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Lech Kaczyński

Index Lech Kaczyński

Lech Aleksander Kaczyński (18 June 194910 April 2010) was a Polish lawyer and politician who served as the Mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until 2005 and as the President of Poland from 2005 until his death in 2010. [1]

130 relations: Acting President of Poland, Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, All-Polish Youth, Anti-communism, Associated Press, Azerbaijan, Baltic states, Bączkowski v Poland, Bronisław Komorowski, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Catholic Church, Center Civic Alliance, Centre Agreement, Constitution of Poland, Constitutionality, Dmitry Medvedev, Donald Tusk, Economist, Energy security, European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50), Foreign policy, Foreign relations of Poland, Free Trade Unions of the Coast, Freedom of assembly, Gdańsk Shipyard, Georgia (country), Grand Order of King Tomislav, Habilitation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Helsinki, Heydar Aliyev Order, Home Army, Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee, Internment, Israel, Jan Olszewski, Janusz Wojciechowski, Jarosław Kaczyński, Jerzy Buzek, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Katyn massacre, Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, Kosovo, Kraków, Labour law, Landslide victory, Law and Justice, ..., Lawyer, Lech Wałęsa, List of heads of state of Poland, List of mayors of Warsaw, Los Angeles Times, Lying in state, Maria Kaczyńska, Martial law in Poland, Masovian Voivodeship, Mass (liturgy), Ministry of Justice (Poland), Mirosław Kochalski, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, National Order of Merit (Malta), NKVD, Nord Stream, Order of King Abdulaziz, Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, Order of National Hero (Georgia), Order of Polonia Restituta, Order of Prince Henry, Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the White Double Cross, Order of the White Eagle (Poland), Order of the White Lion, Order of Vytautas the Great, Parada Równości, Philology, Poles, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish legislative election, 1989, Polish parliamentary election, 1991, Polish People's Party, Polish People's Republic, Polish Round Table Agreement, Polskie Radio, Pope John Paul II, President of Poland, Presidential Palace, Warsaw, Pride parade, Prime Minister of Poland, Prussian Trust, Public Prosecutor General (Poland), Radio Maryja, Radosław Sikorski, Russia, Russia-24, Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, Senate of Poland, Seoul, Serbia, Smolensk, Smolensk North Airport, Smolensk Oblast, Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity Citizens' Committee, St. George's Order of Victory, St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków, Stanisław Iwanicki, Supreme Audit Office (Poland), Tbilisi State University, The Holocaust, The New York Times, The Two Who Stole the Moon, The Warsaw Voice, Tupolev Tu-154, Twin, Ukraine, University of Gdańsk, University of Warsaw, Vladimir Putin, Walerian Pańko, Warsaw, Warsaw Uprising, Warsaw Uprising Museum, Wawel Cathedral, Workers' Defence Committee, 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash. Expand index (80 more) »

Acting President of Poland

The acting President of the Republic of Poland (pełniący obowiązki prezydenta Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, or p.o. prezydenta RP) is a temporary post provided for by the Polish Constitution.

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Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

In response to concerns that volcanic ash ejected during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland would damage aircraft engines, the controlled airspace of many European countries was closed to instrument flight rules traffic, resulting in the largest air-traffic shut-down since World War II.

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Aleksander Kwaśniewski

Aleksander Kwaśniewski (born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician and journalist.

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All-Polish Youth

The All-Polish Youth (Młodzież Wszechpolska) is a Polish youth organization based on nationalistic doctrines, formerly affiliated with the League of Polish Families, with a Catholic-nationalist philosophy.

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Anti-communism

Anti-communism is opposition to communism.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Bączkowski v Poland

Bączkowski and Others v Poland was a European Court of Human Rights case which ruled unanimously that the banning of an LGBT pride parade in Warsaw, locally known as the Parada Równości (equality parade), in 2005 was in violation of Articles 11, 13 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

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Bronisław Komorowski

Bronisław Maria Komorowski (born 4 June 1952) is a Polish politician and historian who served as President of Poland from 2010 to 2015.

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Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw

Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw (Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie) is a state university in Warsaw.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Center Civic Alliance

The Center Civic Alliance (Porozumienie Obywatelskie Centrum), abbreviated as POC, was a center-right electoral alliance of several political parties that participated in the 1991 Polish parliamentary election.

