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49 relations: Acetate, Alginic acid, Aspergillus niger, Biofilm, Biogeochemical cycle, Biopolymer, Bioremediation, Biosorption, Carbonate, Cellulose, Chitosan, Curdlan, Cyanobacteria, Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Dextran, DNA, Extracellular matrix, Galactosaminogalactan, Gellan gum, Geomicrobiology, Humic acid, Hyaluronic acid, Hydrolase, Indican, Kefir, Lactococcus lactis, Lentinan, Levan polysaccharide, Lipid, Microorganism, Molecular mass, N-Acetylglucosamine, Natural gum, Nitrogen fixation, Oxidoreductase, Phosphate, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Polysaccharide, Pullulan, Pyruvic acid, Rhizosphere, Schizophyllan, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Succinic acid, Viili, Wastewater, Welan gum, Xanthan gum, Zoogloea.
Acetate
An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with an alkaline, earthy, metallic or nonmetallic and other base.
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Alginic acid
Alginic acid, also called algin or alginate, is a polysaccharide distributed widely in the cell walls of brown algae, where through binding with water it forms a viscous gum.
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Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger is a fungus and one of the most common species of the genus Aspergillus.
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Biofilm
A biofilm comprises any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.
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Biogeochemical cycle
In geography and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
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Biopolymer
Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules.
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Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms and degrade the target pollutants.
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Biosorption
Biosorption is a physiochemical process that occurs naturally in certain biomass which allows it to passively concentrate and bind contaminants onto its cellular structure.
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Carbonate
In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of.
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Cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
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Chitosan
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and ''N''-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit).
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Curdlan
Curdlan is a linear beta-1,3-glucan, a high-molecular-weight polymer of glucose.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Deepwater Horizon oil spill
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill/leak, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the Macondo blowout) is an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect, considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill.
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Dextran
Dextran is a complex branched glucan (polysaccharide made of many glucose molecules) composed of chains of varying lengths (from 3 to 2000 kilodaltons).
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
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Galactosaminogalactan
Galactosaminogalactan (commonly abbreviated as GAG or GG), is an exopolysaccharide composed of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc).
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Gellan gum
Gellan gum is a water-soluble anionic polysaccharide produced by the bacterium Sphingomonas elodea (formerly Pseudomonas elodea).
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Geomicrobiology
Geomicrobiology is the scientific field at the intersection of geology and microbiology.
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Humic acid
Humic acids are the result of a severe chemical extraction from the soil organic matter, and recently their natural existence was jeopardized, since it is a product of the chemical procedure.
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Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid (HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
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Hydrolase
Hydrolase is a class of enzyme that is commonly used as biochemical catalysts that utilize water to break a chemical bond.
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Indican
Indican is a colourless organic compound, soluble in water, naturally occurring in Indigofera plants.
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Kefir
Kefir or kephir, alternatively milk kefir or búlgaros, is a fermented milk drink that originated in the Caucasus Mountains made with kefir "grains", a yeast/bacterial fermentation starter.
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Lactococcus lactis
Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the production of buttermilk and cheese, but has also become famous as the first genetically modified organism to be used alive for the treatment of human disease.
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Lentinan
Lentinan is a polysaccharide isolated from the fruit body of shiitake (Lentinula edodes mycelium.
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Levan polysaccharide
Levans are a group of fructans; polymers of fructose forming a non-structural carbohydrate, which in the case of levans can themselves link to form super-molecules comprising even hundreds of thousands.
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Lipid
In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Molecular mass
Relative Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule.
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N-Acetylglucosamine
N-Acetylglucosamine (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or GlcNAc, or NAG) is a monosaccharide and a derivative of glucose.
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Natural gum
Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, capable of causing a large increase in a solution’s viscosity, even at small concentrations.
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Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other molecules available to living organisms.
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Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor.
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Phosphate
A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, also polyaromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized).
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.
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Pullulan
Pullulan is a polysaccharide polymer consisting of maltotriose units, also known as α-1,4-;α-1,6-glucan'.
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Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.
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Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms.
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Schizophyllan
Schizophyllan (Sonifilan, SPG) is a neutral extracellular polysaccharide produced by the fungus Schizophyllum commune.
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Sinorhizobium meliloti
Sinorhizobium meliloti is a Gram-negative nitrogen-fixing bacterium (rhizobium).
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Succinic acid
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
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Viili
Viili (Finnish) or filbunke (Swedish, or simply fil) is a mesophilic fermented milk product found in Finland that originated in Scandinavia.
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Wastewater
Wastewater (or waste water) is any water that has been affected by human use.
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Welan gum
Welan gum is an exopolysaccharide used as a rheology modifier in industrial applications such as cement manufacturing.
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Xanthan gum
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide with many industrial uses, including as a common food additive.
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Zoogloea
Zoogloea is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria from the family of Zoogloeaceae in the Rhodocyclales of the class Betaproteobacteria.
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Exopolysaccharide, Exopolysaccharides, Extracellular polymeric substances.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_polymeric_substance
