Communication

415 relations: A Bird in Flight, A Mathematician's Apology, Abstract art, Ad infinitum, Ada Dietz, Aesthetics, Albrecht Dürer, Algorithm, Algorithmic art, Alice Prin, American Journal of Archaeology, American Mathematical Society, Analog computer, Anamorphism, Anamorphosis, Anatolia, Anatolian rug, Anatomy, Ancient Greek, Ancient Rome, Andean textiles, Archimedes, Architect, Architecture, Argos, Arnolfini Portrait, Art, Art Concret, Ascending and Descending, Autocorrelation, Avant-garde, Barbara Hepworth, Bargello (needlework), Bathsheba Grossman, Batik, Body proportions, Bombsight, Book of Optics, Borromean rings, Bou Inania Madrasa, Bridget Riley, British Journal of Psychology, Brook Taylor, Camera lucida, Camera obscura, Caravaggio, Carpet, Catastrophe theory, Cellular automaton, Center of mass, ..., Chaos theory, Chartres Cathedral, Christopher Alexander, Circle Limit III, Cirebon, Classical antiquity, Classical Association, CNN, Computer art, Computer-aided design, Concentric objects, Crochet, Cross section (geometry), Cross-stitch, Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus), Cubic function, Cubism, Curvature, Curved mirror, Curvilinear perspective, Cut-the-Knot, Dada, Dance, Darb-e Imam, Dartmouth College, David Hockney, De divina proportione, De pictura, De Prospectiva Pingendi, De Stijl, Deductive reasoning, Descriptive geometry, Desmond Paul Henry, Dodecahedron, Dome, Doryphoros, Douglas Hofstadter, Drip painting, Droste effect, Ellipse, Embroidery, Enneper surface, Entropy, Equilateral triangle, Ernst Gombrich, Erwin Panofsky, Esprit Jouffret, Euclid, Euclidean geometry, Facade, Fatehpur Sikri, Fez, Morocco, Fibonacci, Fibonacci retracement, Fibonacci word, Filippo Brunelleschi, Finger, Flagellation of Christ, Flagellation of Christ (Piero della Francesca), Flexagon, Four-dimensional space, Fourth dimension in art, Fractal, Fractal dimension, Frank Gehry, Fraser spiral illusion, Frederik Macody Lund, Friction, Frieze group, G. H. Hardy, Galileo Galilei, Gaspard Monge, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Geometric series, Geometry, George David Birkhoff, George W. Hart, Germans, Giorgio de Chirico, Giorgio Vasari, Giotto, Girard Desargues, Girih, Girih tiles, Glide reflection, Go (game), Golden ratio, Graphic designer, Great Mosque of Kairouan, Great Pyramid of Giza, Greeks, Hamid Naderi Yeganeh, Hans Holbein the Younger, Hans van der Laan, Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, Helaman Ferguson, Hendrik Lenstra, Henri Poincaré, Henry Moore, Hera, Heraion of Argos, Hexagonal tiling, Hinke Osinga, Hiroshi Sugimoto, Historia Mathematica, History of art, Hockney–Falco thesis, Holy Trinity (Masaccio), Huzita–Hatori axioms, Hyperbolic geometry, Hyperbolic manifold, Hypercube, Ibn al-Haytham, India, Institut Henri Poincaré, Irrational number, Isaac Newton, Isfahan, Islamic art, Islamic geometric patterns, Italy, J. C. P. Miller, J. M. W. Turner, Jackson Pollock, Jali, Jan van Eyck, Java, Jean Metzinger, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Jean-Victor Poncelet, Jiajing Emperor, Johann Heinrich Lambert, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Kepler, Johannes Vermeer, John Robinson (sculptor), Journal of Mathematics and the Arts, Kawasaki's theorem, Kepler triangle, Kilim, Knitting, Knot theory, Lace, Laon Cathedral, Last Supper, Leon Battista Alberti, Leonardo (journal), Leonardo da Vinci, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Liber Abaci, Lionel Penrose, Lissajous curve, List of geometers, List of mathematical artists, List of Wenninger polyhedron models, Little finger, Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Lorenz system, Luca Pacioli, M. C. Escher, Maekawa's