
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Polish Socialist Party
The Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) was a left-wing Polish political party.
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Polish studies
Polish studies, or Polonistics (filologia polska, or polonistyka) is the field of humanities that researches, documents and disseminates the Polish language and Polish literature in both historic and present-day forms.
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Polish złoty
The złoty (pronounced; sign: zł; code: PLN), which is the masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', is the currency of Poland.
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Polish–Soviet War
The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was fought by the Second Polish Republic, Ukrainian People's Republic and the proto-Soviet Union (Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine) for control of an area equivalent to today's western Ukraine and parts of modern Belarus.
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Powązki Cemetery
Powązki Cemetery (Cmentarz Powązkowski), also known as the Stare Powązki (Old Powązki) is a historic cemetery located in the Wola district, western part of Warsaw, Poland.
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Power station
A power station, also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
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Prisoner-of-war camp
A prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of enemy combatants captured by a belligerent power in time of war.
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Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland
The Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej), also known as the Government of Ignacy Daszyński, was established on 7 November 1918 in Lublin, Austrian Galicia, as one of the precursors of Poland's sovereignty following World War I. It proclaimed the creation of a constitutional republic with the right to parliamentary elections, nationalization of key industries, as well as social, labour, and land reforms.
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Pseudonym
A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their first or true name (orthonym).
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Railway air brake
A railway air brake is a railway brake power braking system with compressed air as the operating medium.
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Railway electrification system
A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply.
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Różopole, Krotoszyn County
Różopole (Rosenfeld) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krotoszyn, within Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
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Regency Council (Poland)
Regency Council: Ostrowski, Kakowski, Lubomirski The Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland was a semi-independent and temporarily appointed highest authority (head of state) in the Partitioned Poland during World War I. It was formed by Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary within the war-torn, and historically Polish lands around September 1917.
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Rembertów
Rembertów is a district of the city of Warsaw, the capital of Poland.
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Riflemen's Association
The Polish Riflemen's Association known as Związek Strzelecki (or more commonly, in the plural form as Związki Strzeleckie) formed in great numbers prior to World War I. One of the better known associations called "Strzelec" (Riflemen's Association "Rifleman") was a Polish paramilitary cultural and educational organization created in 1910 in Lwów as a legal front of Związek Walki Czynnej, and somewhat reinstated in present-day Poland in 1991, after the fall of communism.
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Right-wing politics
Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Royal Castle, Warsaw
The Royal Castle in Warsaw (Zamek Królewski w Warszawie) is a castle residency that formerly served throughout the centuries as the official residence of the Polish monarchs.
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Russian Partition
The Russian Partition (sometimes called Russian Poland) constituted the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were invaded by the Russian Empire in the course of late-18th-century Partitions of Poland.
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.
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Sabotage
Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, effort or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption or destruction.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Sanation
Sanation (Sanacja) was a Polish political movement that was created in the interwar period, prior to Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 ''Coup d'État'', and came to power in the wake of that coup.
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Sea Cliff, New York
The Incorporated Village of Sea Cliff is a village located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York.
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Second Cabinet of Władysław Sikorski
The Second Cabinet of Władysław Sikorski (Polish: Drugi rząd Władysława Sikorskiego) was the first cabinet of the Polish Government in Exile, formed after Nazi Germany invasion and seize of Poland in September–October 1939, headed by General and former Prime Minister (1922-1923).
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Second Department of Polish General Staff
The Second Department of Polish General Staff (Polish: Oddział II Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego, also called Dwojka) was a department of the Polish General Staff in the Second Polish Republic.
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Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).
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Sejm
The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.
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Senate of Poland
The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the 'Sejm'.
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Siemkowice
Siemkowice is a village in Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
The St.
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Stanisław Car
Stanisław Car was a Polish politician, lawyer, Marshal of the Sejm, deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Justice.
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Stanisław Kot
Stanisław Kot (22 October 1885 – 26 December 1975) was a Polish historian and politician, member of the Polish Government in Exile.
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Stanisław Skwarczyński
Stanisław Skwarczyński (1888 – 1981) was a soldier of the Austro-Hungarian Army, officer of Polish Legions in World War I, and General brygady of the Polish Army.
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Stanisław Szeptycki
Count Stanisław Maria Szeptycki (3 November 1867 – 9 October 1950) was a Polish count, general and military commander.
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Stanisław Wojciechowski
Stanisław Wojciechowski (15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement.
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Stanisławów Voivodeship
Stanisławów Voivodeship (Województwo stanisławowskie) was an administrative district of the interwar Poland (1920–1939).
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Statism
In political science, statism is the belief that the state should control either economic or social policy, or both, to some degree.
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Stefan Starzyński
Stefan Bronisław Starzyński (August 19, 1893, Warsaw – between December 21 and 23, 1939) was a Polish statesman, economist, military officer and Mayor of Warsaw before and during the Siege of 1939.
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Sterling area
The sterling area (or sterling bloc, legally scheduled territories) was a group of countries that either pegged their currencies to the pound sterling, or actually used the pound as their own currency.
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Stróża, Limanowa County
Stróża is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobra, within Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.
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Strike action
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.