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Centre Agreement

Porozumienie Centrum (PC; Centre Agreement) was a Polish Christian democratic political party.

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Constitution of Poland

The current Constitution of Poland was adopted on 2 April 1997.

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Constitutionality

Constitutionality is the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution; the status of a law, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable constitution.

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Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (p; born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Russia since 2012.

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Donald Tusk

Donald Franciszek Tusk (Polish:; born 22 April 1957) is a Polish politician who has been the President of the European Council since 2014.

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Economist

An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.

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Energy security

Energy security is the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption.

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European Convention on Human Rights

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international treaty to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe.

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European Court of Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR; Cour européenne des droits de l’homme) is a supranational or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights.

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Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)

During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, German citizens and people of German ancestry fled or were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries and sent to the remaining territory of Germany and Austria.

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Foreign policy

A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu.

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Foreign relations of Poland

The Republic of Poland is a Central European country and member of the European Union and NATO, among others.

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Free Trade Unions of the Coast

Free Trade Unions of the Coast (Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża, WZZW, also translated as the Committee for Independent Trade Unions for the Coast) were a government-independent trade union in the People's Republic of Poland.

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Freedom of assembly

Freedom of assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their collective or shared ideas.

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Gdańsk Shipyard

Gdańsk Shipyard (Stocznia Gdańskа, formerly Lenin Shipyard) is a large Polish shipyard, located in the city of Gdańsk.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Grand Order of King Tomislav

The Grand Order of King Tomislav (Velered kralja Tomislava), or officially the Grand Order of King Tomislav with Sash and Great Morning Star (Velered kralja Tomislava s lentom i Velikom Danicom), is the highest state order of Croatia.

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Habilitation

Habilitation defines the qualification to conduct self-contained university teaching and is the key for access to a professorship in many European countries.

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Hankuk University of Foreign Studies

Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) is a private research university based in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The university was founded in 1954 to promote foreign language education in post-war Korea. The university is located in Seoul and Yongin. The name of the university is derived from the romanization of the Korean word hankuk which means Korea. The university is widely considered as one of the best private higher education institutions in South Korea, especially on foreign language and social science. Numerous diplomats and ambassadors are graduates of HUFS. It has a graduate school of interpretation and translation. In 2007, HUFS won third place of Korean universities on the National Customer Satisfaction Index, and was placed second in terms of internationalization two years in a row in the university rankings of JoongAng Ilbo. The evaluation also ranked HUFS second in Korea for its research, faculty, reputation and alumni representation among schools without a medical school in 2008. In 2010, the university was ranked as the best Korean university on the subject of globalization in the QS World University Rankings.

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Helsinki

Helsinki (or;; Helsingfors) is the capital city and most populous municipality of Finland.

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Heydar Aliyev Order

Heydar Aliyev Order ("Heydər Əliyev" ordeni) - supreme order of Azerbaijan Republic.

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Home Army

The Home Army (Armia Krajowa;, abbreviated AK) was the dominant Polish resistance movement in Poland, occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, during World War II.

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Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee

Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee (or Inter-Factory Strike Committee, Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy, MKS) was an action strike committee formed in Gdańsk Shipyard, People's Republic of Poland on 16 August 1980.

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Internment

Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges, and thus no trial.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.

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Jan Olszewski

Jan Ferdynand Olszewski (born 20 August 1930 in Warsaw) is a Polish conservative lawyer and politician.

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Janusz Wojciechowski

Janusz Wojciechowski (born 6 December 1954 in Rawa Mazowiecka) is a Polish politician and was a long-standing Member of the European Parliament, elected from the Lodz Voivodship representing the Polish People's Party (PSL) (2004–2006), the Polish People's Party "Piast" (PSL "Piast") (2006–2010) and, lately, Law and Justice (since 2010).

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Jarosław Kaczyński

Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński (born 18 June 1949) is a Polish politician and lawyer, and the current leader of the Law and Justice party (PiS by its Polish acronym), which he co-founded in 2001 with his identical twin brother, late Polish President Lech Kaczyński Running for PiS, he served as Prime Minister of Poland from July 2006 to November 2007.

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Jerzy Buzek

Jerzy Karol Buzek (born 3 July 1940) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament from Poland.

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John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin

Catholic University of Lublin (in Polish Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, or KUL) is located in Lublin, Poland.