theorem, Magic square, Magnus Wenninger, Man Ray, Mandelbrot set, Manuscripts of the Austrian National Library, Marcel Duchamp, Marco Palmezzano, Masaccio, Mathematical Association of America, Mathematical beauty, Mathematician, Mathematics, Mathematics and architecture, Mathematics and fiber arts, Mathematics Magazine, Mathematics of paper folding, Maurice Princet, Max Ernst, Möbius strip, Melencolia I, Melozzo da Forlì, Menger sponge, Metaphysics, Middle Ages, Ming dynasty, Mise en abyme, Modernism, Modular origami, Mona Lisa, Morocco, Motif (textile arts), Mughal architecture, Muqarnas, Music, Music and mathematics, Mysterium Cosmographicum, Nature, Nature (journal), Naum Gabo, Neil Dodgson, Net (polyhedron), Newcomen Society, Nikos Salingaros, Non-Euclidean geometry, Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Notre-Dame de Paris, Oblique projection, Op art, Optical illusion, Origami, Pablo Palazuelo, Pablo Picasso, Painting, Panorama, Paolo Uccello, Paradox, Parmigianino, Parthenon, Patterns in nature, Paul Erdős, Paul Steinhardt, Pedagogy, Penrose stairs, Penrose tiling, Perspective (graphical), Peru, Peter Lu, Phalanx bone, Phidias, Philipp Otto Runge, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Physics World, Piero della Francesca, Piet Mondrian, Plastic arts, Plastic number, Plato, Platonic solid, Plutarch, Polyhedron, Polykleitos, Polynomial, Polyptych of Perugia, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Prime number, Print Gallery (M. C. Escher), Printmaking, Projective geometry, Projective linear group, Proportionality (mathematics), Pseudosphere, PSL(2,7), Pyramid, Pyramidology, Pythagoras, Pythagoreanism, Qianlong Emperor, Quasicrystal, Quilting, Radian, Raphael, Recursion, Regular polygon, Rembang Regency, Renaissance, René Magritte, René Thom, Rendering (computer graphics), Representation (arts), Reverse perspective, Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Rhombicuboctahedron, Richard Padovan, Richard Wright (artist), Rock balancing, Roger Penrose, Rotational symmetry, Rule 90, Sacred geometry, Salim Chishti, Salvador Dalí, Santa Maria Novella, Schlegel diagram, Science (journal), Science and Hypothesis, Science Museum, London, Science News, Scientific American, Sculpture, Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror, Semiotics, Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, Shogi, Sichuan, Similarity (geometry), Small stellated dodecahedron, Solar System, Solid geometry, Spandrel, Special right triangle, Spiral, Spring (device), Square root of 2, St Mark's Basilica, St. Benedictusberg Abbey, Stefaneschi Triptych, Stellation, Stewart Coffin, Strapwork, Surakarta, Surface (topology), Surrealism, Suzhou, Symmetry, Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven), Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Tapestry, Tasikmalaya, Tatting, Technical drawing, Tessellation, Textile arts, The Ambassadors (Holbein), The Ancient of Days, The arts, The Assayer, The Battle of San Romano, The Guardian, The Human Condition (Magritte), The Journal of Hellenic Studies, The Mathematical Intelligencer, The Sacrament of the Last Supper, The School of Athens, The Swallow's Tail, Theo van Doesburg, Theoretical physics, Theory of Colours, Tomoko Fuse, Topa Inca Yupanqui, Topkapı Scroll, Topological space, Topology, Torii Kiyonaga, Torus, Translation (geometry), Truncated triangular trapezohedron, Turing test, Ukiyo-e, Ulna, Vanishing point, Victor Schlegel, Victor Vasarely, Visible spectrum, Vitruvian Man, Vitruvius, Wallpaper group, Wassily Kandinsky, Weaving, William Blake, William Shakespeare, X-ray fluorescence, Xenocrates, Yogyakarta, Zellige. 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A Bird in Flight

