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163 relations: Acute-phase protein, Allergy, Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, Alpha-taxilin, Angiogenesis, Antibody, Astrocyte, Autoimmune disease, B cell, Basophil, Bone marrow, CD4, CD8, Cell adhesion molecule, Cell signaling, Cellular differentiation, Central nervous system, Chemotaxis, Common gamma chain, CSF2RB, CXCL2, Cytokine, Cytotoxic T cell, Dendritic cell, Denileukin diftitox, Endothelium, Eosinophil, Epithelium, Epstein–Barr virus, Equine herpesvirus 2, Ermatingen, Fever, Glycoprotein 130, Granulocyte, Haematopoiesis, Haptoglobin, Hematopoietic stem cell, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hippocampus, Histamine, Human genome, ICAM-1, IL17RA, IL17RB, IL1A, IL2RA, IL2RB, IL31RA, IL3RA, Immune system, ..., Immunodeficiency, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin E, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Immunotherapy, Inflammation, Interferon gamma, Interlaken, Interleukin 1 beta, Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, Interleukin 1 receptor, type I, Interleukin 1 receptor, type II, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit, Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit, Interleukin 11, Interleukin 11 receptor alpha subunit, Interleukin 12, Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit, Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit, Interleukin 13, Interleukin 15, Interleukin 15 receptor, alpha subunit, Interleukin 16, Interleukin 17, Interleukin 18, Interleukin 19, Interleukin 2, Interleukin 20, Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit, Interleukin 21, Interleukin 22, Interleukin 23, Interleukin 24, Interleukin 25, Interleukin 26, Interleukin 27, Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit, Interleukin 28, Interleukin 29, Interleukin 3, Interleukin 30, Interleukin 31, Interleukin 32, Interleukin 33, Interleukin 35, Interleukin 36, Interleukin 4, Interleukin 5, Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 7, Interleukin 8, Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha, Interleukin 8 receptor, beta, Interleukin 9, Interleukin-1 family, Interleukin-13 receptor, Interleukin-18 receptor, Interleukin-20 receptor, Interleukin-21 receptor, Interleukin-22 receptor, Interleukin-23 receptor, Interleukin-28 receptor, Interleukin-4 receptor, Interleukin-6 receptor, Interleukin-7 receptor, Interleukin-9 receptor, International nonproprietary name, Keratinocyte, Long-term potentiation, LY6E, Lymphocyte, Lymphokine, Lymphotoxin alpha, Macrophage, Macrophage inflammatory protein, Mast cell, Measles virus, Melanocyte, Memory T cell, Microorganism, Monocyte, Natural killer cell, Neurogenesis, Neutrophil, Oligodendrocyte, Oprelvekin, Osteoclast, Plasma cell, Protein, Protein primary structure, Psoriasis, Rare disease, Red blood cell, Regulatory T cell, Serum amyloid A, Skin, STAT1, STAT3, Subtypes of HIV, Switzerland, T cell, T helper 17 cell, T helper cell, Tucotuzumab celmoleukin, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Tumor suppressor, University of Victoria, Vascular tissue, Virus, White blood cell. Expand index (113 more) »
Acute-phase protein
Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (symbol α1AC, A1AC, or a1ACT) is an alpha globulin glycoprotein that is a member of the serpin superfamily.
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Alpha-taxilin
Alpha-taxilin also known as interleukin-14 (IL-14) or high molecular weight B-cell growth factor (HMW-BCGF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TXLNA gene.
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Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Astrocyte
Astrocytes (Astro from Greek astron.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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B cell
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
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Basophil
Basophils are a type of white blood cells.
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Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.
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CD4
In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
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CD8
CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR).
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Cell adhesion molecule
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved in binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion.
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Cell signaling
Cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.
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Common gamma chain
The common gamma chain (γc) (or CD132), also known as interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma or IL-2RG, is a cytokine receptor sub-unit that is common to the receptor complexes for at least six different interleukin receptors: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and interleukin-21 receptor.
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CSF2RB
CSF2RB is a common subunit to the following type I cytokine receptors.
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CXCL2
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2).
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Cytotoxic T cell
A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.
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Dendritic cell
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system.
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Denileukin diftitox
Denileukin diftitox (trade name Ontak) was an antineoplastic agent, an engineered protein combining Interleukin-2 and Diphtheria toxin.
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Endothelium
Endothelium refers to cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.
