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82 relations: Alanine, Allergy, Amgen, Anorexia (symptom), Antigen, AP-1 transcription factor, Arthralgia, Autoimmune disease, Biopharmaceutical, Bone marrow, Breathing, Capillary leak syndrome, Cell-mediated immunity, Cellular differentiation, Central tolerance, Cetus Corporation, Chemotherapy, Chiron Corporation, Common gamma chain, Confusion, Cutaneous T cell lymphoma, Cytokine, Denileukin diftitox, Diarrhea, Diphtheria toxin, Eisai, Epileptic seizure, Fatigue, Fever, Food and Drug Administration, GlaxoSmithKline, Headache, Heart, HIV, HIV/AIDS, Hoffmann-La Roche, Hypotension, IL-2 receptor, Immune response, Immune system, Immunity (medical), Infection, Influenza, Interleukin, Interleukin 15, Interleukin 21, Interleukin 4, Interleukin 7, Interleukin 9, Itch, ..., Ligand, Lymphocyte, Melanoma, Memory T cell, Methionine, Microorganism, Myalgia, Nausea, NF-κB, NFAT, Novartis, Phytohaemagglutinin, POU2F1, Protein, Psoriasis, Rash, Recombinant DNA, Regulatory T cell, Renal cell carcinoma, Serine, Shortness of breath, Side effect, SLC22A2, Somnolence, T cell, T helper cell, Therapeutic index, Thymus, United States, Vomiting, Weakness, White blood cell. Expand index (32 more) »
Alanine
Alanine (symbol Ala or A) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Amgen
Amgen Inc. (formerly Applied Molecular Genetics Inc.) is an American multinational biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California.
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Anorexia (symptom)
Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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AP-1 transcription factor
Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections.
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Arthralgia
Arthralgia (from Greek arthro-, joint + -algos, pain) literally means joint pain; it is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses (in particular arthritis) or an allergic reaction to medication.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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Biopharmaceutical
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biologic(al) medical product, biological, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources.
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Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.
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Breathing
Breathing (or respiration, or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.
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Capillary leak syndrome
Capillary leak syndrome is characterized by the escape of blood plasma through capillary walls, from the blood circulatory system to surrounding tissues, muscle compartments, organs or body cavities.
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Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Central tolerance
Central tolerance, also known as negative selection, is the process of eliminating any developing T or B lymphocytes that are reactive to self.
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Cetus Corporation
Cetus Corporation was one of the first biotechnology companies.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Chiron Corporation
Chiron Corporation was an American multinational biotechnology firm based in Emeryville, California that was acquired by Novartis International AG on April 20, 2006.
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Common gamma chain
The common gamma chain (γc) (or CD132), also known as interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma or IL-2RG, is a cytokine receptor sub-unit that is common to the receptor complexes for at least six different interleukin receptors: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and interleukin-21 receptor.
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Confusion
Confusion (from Latin confusĭo, -ōnis, from confundere: "to pour together;" "to mingle together;" "to confuse") is the state of being bewildered or unclear in one’s mind about something.
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Cutaneous T cell lymphoma
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a class of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a type of cancer of the immune system.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Denileukin diftitox
Denileukin diftitox (trade name Ontak) was an antineoplastic agent, an engineered protein combining Interleukin-2 and Diphtheria toxin.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Diphtheria toxin
Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria.
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Eisai
was a Japanese Buddhist priest, credited with bringing both the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism and green tea from China to Japan.
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Epileptic seizure
An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
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Fatigue
Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British pharmaceutical company headquartered in Brentford, London.
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Headache
Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck.
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Heart
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Hoffmann-La Roche
F.
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Hypotension
Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.
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IL-2 receptor
The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2.
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Immune response
The Immune response is the body's response caused by its immune system being activated by antigens.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Immunity (medical)
In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.
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Interleukin
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).
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Interleukin 15
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2).
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Interleukin 21
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL21 gene.
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Interleukin 4
The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 cells.
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Interleukin 7
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL7 gene.
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Interleukin 9
Interleukin 9, also known as IL-9, is a pleiotropic cytokine (cell signalling molecule) belonging to the group of interleukins.
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Itch
Itch (also known as pruritus) is a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch.
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Ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Melanoma
Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes.
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Memory T cell
Memory T cells are a subset of infection- and cancer-fighting T cells (also known as a T lymphocyte) that have previously encountered and responded to their cognate antigen; thus, the term antigen-experienced T cell is often applied.
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Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Myalgia
Myalgia, or muscle pain, is a symptom of many diseases and disorders.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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NF-κB
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.
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NFAT
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a family of transcription factors shown to be important in immune response.
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Novartis
Novartis International AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland.
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Phytohaemagglutinin
Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially certain legumes.
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POU2F1
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU2F1 gene.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease characterized by patches of abnormal skin.
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Rash
A rash is a change of the human skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture.
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
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Regulatory T cell
The regulatory T cells (Tregs), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease.
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Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine.
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea, is the feeling that one cannot breathe well enough.
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Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.
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SLC22A2
Solute carrier family 22 member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC22A2 gene.
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Somnolence
Somnolence (alternatively "sleepiness" or "drowsiness") is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia).
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T cell
A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
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T helper cell
The T helper cells (Th cells) are a type of T cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system.
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Therapeutic index
The therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity.
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Thymus
The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Vomiting
Vomiting, also known as emesis, puking, barfing, throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.
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Weakness
Weakness or asthenia is a symptom of a number of different conditions.
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White blood cell
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
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ATC code L03AC01, ATCvet code QL03AC01, Aldesleukin, IL2 (gene), Interleukin-2, Interleukin-2 immunotherapy, Proleukin, TCGF.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_2