A Bird in Flight are bird-like geometric patterns that were introduced by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yeganeh.

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A Mathematician's Apology

A Mathematician's Apology is a 1940 essay by British mathematician G. H. Hardy.

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Abstract art

Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.

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Ad infinitum

Ad infinitum is a Latin phrase meaning "to infinity" or "forevermore".

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Ada Dietz

Ada K. Dietz (June 16, 1882 - May 13, 1950) was an American weaver best known for her 1949 monograph Algebraic Expressions in Handwoven Textiles, which defines a novel method for generating weaving patterns based on algebraic patterns.

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Aesthetics

Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

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Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528)Müller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers, Walter de Gruyter.

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Algorithm

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.

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Algorithmic art

Algorithmic art, also known as algorithm art, is art, mostly visual art, of which the design is generated by an algorithm.

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Alice Prin

Alice Ernestine Prin (2 October 1901 – 29 April 1953), nicknamed the Queen of Montparnasse, and often known as Kiki de Montparnasse, was a French artist's model, literary muse, nightclub singer, actress, memoirist, and painter.

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American Journal of Archaeology

The American Journal of Archaeology (AJA), the peer-reviewed journal of the Archaeological Institute of America, has been published since 1897 (continuing the American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts founded by the institute in 1885).

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American Mathematical Society

The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship, and serves the national and international community through its publications, meetings, advocacy and other programs.

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Analog computer

An analog computer or analogue computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

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Anamorphism

In category theory, the anamorphism (from the Greek ἀνά "upwards" and μορφή "form, shape") of a coinductive type denotes the assignment of a coalgebra to its unique morphism to the final coalgebra of an endofunctor.

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Anamorphosis

Anamorphosis is a distorted projection or perspective requiring the viewer to use special devices or occupy a specific vantage point (or both) to reconstitute the image.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.

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Anatolian rug

Anatolian rug is a term of convenience, commonly used today to denote rugs and carpets woven in Anatolia (or Asia minor) and its adjacent regions.

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Anatomy

Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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Ancient Greek

The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.

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Ancient Rome

In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.

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Andean textiles

Andean textiles represent a continuing textile tradition spanning from the Pre-Columbian era to the Colonial era and present day.

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Archimedes

Archimedes of Syracuse (Ἀρχιμήδης) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.

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Architect

An architect is a person who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings.

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Architecture

Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures.

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Argos

Argos (Modern Greek: Άργος; Ancient Greek: Ἄργος) is a city in Argolis, the Peloponnese, Greece and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.

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Arnolfini Portrait

The Arnolfini Portrait (or The Arnolfini Wedding, The Arnolfini Marriage, the Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife, or other titles) is a 1434 oil painting on oak panel by the Early Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck.

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Art

Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual idea, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power.

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Art Concret

Art Concret was a single-issue French-language art magazine published in Paris in 1930.

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Ascending and Descending

Ascending and Descending is a lithograph print by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher first printed in March 1960.

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Autocorrelation

Autocorrelation, also known as serial correlation, is the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself as a function of delay.

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Avant-garde

The avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard", literally "fore-guard") are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.

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Barbara Hepworth

Dame Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth DBE (10 January 1903 – 20 May 1975) was an English artist and sculptor.

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Bargello (needlework)

Bargello is a type of needlepoint embroidery consisting of upright flat stitches laid in a mathematical pattern to create motifs.

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Bathsheba Grossman

Bathsheba Grossman (born 1966) is an artist in Santa Cruz, California who creates sculptures using computer-aided design and three-dimensional modeling, with metal printing technology to produce sculpture in bronze and stainless steel.

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Batik

Batik (Javanese: ꦧꦠꦶꦏ꧀) is a technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to whole cloth, or cloth made using this technique originated from Indonesia.

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Body proportions

While there is significant variation in anatomical proportions between people, there are many references to body proportions that are intended to be canonical, either in art, measurement, or medicine.

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Bombsight

A bombsight is a device used by military aircraft to accurately drop bombs.

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Book of Optics

The Book of Optics (Kitāb al-Manāẓir; Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva; Italian: Deli Aspecti) is a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen (965– c. 1040 AD).

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Borromean rings

In mathematics, the Borromean rings consist of three topological circles which are linked and form a Brunnian link (i.e., removing any ring results in two unlinked rings).

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Bou Inania Madrasa

The Madrasa Bou Inania (also Bu Inaniya) is a madrasa in Fes, Morocco, founded in AD 1351–56 by Abu Inan Faris.

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Bridget Riley

Bridget Louise Riley (born 24 April 1931) is an English painter who is one of the foremost exponents of Op art.

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British Journal of Psychology

The British Journal of Psychology is a quarterly peer-reviewed psychology journal.

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Brook Taylor

Brook Taylor (18 August 1685 – 29 December 1731) was an English mathematician who is best known for Taylor's theorem and the Taylor series.

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Camera lucida

A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by artists.

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Camera obscura

Camera obscura (plural camera obscura or camera obscuras; from Latin, meaning "dark room": camera "(vaulted) chamber or room," and obscura "darkened, dark"), also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening.

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Caravaggio

Michelangelo Merisi (Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi) da Caravaggio (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610) was an Italian painter active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily from the early 1590s to 1610.

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Carpet

A carpet is a textile floor covering typically consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing.

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Catastrophe theory

In mathematics, catastrophe theory is a branch of bifurcation theory in the study of dynamical systems; it is also a particular special case of more general singularity theory in geometry.

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Cellular automaton

A cellular automaton (pl. cellular automata, abbrev. CA) is a discrete model studied in computer science, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling.

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Center of mass

In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space is the unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero, or the point where if a force is applied it moves in the direction of the force without rotating.

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Chaos theory

Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.

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Chartres Cathedral

Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Roman Catholic church of the Latin Church located in Chartres, France, about southwest of Paris.