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Suraż
Suraż (Сураж) is a town in north-eastern Poland situated in the Podlaskie Voivodeship since 1999 and, from 1975 to 1998, in the Białystok Voivodeship.
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Suwałki
Suwałki (Suvalkai, סואוואַלק) is a city in northeastern Poland with 69,210 inhabitants (2011).
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Sweden
Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Symon Petliura
Symon Vasylyovych Petliura (Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; May 10, 1879 – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist.
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Szczypiorno
Szczypiorno is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Kalisz, Poland.
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Tadeusz Żuliński (activist)
Tadeusz Żuliński (28 May 1889, Lwow – 5 November 1915, Kamieniucha), pseudonym Roman Barski, was an activist, member of Polska Partia Socjalistyczna - Frakcja Rewolucyjna and Związek Walki Czynnej (from 1908), Związek Strzelecki (from 1910).
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Tadeusz Kasprzycki
Tadeusz Adam Kasprzycki (16 January 1891, Warsaw – 4 December 1978, Montreal) was a member of the Polish Legions in First World War, major general of the Polish Army from 1929 and Minister of Military Affairs of Poland from 1935 to 1939.
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Tadeusz Kościuszko
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko; February 4 or 12, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States.
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Tadeusz Piskor
Tadeusz Piskor (1889-1951) was a Polish Army general.
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Tarnopol Voivodeship
Tarnopol Voivodeship (Województwo tarnopolskie) was an administrative region of interwar Poland (1918–1939) with an area of 16,500 km² and provincial capital in Tarnopol.
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Travel visa
A visa (from the Latin charta visa, meaning "paper which has been seen") is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter, remain within, or to leave that country.
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Triple Alliance (1882)
The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
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Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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Union of Active Struggle
Związek Walki Czynnej (abbreviation: ZWC; Union of Active Struggle; also translated as Union for Active Struggle and Union for Active Resistance) was a Polish secret military organization founded in June 1908 in Lwów by Józef Piłsudski, Marian Kukiel, Kazimierz Sosnkowski and Władysław Sikorski, all members of the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party's Revolutionary Faction.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Vichy France
Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
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Virtuti Militari
The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: "For Military Virtue", Polish: Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari) is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war.
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Volhynia
Volhynia, also Volynia or Volyn (Wołyń, Volýn) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe straddling between south-eastern Poland, parts of south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine.
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Volunteer Army (Poland)
The Volunteer Army (Armia Ochotnicza) was a military formation of the Polish Army, created at the height of the Polish–Soviet War.
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Vulture
A vulture is a scavenging bird of prey.
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Waldorf Astoria New York
The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
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Walery Sławek
Walery Jan Sławek (2 November 1879 – 3 April 1939) was a Polish politician, military officer and activist, who in the early 1930s served three times as Prime Minister of Poland.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.
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Władysław Raczkiewicz
Władysław Raczkiewicz (28 January 1885 – 6 June 1947) was a Polish politician, lawyer, diplomat and the first president of the Polish government in exile from 1939 until his death in 1947.
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Władysław Sikorski
Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (20 May 1881 – 4 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.
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Władysław Studnicki
Władysław Gizbert-Studnicki, a Polish politician and publicist, was born on November 15, 1867 in Daugavpils, Russian Empire (current Latvia), into a patriotic Polish noble family of the Kresy region.
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Władysław Wróblewski
Władysław Wróblewski (21 March 1875, Kraków – 19 August 1951, Łódź) was a Polish szlachcic, politician, scientist, diplomat and lawyer.
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Wincenty Witos
Wincenty Witos (22 January 1874 – 31 October 1945) was a prominent member of the Polish People's Party (PSL) from 1895, and leader of its "Piast" faction from 1913.
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Wolvercote Cemetery
Wolvercote Cemetery is a cemetery in the parish of Wolvercote, Oxford, England.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna
Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna (English: War College—literally, "Higher War School") was the most important Polish military academy in the period between the World Wars.
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Zaolzie
Zaolzie is the Polish name for an area now in the Czech Republic which was disputed between interwar Poland and Czechoslovakia.
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Zdzisław Lubomirski
Prince Zdzisław Lubomirski (1865–1943) was a Polish aristocrat, landowner, lawyer, a conservative politician and social activist.
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Ziemiańska
Ziemiańska or Mała Ziemiańska (the name coined after the term ziemianin, meaning member of Polish landed gentry) was a coffeehouse in Warsaw.
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1905 Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government.
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1st Brigade, Polish Legions
Brigade I of the Polish Legions (I Brygada Legionów Polskich) was a unit of Austro-Hungarian Army, manned by Poles under Austrian occupation, part of the Polish Legions in World War I, existing from 1914 to 1917.
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28th Infantry Division (Poland)
The 28 Dywizja Piechoty was a Polish Army infantry division which saw action against the invading Germans during the Invasion of Poland of World War II.
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36th Infantry Regiment (Poland)
The 36th Infantry Regiment of the Academic Legion (Polish 36 pułk piechoty Legii Akademickiej, 36pp) was a Polish military unit.
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5th Legions' Infantry Regiment
5th Legions Infantry Regiment of Józef Piłsudski (Polish: 5 Pulk Piechoty Legionow Jozefa Pilsudskiego, 4 pp Leg.) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army in 1918–1939.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Koc