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Katyn massacre

The Katyn massacre (zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń massacre" or "Katyn crime"; Катынская резня or Катынский расстрел Katynskij reznya, "Katyn massacre") was a series of mass executions of Polish intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", the Soviet secret police) in April and May 1940.

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Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz

Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz (born 20 December 1959) is a Polish conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland from 31 October 2005 to 14 July 2006.

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Kosovo

Kosovo (Kosova or Kosovë; Косово) is a partially recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Republika e Kosovës; Република Косово / Republika Kosovo).

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Labour law

Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government.

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Landslide victory

A landslide victory is an electoral victory in a political system, when one candidate or party receives an overwhelming supermajority of the votes or seats in the elected body, thus utterly eliminating the opponents.

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Law and Justice

Law and Justice (Polish), abbreviated to PiS, is a national-conservative, and Christian democratic political party in Poland.

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Lawyer

A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.

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Lech Wałęsa

Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist.

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List of heads of state of Poland

This list concerns the Polish heads of state since World War I. For a list of historical monarchs of Poland from the Middle Ages to 1795 and 19th and early 20th century claimants to the Polish throne see List of Polish monarchs.

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List of mayors of Warsaw

The Mayor of Warsaw, or more literally the President of Warsaw (the customary title in Polish is "Prezydent Miasta Stołecznego Warszawy", literal translation "President of Warsaw Capital City") is the head of the capital of Poland.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Lying in state

Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a dead official is placed in a state building, either outside or inside a coffin, to allow the public to pay their respects.

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Maria Kaczyńska

Maria Kaczyńska (born Maria Helena Mackiewicz; 21 August 1942 – 10 April 2010) was the First Lady of Poland from 2005-10 as the wife of President Lech Kaczyński.

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Martial law in Poland

Martial law in Poland (Stan wojenny w Polsce) refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983, when the authoritarian communist government of the Polish People's Republic drastically restricted normal life by introducing martial law in an attempt to crush political opposition.

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Masovian Voivodeship

Mazovian Voivodeship or Mazovia Province (województwo mazowieckie) is the largest and most populous of the 16 Polish provinces, or voivodeships, created in 1999.

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Mass (liturgy)

Mass is a term used to describe the main eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity.

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Ministry of Justice (Poland)

The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Poland is one of the ministries of Poland.

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Mirosław Kochalski

Mirosław Kochalski (born 13 October 1965) was the Mayor of Warsaw (interim - after Lech Kaczyński was elected for President of Poland).

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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.

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National Order of Merit (Malta)

The National Order of Merit is a state order of the Republic of Malta.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.

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Nord Stream

Nord Stream (former names: North Transgas and North European Gas Pipeline; Северный поток, Severny potok) is an offshore natural gas pipeline from Vyborg in the Russian Federation to Greifswald in Germany that is owned and operated by Nord Stream AG.

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Order of King Abdulaziz

The Order of King Abdulaziz is a Saudi-Arabian Order of Merit.

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Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary

The Hungarian Order of Merit (Magyar Érdemrend) is the second highest State Order of Hungary.

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Order of National Hero (Georgia)

The Order of National Hero (ეროვნული გმირის ორდენი, erovnuli gmiris ordeni) is the highest honor awarded by the government of Georgia together with the title of National Hero.

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Order of Polonia Restituta

The Order of Polonia Restituta (Order Odrodzenia Polski, Order of the Rebirth of Poland) is a Polish state order established 4 February 1921.

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Order of Prince Henry

The Order of Prince Henry the Navigator (Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique) is a Portuguese National Order of Knighthood created on 2 June 1960, to commemorate the quincentenary of the death of the Infante Henry the Navigator (known in Portuguese as Henrique), third son of King John I of Portugal and his queen, Philippa of Lancaster.

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Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise

The Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (Орден князя Ярослава Мудрого) is an award of Ukraine.

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Order of the Star of Romania

The Order of the Star of Romania (Romanian: Ordinul Steaua României) is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the defunct Order of Michael the Brave.

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Order of the White Double Cross

The Order of the White Double Cross (Rad Bieleho dvojkríža) is the highest state decoration of the Republic of Slovakia.

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Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

The Order of the White Eagle (Order Orła Białego) is Poland's highest order awarded to both civilians and the military for their merits.