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Christopher Alexander

Christopher Wolfgang Alexander (born 4 October 1936 in Vienna, Austria) is a widely influential architect and design theorist, and currently emeritus professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Circle Limit III

Circle Limit III is a woodcut made in 1959 by Dutch artist M. C. Escher, in which "strings of fish shoot up like rockets from infinitely far away" and then "fall back again whence they came".

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Cirebon

Cirebon (formerly referred to as Cheribon in English) is a port city on the north coast of the Indonesian island of Java.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th or 6th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.

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Classical Association

The Classical Association is a British learned society in the field of classics, and a registered charity.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

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Computer art

Computer art is any art in which computers play a role in production or display of the artwork.

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Computer-aided design

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.

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Concentric objects

In geometry, two or more objects are said to be concentric, coaxal, or coaxial when they share the same center or axis.

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Crochet

Not to be confused with Crotchet, the common name for a Quarter note in music. Crochet is a process of creating fabric by interlocking loops of yarn, thread, or strands of other materials using a crochet hook.

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Cross section (geometry)

In geometry and science, a cross section is the non-empty intersection of a solid body in three-dimensional space with a plane, or the analog in higher-dimensional spaces.

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Cross-stitch

Cross-stitch is a form of sewing and a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture.

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Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)

Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) is a 1954 oil-on-canvas painting by Salvador Dalí.

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Cubic function

In algebra, a cubic function is a function of the form in which is nonzero.

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Cubism

Cubism is an early-20th-century art movement which brought European painting and sculpture historically forward toward 20th century Modern art.

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Curvature

In mathematics, curvature is any of a number of loosely related concepts in different areas of geometry.

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Curved mirror

A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface.

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Curvilinear perspective

Curvilinear perspective is a graphical projection used to draw 3D objects on 2D surfaces.

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Cut-the-Knot

Cut-the-knot is a free, advertisement-funded educational website maintained by Alexander Bogomolny and devoted to popular exposition of many topics in mathematics.

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Dada

Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.

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Dance

Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement.

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Darb-e Imam

The shrine of Darb-e Imam (امامزاده درب امام), located in the Dardasht quarter of Isfahan, Iran, is a funerary complex, with a cemetery, shrine structures, and courtyards belonging to different construction periods and styles.

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Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.

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David Hockney

David Hockney, (born 9 July 1937) is an English painter, draftsman, printmaker, stage designer and photographer.

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De divina proportione

De divina proportione (On the Divine Proportion) is a book on mathematics written by Luca Pacioli and illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci, composed around 1498 in Milan and first printed in 1509.

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De pictura

De pictura (English: "On Painting") is a treatise written by the Italian architect and art theorist Leon Battista Alberti.

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De Prospectiva Pingendi

De Prospectiva pingendi (On the Perspective of painting) is the earliest and only pre–1500 Renaissance treatise solely devoted to the subject of perspective.

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De Stijl

De Stijl, Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Leiden.

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Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion.

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Descriptive geometry

Descriptive geometry is the branch of geometry which allows the representation of three-dimensional objects in two dimensions, by using a specific set of procedures.

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Desmond Paul Henry

Desmond Paul Henry (1921–2004) was a Manchester University Lecturer and Reader in Philosophy (1949–82).

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Dodecahedron

In geometry, a dodecahedron (Greek δωδεκάεδρον, from δώδεκα dōdeka "twelve" + ἕδρα hédra "base", "seat" or "face") is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces.

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Dome

Interior view upward to the Byzantine domes and semi-domes of Hagia Sophia. See Commons file for annotations. A dome (from Latin: domus) is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere.

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Doryphoros

The Doryphoros (Greek Δορυφόρος Classical Greek, "Spear-Bearer"; Latinised as Doryphorus) of Polykleitos is one of the best known Greek sculptures of classical antiquity, depicting a solidly-built, well-muscled standing warrior, originally bearing a spear balanced on his left shoulder.

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Douglas Hofstadter

Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born February 15, 1945) is an American professor of cognitive science whose research focuses on the sense of self in relation to the external world, consciousness, analogy-making, artistic creation, literary translation, and discovery in mathematics and physics.

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Drip painting

Drip painting is a form of abstract art in which paint is dripped or poured on to the canvas.

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Droste effect

The Droste effect, known in art as mise en abyme, is the effect of a picture recursively appearing within itself, in a place where a similar picture would realistically be expected to appear.

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Ellipse

In mathematics, an ellipse is a curve in a plane surrounding two focal points such that the sum of the distances to the two focal points is constant for every point on the curve.

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Embroidery

Embroidery is the craft of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to apply thread or yarn.

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Enneper surface

In mathematics, in the fields of differential geometry and algebraic geometry, the Enneper surface is a self-intersecting surface that can be described parametrically by: It was introduced by Alfred Enneper 1864 in connection with minimal surface theory.