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Eosinophil
Eosinophils sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells and basophils, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into blood, after which they are terminally differentiated and do not multiply. These cells are eosinophilic or "acid-loving" due to their large acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, which show their affinity for acids by their affinity to coal tar dyes: Normally transparent, it is this affinity that causes them to appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye, using the Romanowsky method. The staining is concentrated in small granules within the cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such as eosinophil peroxidase, ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonucleases (DNase), lipase, plasminogen, and major basic protein. These mediators are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the eosinophil, and are toxic to both parasite and host tissues. In normal individuals, eosinophils make up about 1–3% of white blood cells, and are about 12–17 micrometres in size with bilobed nuclei. While they are released into the bloodstream as neutrophils are, eosinophils reside in tissue They are found in the medulla and the junction between the cortex and medulla of the thymus, and, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, ovary, uterus, spleen, and lymph nodes, but not in the lung, skin, esophagus, or some other internal organs under normal conditions. The presence of eosinophils in these latter organs is associated with disease. For instance, patients with eosinophilic asthma have high levels of eosinophils that lead to inflammation and tissue damage, making it more difficult for patients to breathe. Eosinophils persist in the circulation for 8–12 hours, and can survive in tissue for an additional 8–12 days in the absence of stimulation. Pioneering work in the 1980s elucidated that eosinophils were unique granulocytes, having the capacity to survive for extended periods of time after their maturation as demonstrated by ex-vivo culture experiments.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Epstein–Barr virus
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
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Equine herpesvirus 2
Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae, originally known as equine cytomegalovirus due to its slow replication in tissue culture.
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Ermatingen
Ermatingen is a municipality in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Glycoprotein 130
Glycoprotein 130 (also known as gp130, IL6ST, IL6-beta or CD130) is a transmembrane protein which is the founding member of the class of all cytokine receptors.
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Granulocyte
Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.
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Haematopoiesis
Haematopoiesis (from Greek αἷμα, "blood" and ποιεῖν "to make"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components.
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Haptoglobin
Haptoglobin (abbreviated as Hp) is the protein that in humans is encoded by the HP gene.
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Hematopoietic stem cell
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults, and is the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis.
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Hippocampus
The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates.
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Histamine
Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
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Human genome
The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
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ICAM-1
ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM1 gene.
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IL17RA
Interleukin 17 receptor A, also known as IL17RA and CDw217 (cluster of differentiation w217), is a human gene.
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IL17RB
Interleukin-17 receptor B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL17RB gene.
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IL1A
Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) also known as hematopoietin 1 is a cytokine of the interleukin 1 family that in humans is encoded by the IL1A gene.
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IL2RA
Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (also called CD25) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL2RA gene.
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IL2RB
Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL2RB gene.
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IL31RA
Interleukin-31 receptor A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL31RA gene.
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IL3RA
Interleukin 3 receptor, alpha (low affinity) (IL3RA), also known as CD123 (Cluster of Differentiation 123), is a human gene.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.
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Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA in its secretory form) is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes.
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Immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) "isotype") that has only been found in mammals.
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Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody.
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Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is one of several forms of antibody that are produced by vertebrates.
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Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response".
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Interferon gamma
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons.
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Interlaken
Interlaken (lit.: between lakes) is a statistic town and municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the Swiss canton of Bern.
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Interleukin 1 beta
Interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene.
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Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RN gene.
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Interleukin 1 receptor, type I
Interleukin 1 receptor, type I (IL1R1) also known as CD121a (Cluster of Differentiation 121a), is an interleukin receptor.
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Interleukin 1 receptor, type II
Interleukin 1 receptor, type II (IL-1R2) also known as CD121b (Cluster of Differentiation 121b) is an interleukin receptor.
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Interleukin 10
Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
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Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit
Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-10 receptor.
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Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit
Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-10 receptor.
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Interleukin 11
Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL11 gene.
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Interleukin 11 receptor alpha subunit
Interleukin 11 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 11 receptor.
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Interleukin 12
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and human B-lymphoblastoid cells (NC-37) in response to antigenic stimulation.
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Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit
Interleukin-12 receptor, beta 1, or IL-12Rβ1 in short, is a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor.
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Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit
Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor.
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Interleukin 13
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene.
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Interleukin 15
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2).
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Interleukin 15 receptor, alpha subunit
Interleukin 15 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 15 receptor that in humans is encoded by the IL15RA gene.
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Interleukin 16
Pro-interleukin-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL16 gene.
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Interleukin 17
Interleukin 17A (IL-17 or IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
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Interleukin 18
Interleukin-18 (IL18, also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IL18 gene.
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Interleukin 19
Interleukin 19 (IL19) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL19 gene.
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Interleukin 2
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an interleukin, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system.
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Interleukin 20
Interleukin 20 (IL20) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL20 gene.
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Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit
Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit is a subunit for the interleukin-20 receptor.
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Interleukin 21
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL21 gene.
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Interleukin 22
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is protein that in humans is encoded by the IL22 gene.
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Interleukin 23
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of an IL12B (IL-12p40) subunit (that is shared with IL12) and the (IL-23p19) subunit.
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Interleukin 24
Interleukin 24 (IL-24) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL24 gene.
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Interleukin 25
Interleukin-25 (IL-25) – also known as interleukin-17E (IL-17E) – is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL25 gene.
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Interleukin 26
Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL26 gene.
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Interleukin 27
Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a member of the IL-12 cytokine family.
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Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit
Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha is a subunit of the interleukin-27 receptor.