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Order of the White Lion

The Order of the White Lion (Řád Bílého lva) is the highest order of the Czech Republic.

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Order of Vytautas the Great

The Order of Vytautas the Great is the Lithuanian Presidential Award.

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Parada Równości

Parada Równości (Polish, "Equality Parade") is an LGBT community pride parade held in Warsaw since 2001, usually in May or June.

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Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Polish Academy of Sciences

The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning.

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Polish legislative election, 1989

The Polish legislative election of 1989 was the tenth election to the Sejm, the parliament of the Polish People's Republic, and the first election to the recreated Senate of Poland.

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Polish parliamentary election, 1991

The 1991 Polish parliamentary election was held on 27 October 1991 to elect deputies to both houses of the National Assembly.

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Polish People's Party

The Polish People's Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, abbreviated to PSL (traditionally translated as Polish Peasants' Party), often shortened to ludowcy ('the populars') is an agrarian and Christian democratic political party in Poland. It has 14 members of the Sejm and four Members of the European Parliament. It was the junior partner in a coalition with Civic Platform. It is a member of the European People's Party and the European People's Party group in the European Parliament. The party was formed in 1990 as a left-wing party. The PSL formed a coalition with the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) after winning 132 seats in the Sejm at the 1993 election, with PSL leader Waldemar Pawlak as Prime Minister until 1995. The party fell to 27 at the next election, and moved towards the centre at the end of the 1990s. In 2001, the party re-entered a coalition with the SLD, but withdrew in 2003. After the 2007 election, the PSL entered a coalition with the centre-right Civic Platform (PO). The party's name traces its tradition to an agrarian party in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Galician Poland, which sent MPs to the parliament in Vienna. Until the 2014 local election, the PSL formed self-government coalition in fifteen to sixteen regional assemblies.

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Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1990 under the Soviet-backed socialist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II.

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Polish Round Table Agreement

The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from 6 February to 5 April 1989.

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Polskie Radio

Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna (PR S.A.; English: Polish Radio) is Poland's state-owned national publicly funded radio broadcasting organization.

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Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła;; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.

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President of Poland

The President of the Republic of Poland (Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, shorter form: Prezydent RP) is the head of state of Poland.

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Presidential Palace, Warsaw

The Presidential Palace (in Polish, Pałac Prezydencki; also known as Pałac Koniecpolskich, Lubomirskich, Radziwiłłów, and Pałac Namiestnikowski) in Warsaw, Poland, is the elegant classicist latest version of a building that has stood on the Krakowskie Przedmieście site since 1643.

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Pride parade

Pride parades (also known as pride marches, pride events, and pride festivals) are events celebrating lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) culture and pride.

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Prime Minister of Poland

The President of the Council of Ministers (Polish: Prezes Rady Ministrów), colloquially referred to as the Prime Minister of Poland (Polish: Premier Polski), is the leader of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland.

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Prussian Trust

The Prussian Trust, or Prussian Claims Society, (Preußische Treuhand GmbH & Co.) is a corporation registered in Düsseldorf, founded in 2000 as Preußische Treuhand GmbH by some descendants of German expellees, and supported by some officials of the Landsmannschaft Schlesien organization.

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Public Prosecutor General (Poland)

The Public Prosecutor General (Prokurator Generalny) is the top prosecuting officer in Poland.

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Radio Maryja

Radio Maryja is a religious and political socially conservative Polish radio station.

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Radosław Sikorski

Radosław Tomasz "Radek" Sikorski (born 23 February 1963) is a Polish politician and journalist.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russia-24

Russia-24 (Россия-24) is a state-owned Russian-language news channel from Russia.

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Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland

Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, SRP) is a populist, agrarian, and nationalist political party and trade union in Poland.

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Senate of Poland

The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the 'Sejm'.

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Seoul

Seoul (like soul; 서울), officially the Seoul Special Metropolitan City – is the capital, Constitutional Court of Korea and largest metropolis of South Korea.

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Serbia

Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.

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Smolensk

Smolensk (a) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow.

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Smolensk North Airport

Smolensk North Airport (Russian военный аэродром "Смоленск-Северный", "Smolensk North Military Aerodrome") is a decommissioned military airbase in Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located 4 km north of the city of Smolensk.