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Entropy

In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.

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Equilateral triangle

In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal.

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Ernst Gombrich

Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich (30 March 1909 – 3 November 2001) was an Austrian-born art historian who, after settling in England in 1936, became a naturalised British citizen in 1947 and spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom.

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Erwin Panofsky

Erwin Panofsky (March 30, 1892 in Hannover – March 14, 1968 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a German-Jewish art historian, whose academic career was pursued mostly in the U.S. after the rise of the Nazi regime.

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Esprit Jouffret

Esprit Jouffret (15 March 1837 – 6 November 1904) was a French artillery officer, insurance actuary and mathematician, author of Traité élémentaire de géométrie à quatre dimensions (Elementary Treatise on the Geometry of Four Dimensions, 1903), a popularization of Henri Poincaré's Science and Hypothesis in which Jouffret described hypercubes and other complex polyhedra in four dimensions and projected them onto the two-dimensional page.

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Euclid

Euclid (Εὐκλείδης Eukleidēs; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry".

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Euclidean geometry

Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements.

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Facade

A facade (also façade) is generally one exterior side of a building, usually, but not always, the front.

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Fatehpur Sikri

Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Fez, Morocco

Fez (فاس, Berber: Fas, ⴼⴰⵙ, Fès) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fas-Meknas administrative region.

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Fibonacci

Fibonacci (c. 1175 – c. 1250) was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".

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Fibonacci retracement

In finance, Fibonacci retracement is a method of technical analysis for determining support and resistance levels.

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Fibonacci word

A Fibonacci word is a specific sequence of binary digits (or symbols from any two-letter alphabet).

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Filippo Brunelleschi

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was an Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognised to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor.

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Finger

A finger is a limb of the human body and a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of humans and other primates.

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Flagellation of Christ

The Flagellation of Christ, sometimes known as Christ at the Column or the Scourging at the Pillar, is a scene from the Passion of Christ very frequently shown in Christian art, in cycles of the Passion or the larger subject of the Life of Christ.

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Flagellation of Christ (Piero della Francesca)

The Flagellation of Christ (probably 1455–1460) is a painting by Piero della Francesca in the Galleria Nazionale delle Marche in Urbino, Italy.

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Flexagon

In geometry, flexagons are flat models, usually constructed by folding strips of paper, that can be flexed or folded in certain ways to reveal faces besides the two that were originally on the back and front.

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Four-dimensional space

A four-dimensional space or 4D space is a mathematical extension of the concept of three-dimensional or 3D space.

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Fourth dimension in art

New possibilities opened up by the concept of four-dimensional space (and difficulties involved in trying to visualize it) helped inspire many modern artists in the first half of the twentieth century.

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Fractal

In mathematics, a fractal is an abstract object used to describe and simulate naturally occurring objects.

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Fractal dimension

In mathematics, more specifically in fractal geometry, a fractal dimension is a ratio providing a statistical index of complexity comparing how detail in a pattern (strictly speaking, a fractal pattern) changes with the scale at which it is measured.

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Frank Gehry

Frank Owen Gehry,, FAIA (born Frank Owen Goldberg)Reinhart, Anthony (July 28, 2010), Globe and Mail is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles.

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Fraser spiral illusion

The Fraser spiral illusion is an optical illusion that was first described by the British psychologist Sir James Fraser (1863 – 1936) in 1908.

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Frederik Macody Lund

Frederik Macody Lund (1863–1943) Julius Frederik Macody Lund (born 18 November 1863 in Stavanger, died 16 December 1943 in Farsund) was a controversial Norwegian historian, most known and remembered for his engagement in the restoration of Nidaros Cathedral.

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Friction

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

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Frieze group

In mathematics, a frieze or frieze pattern is a design on a two-dimensional surface that is repetitive in one direction.

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G. H. Hardy

Godfrey Harold Hardy (7 February 1877 – 1 December 1947) was an English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.

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Gaspard Monge

Gaspard Monge, Comte de Péluse (9 May 1746 – 28 July 1818) was a French mathematician, the inventor of descriptive geometry (the mathematical basis of technical drawing), and the father of differential geometry.

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Gödel, Escher, Bach

Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, also known as GEB, is a 1979 book by Douglas Hofstadter.

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Geometric series

In mathematics, a geometric series is a series with a constant ratio between successive terms.

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Geometry

Geometry (from the γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.

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George David Birkhoff

George David Birkhoff (March 21, 1884 – November 12, 1944) was an American mathematician best known for what is now called the ergodic theorem.

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George W. Hart

George William Hart (born 1955) is an American geometer who expresses himself both artistically and academically.