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Interleukin 28
Interleukin-28 (IL-28) is a cytokine that comes in two isoforms, IL-28A and IL-28B, and plays a role in immune defense against viruses, including the induction of an "antiviral state" by turning on Mx proteins, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase as well as ISGF3G (Interferon Stimulated Gene Factor 3).
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Interleukin 29
Interleukin-29 (IL-29) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL29 gene that resides on chromosome 19.
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Interleukin 3
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene.
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Interleukin 30
Interleukin-30 (IL-30) is a protein with a molecular weight of 28 kilodaltons, which forms one chain of the heterodimeric cytokine called interleukin 27 (IL-27), thus is sometimes called IL27-p28.
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Interleukin 31
Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL31 gene that resides on chromosome 12.
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Interleukin 32
Interleukin 32 (Il32) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL32 gene.
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Interleukin 33
Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL33 gene.
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Interleukin 35
Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is a recently discovered cytokine from the IL-12 family.
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Interleukin 36
Interleukin 36, or IL-36, is a group of cytokines in the IL-1 family with pro-inflammatory effects.
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Interleukin 4
The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 cells.
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Interleukin 5
Interleukin 5 (IL5) is an interleukin produced by type-2 T helper cells and mast cells.
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Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit
Interleukin 5 receptor, alpha (IL5RA) also known as CD125 (Cluster of Differentiation 125) is a subunit of the Interleukin-5 receptor.
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Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine.
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Interleukin 7
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL7 gene.
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Interleukin 8
Interleukin 8 (IL8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.
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Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha
Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha is a chemokine receptor.
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Interleukin 8 receptor, beta
Interleukin 8 receptor, beta is a chemokine receptor.
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Interleukin 9
Interleukin 9, also known as IL-9, is a pleiotropic cytokine (cell signalling molecule) belonging to the group of interleukins.
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Interleukin-1 family
The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.
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Interleukin-13 receptor
The interleukin-13 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor, binding Interleukin-13.
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Interleukin-18 receptor
The interleukin-18 receptor (IL-18R) is an interleukin receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
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Interleukin-20 receptor
Interleukin-20 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor.
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Interleukin-21 receptor
Interleukin 21 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor.
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Interleukin-22 receptor
Interleukin-22 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor.
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Interleukin-23 receptor
Interleukin-23 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor.
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Interleukin-28 receptor
Interleukin-28 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor.
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Interleukin-4 receptor
The interleukin 4 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor.
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Interleukin-6 receptor
Interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R) also known as CD126 (Cluster of Differentiation 126) is a type I cytokine receptor.
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Interleukin-7 receptor
The interleukin-7 receptor is a protein found on the surface of cells.
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Interleukin-9 receptor
Interleukin 9 receptor (IL9R) also known as CD129 (Cluster of Differentiation 129) is a type I cytokine receptor.
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International nonproprietary name
The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is an official generic and non-proprietary name given to a pharmaceutical drug or an active ingredient.
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Keratinocyte
A keratinocyte is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, constituting 90% of the cells found there.
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Long-term potentiation
In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.
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LY6E
Lymphocyte antigen 6E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LY6E gene.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Lymphokine
Lymphokines are a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte.
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Lymphotoxin alpha
Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) or tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTA gene.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Macrophage inflammatory protein
Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines.
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Mast cell
A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a type of white blood cell.
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Measles virus
Measles virus (MeV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae.
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Melanocyte
Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart.
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Memory T cell
Memory T cells are a subset of infection- and cancer-fighting T cells (also known as a T lymphocyte) that have previously encountered and responded to their cognate antigen; thus, the term antigen-experienced T cell is often applied.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Monocyte
Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell.
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Natural killer cell
Natural killer cells or NK cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
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Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, known as neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSC)s, and it occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans.
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Neutrophil
Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals.
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Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocytes, or oligodendroglia,.
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Oprelvekin
Oprelvekin is recombinant interleukin eleven (IL-11), a thrombopoietic growth factor that directly stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocyte progenitor cells and induces megakaryocyte maturation resulting in increased platelet production.
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Osteoclast
An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.
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Plasma cell
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
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Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease characterized by patches of abnormal skin.
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Rare disease
A rare disease is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population.
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Red blood cell
Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
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Regulatory T cell
The regulatory T cells (Tregs), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease.
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Serum amyloid A
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma.
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Skin
Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.
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STAT1
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene.
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STAT3
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene.
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Subtypes of HIV
One of the obstacles to treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus is its high genetic variability.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.
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T cell
A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
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T helper 17 cell
T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a subset of pro-inflammatory T helper cells defined by their production of interleukin 17 (IL-17).
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T helper cell
The T helper cells (Th cells) are a type of T cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system.
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Tucotuzumab celmoleukin
Tucotuzumab celmoleukin is an anti-cancer drug.
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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Tumor suppressor
A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.
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University of Victoria
The University of Victoria (UVic) is a major research university located in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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White blood cell
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
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Redirects here:
Interleukin 1β, Interleukins, Receptors, interleukin.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin