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Smolensk Oblast

Smolensk Oblast (Смоле́нская о́бласть, Smolenskaya oblast; informal name — Smolenschina (Смоле́нщина) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Smolensk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 985,537.

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Solidarity (Polish trade union)

Solidarity (Solidarność, pronounced; full name: Independent Self-governing Labour Union "Solidarity"—Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność”) is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa.

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Solidarity Citizens' Committee

The Solidarity Citizens' Committee (Komitet Obywatelski "Solidarność", acronym KO "S"), also known as "Citizens' Electoral Committee" (Obywatelski Komitet Wyborczy), previously named "Citizens' Committee with Lech Wałęsa" (Komitet Obywatelski przy Lechu Wałęsie) was an (initially semi-) legal political organisation of the democratic opposition in communist Poland.

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St. George's Order of Victory

Saint George's Order of Victory (წმინდა გიორგის სახელობის გამარჯვების ორდენი, ts'minda giorgis sakhelobis gamarjvebis ordeni) is an honor awarded by the government of Georgia, which comes second in rank to the Order of National Hero.

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St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków

Church of Our Lady Assumed into Heaven (also known as Saint Mary's Church; Kościół Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny, Kościół Mariacki) is a Brick Gothic church adjacent to the Main Market Square in Kraków, Poland.

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Stanisław Iwanicki

Stanisław Iwanicki (born 5 March 1951, in Biała Podlaska) is Polish lawyer and politician.

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Supreme Audit Office (Poland)

The Supreme Audit Office (abbreviated NIK) is the supreme audit institution and also one of the oldest state institutions in Poland, created under the Second Republic on February 7, 1919, barely 3 months after the restoration of Poland's independence.

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Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი Ivane Javaxishvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmts'ipo universit'et'i, often shortened to its historical name, Tbilisi State University or TSU), is a public research university established on 8 February 1918 in Tbilisi, Georgia.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Two Who Stole the Moon

The Two Who Stole the Moon (O dwóch takich, co ukradli księżyc) is a 1962 Polish children's film based on Kornel Makuszyński's 1928 story "The Two Who Stole the Moon".

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The Warsaw Voice

Warsaw Voice: Polish and Central European Review (shortly The Warsaw Voice) is an English-language newspaper printed in Poland, concentrating on news about Poland and its neighbours.

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Tupolev Tu-154

The Tupolev Tu-154 (Tyполев Ту-154; NATO reporting name: "Careless") is a three-engine medium-range narrow-body airliner designed in the mid-1960s and manufactured by Tupolev.

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Twin

Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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University of Gdańsk

The University of Gdańsk (Uniwersytet Gdański) is a public research university located in Gdańsk, Poland.

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University of Warsaw

The University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski, Universitas Varsoviensis), established in 1816, is the largest university in Poland.

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Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008.

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Walerian Pańko

Janusz Walerian Pańko (born. October 8, 1941 in Turzym Polu – October 7, 1991 in Słostowicach) was a Polish lawyer, and professor of legal science.

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Warsaw

Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Warsaw Uprising

The Warsaw Uprising (powstanie warszawskie; Warschauer Aufstand) was a major World War II operation, in the summer of 1944, by the Polish underground resistance, led by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), to liberate Warsaw from German occupation.

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Warsaw Uprising Museum

The Warsaw Uprising Museum (named Warsaw Rising Museum, Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego), in the Wola district of Warsaw, Poland, is dedicated to the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

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Wawel Cathedral

The Royal Archcathedral Basilica of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus on the Wawel Hill (królewska bazylika archikatedralna śś.), also known as the Wawel Cathedral (katedra wawelska), is a Roman Catholic church located on Wawel Hill in Kraków, Poland.

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Workers' Defence Committee

The Workers' Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR) was a Polish civil society group that was founded by Antoni Macierewicz to give aid to prisoners and their families after the June 1976 protests and ensuing government crackdown.

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2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull

The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which, although relatively small for volcanic eruptions, caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010.

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2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash

On 10 April 2010, a Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft of the Polish Air Force crashed near the city of Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 people on board.

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Redirects here:

Kaczynski Lech, Kaczyński Lech, Lech Aleksander Kaczynski, Lech Aleksander Kaczyński, Lech Kaczynski, Lech Kaczysnki, Lech kaczyński, Poland's new potato, President kaczynski.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Kaczyński

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