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Germans

Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

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Giorgio de Chirico

Giorgio de Chirico (10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian artist and writer.

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Giorgio Vasari

Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.

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Giotto

Giotto di Bondone (1267 – January 8, 1337), known mononymously as Giotto and Latinised as Giottus, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence during the Late Middle Ages.

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Girard Desargues

Girard Desargues (21 February 1591 – September 1661) was a French mathematician and engineer, who is considered one of the founders of projective geometry.

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Girih

Girih (گره, "knot") is a decorative Islamic geometric artform used in architecture and handicraft objects, consisting of angled lines that form an interlaced strapwork pattern.

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Girih tiles

Girih tiles are a set of five tiles that were used in the creation of Islamic geometric patterns using strapwork (girih) for decoration of buildings in Islamic architecture.

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Glide reflection

In 2-dimensional geometry, a glide reflection (or transflection) is a type of opposite isometry of the Euclidean plane: the composition of a reflection in a line and a translation along that line.

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Go (game)

Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent.

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Golden ratio

In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities.

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Graphic designer

A graphic designer is a professional within the graphic design and graphic arts industry who assembles together images, typography, or motion graphics to create a piece of design.

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Great Mosque of Kairouan

The Great Mosque of Kairouan (جامع القيروان الأكبر), also known as the Mosque of Uqba (جامع عقبة بن نافع), is a mosque in Tunisia, situated in the UNESCO World Heritage town of Kairouan.

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Great Pyramid of Giza

The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt.

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.. Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. Most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%. Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, arts, exploration, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, science and technology, business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporarily.

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Hamid Naderi Yeganeh

Hamid Naderi Yeganeh (حمید نادری یگانه; born July 26, 1990 in Iran) is an Iranian mathematical artist.

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Hans Holbein the Younger

Hans Holbein the Younger (Hans Holbein der Jüngere) (– between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.

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Hans van der Laan

Dom Hans van der Laan (29 December 1904 – 19 August 1991) was a Dutch Benedictine monk and architect.

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Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter

Harold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter, FRS, FRSC, (February 9, 1907 – March 31, 2003) was a British-born Canadian geometer.

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Helaman Ferguson

Helaman Rolfe Pratt Ferguson (born 1940 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American sculptor and a digital artist, specifically an algorist.

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Hendrik Lenstra

Hendrik Willem Lenstra Jr. (born 16 April 1949, Zaandam) is a Dutch mathematician.

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Henri Poincaré

Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science.

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Henry Moore

Henry Spencer Moore (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English artist.

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Hera

Hera (Ἥρᾱ, Hērā; Ἥρη, Hērē in Ionic and Homeric Greek) is the goddess of women, marriage, family, and childbirth in Ancient Greek religion and myth, one of the Twelve Olympians and the sister-wife of Zeus.

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Heraion of Argos

The Heraion of Argos (Ἡραῖον Ἄργους) is an ancient temple in Argos, Greece.

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Hexagonal tiling

In geometry, the hexagonal tiling or hexagonal tessellation is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane, in which three hexagons meet at each vertex.

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Hinke Osinga

Hinke Maria Osinga (born 25 December 1969, Dokkum) is a Dutch mathematician and an expert in dynamical systems.

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Hiroshi Sugimoto

Hiroshi Sugimoto (杉本博司, Sugimoto Hiroshi), born on February 23, 1948, is a Japanese photographer and architect.

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Historia Mathematica

Historia Mathematica: International Journal of History of Mathematics is an academic journal on the history of mathematics published by Elsevier.

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History of art

The history of art focuses on objects made by humans in visual form for aesthetic purposes.

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Hockney–Falco thesis

The Hockney–Falco thesis is a theory of art history, advanced by artist David Hockney and physicist Charles M. Falco.

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Holy Trinity (Masaccio)

The Holy Trinity, with the Virgin and Saint John and donors (Santa Trinità) is a fresco by the Early Italian Renaissance painter Masaccio.

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Huzita–Hatori axioms

The Huzita–Hatori axioms or Huzita–Justin axioms are a set of rules related to the mathematical principles of paper folding, describing the operations that can be made when folding a piece of paper.

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Hyperbolic geometry

In mathematics, hyperbolic geometry (also called Bolyai–Lobachevskian geometry or Lobachevskian geometry) is a non-Euclidean geometry.

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Hyperbolic manifold

In mathematics, a hyperbolic manifold is a space where every point looks locally like hyperbolic space of some dimension.

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Hypercube

In geometry, a hypercube is an ''n''-dimensional analogue of a square and a cube.

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Ibn al-Haytham

Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized Alhazen; full name أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Institut Henri Poincaré

The Henri Poincaré Institute (or IHP for Institut Henri Poincaré) is a mathematics research institute part of Sorbonne University, in association with the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS).

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Irrational number

In mathematics, the irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers, the latter being the numbers constructed from ratios (or fractions) of integers.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.

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Isfahan

Isfahan (Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan, Esfahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about south of Tehran.

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Islamic art

Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onward by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by or ruled by culturally Islamic populations.

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Islamic geometric patterns

Islamic decoration, which tends to avoid using figurative images, makes frequent use of geometric patterns which have developed over the centuries.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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J. C. P. Miller

Jeffrey Charles Percy Miller (31 August 1906 – 24 April 1981) was an English mathematician and computing pioneer.

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J. M. W. Turner

Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 177519 December 1851), known as J. M. W. Turner and contemporarily as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist, known for his expressive colourisation, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings.

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Jackson Pollock

Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement.

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Jali

A jali or jaali, (Urdu: جالی Hindi:जाली jālī, meaning "net") is the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy and geometry.

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Jan van Eyck

Jan van Eyck (before c. 1390 – 9 July 1441) was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges.

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Java

Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese) is an island of Indonesia.

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Jean Metzinger

Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger (24 June 1883 – 3 November 1956) was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism.

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Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter.

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Jean-Victor Poncelet

Jean-Victor Poncelet (1 July 1788 – 22 December 1867) was a French engineer and mathematician who served most notably as the Commanding General of the École Polytechnique.

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Jiajing Emperor

The Jiajing Emperor (16September 150723January 1567) was the 12th emperor of the Chinese Ming dynasty who ruled from 1521 to 1567.

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Johann Heinrich Lambert

Johann Heinrich Lambert (Jean-Henri Lambert in French; 26 August 1728 – 25 September 1777) was a Swiss polymath who made important contributions to the subjects of mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy and map projections.

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman.

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Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.

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Johannes Vermeer

Johannes Vermeer (October 1632 – December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life.

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John Robinson (sculptor)

John Robinson (4 May 1935 – 6 April 2007) was a British sculptor and co-founder of the Bradshaw Foundation.

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Journal of Mathematics and the Arts

The Journal of Mathematics and the Arts is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that deals with relationship between mathematics and the arts.

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Kawasaki's theorem

Kawasaki's theorem is a theorem in the mathematics of paper folding that describes the crease patterns with a single vertex that may be folded to form a flat figure.

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Kepler triangle

A Kepler triangle is a right triangle with edge lengths in geometric progression.

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Kilim

A kilim (Kilim کیلیم, Kilim, Kilim, گلیم gelīm) is a flat tapestry-woven carpet or rug traditionally produced in countries of the former Ottoman Empire, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkic countries of Central Asia.

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Knitting

Knitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile or fabric for use in many types of garments.

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Knot theory

In topology, knot theory is the study of mathematical knots.

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Lace

Lace is a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern, made by machine or by hand.

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Laon Cathedral

Laon Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Laon) is a Roman Catholic church located in Laon, Picardy, France.

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Last Supper

The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion.

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Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti (February 14, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer; he epitomised the Renaissance Man.

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Leonardo (journal)

Leonardo® is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the MIT Press covering the application of contemporary science and technology to the arts and music.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.

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Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon, and originally titled The Brothel of Avignon) is a large oil painting created in 1907 by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) and now on exhibit in New York's Museum of Modern Art.

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Liber Abaci

Liber Abaci (1202, also spelled as Liber Abbaci) is a historic book on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, known later by his nickname Fibonacci.

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Lionel Penrose

Lionel Sharples Penrose, FRS (11 June 1898 – 12 May 1972) was a British psychiatrist, medical geneticist, paediatrician, mathematician and chess theorist, who carried out pioneering work on the genetics of mental retardation.

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Lissajous curve

In mathematics, a Lissajous curve, also known as Lissajous figure or Bowditch curve, is the graph of a system of parametric equations which describe complex harmonic motion.

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List of geometers

A geometer is a mathematician whose area of study is geometry.

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List of mathematical artists

This is a list of artists who actively explored mathematics in their artworks.

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List of Wenninger polyhedron models

This is an indexed list of the uniform and stellated polyhedra from the book Polyhedron Models, by Magnus Wenninger.

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Little finger

The little finger or pinky finger, also known as the fourth digit or just pinky, is the most ulnar and smallest finger of the human hand, opposite the thumb, and next to the ring finger.

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Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (Le Vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architettori), also known as The Lives (Le Vite), is a series of artist biographies written by 16th-century Italian painter and architect Giorgio Vasari, which is considered "perhaps the most famous, and even today the most-read work of the older literature of art", "some of the Italian Renaissance's most influential writing on art", and "the first important book on art history".

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Lorenz system

The Lorenz system is a system of ordinary differential equations first studied by Edward Lorenz.

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Luca Pacioli

Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo; 1447–1517) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and a seminal contributor to the field now known as accounting.

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M. C. Escher

Maurits Cornelis Escher (17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically-inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints.

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Maekawa's theorem

Maekawa's theorem is a theorem in the mathematics of paper folding named after Jun Maekawa.

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Magic square

In recreational mathematics and combinatorial design, a magic square is a n\times n square grid (where is the number of cells on each side) filled with distinct positive integers in the range 1,2,...,n^2 such that each cell contains a different integer and the sum of the integers in each row, column and diagonal is equal.

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Magnus Wenninger

Father Magnus J. Wenninger OSB (October 31, 1919Banchoff (2002)– February 17, 2017) was an American mathematician who worked on constructing polyhedron models, and wrote the first book on their construction.

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Man Ray

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in France.

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Mandelbrot set

The Mandelbrot set is the set of complex numbers c for which the function f_c(z).

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Manuscripts of the Austrian National Library

The Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books of the Austrian National Library in Vienna was formed in April 2008 by merging the departments of "Manuscripts, Autographs, and Closed Collections" and of "Incunabula, Old and Valuable Books".

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Marcel Duchamp

Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, conceptual art, and Dada, although he was careful about his use of the term Dada and was not directly associated with Dada groups.

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Marco Palmezzano

Marco Palmezzano (1460–1539) was an Italian painter and architect, belonging to the Forlì painting school, who painted in a style recalling earlier Northern Renaissance models.

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Masaccio

Masaccio (December 21, 1401 – summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a Florentine artist who is regarded as the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance.

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Mathematical Association of America

The Mathematical Association of America (MAA) is a professional society that focuses on mathematics accessible at the undergraduate level.

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Mathematical beauty

Mathematical beauty describes the notion that some mathematicians may derive aesthetic pleasure from their work, and from mathematics in general.

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Mathematician

A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in his or her work, typically to solve mathematical problems.

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Mathematics

Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.

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Mathematics and architecture

Mathematics and architecture are related, since, as with other arts, architects use mathematics for several reasons.

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Mathematics and fiber arts

Ideas from Mathematics have been used as inspiration for fiber arts including quilt making, knitting, cross-stitch, crochet, embroidery and weaving.

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Mathematics Magazine

Mathematics Magazine is a refereed bimonthly publication of the Mathematical Association of America.

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Mathematics of paper folding

The art of origami or paper folding has received a considerable amount of mathematical study.

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Maurice Princet

Maurice Princet (1875 – October 23, 1973) was a French mathematician and actuary who played a role in the birth of cubism.

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Max Ernst

Max Ernst (2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet.

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Möbius strip

The Möbius strip or Möbius band, also spelled Mobius or Moebius, is a surface with only one side (when embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space) and only one boundary.

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Melencolia I

Melencolia I is a 1514 engraving by the German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer.

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Melozzo da Forlì

Melozzo da Forlì (c. 1438 – 8 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance painter and architect.

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Menger sponge

In mathematics, the Menger sponge (also known as the Menger cube, Menger universal curve, Sierpinski cube, or Sierpinski sponge) is a fractal curve.

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Metaphysics

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Ming dynasty

The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

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Mise en abyme

Mise en abyme (also mise en abîme) is a term used in Western art history to describe a formal technique of placing a copy of an image within itself, often in a way that suggests an infinitely recurring sequence.

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Modernism

Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Modular origami

Modular origami or unit origami is a paperfolding technique which uses two or more sheets of paper to create a larger and more complex structure than would be possible using single-piece origami techniques.

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Mona Lisa

The Mona Lisa (Monna Lisa or La Gioconda, La Joconde) is a half-length portrait painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci that has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world".

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Morocco

Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.

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Motif (textile arts)

In the textile arts, a motif (also called a block or square) is a smaller element in a much larger work.

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Mughal architecture

Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent.

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Muqarnas

Muqarnas (مقرنص; مقرنس) is a form of ornamented vaulting in Islamic architecture, the "geometric subdivision of a squinch, or cupola, or corbel, into a large number of miniature squinches, producing a sort of cellular structure", sometimes also called a "honeycomb" vault.

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Music

Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time.

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Music and mathematics

Music theory has no axiomatic foundation in modern mathematics, yet the basis of musical sound can be described mathematically (in acoustics) and exhibits "a remarkable array of number properties".

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Mysterium Cosmographicum

Mysterium Cosmographicum (lit. The Cosmographic Mystery, alternately translated as Cosmic Mystery, The Secret of the World, or some variation) is an astronomy book by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, published at Tübingen in 1596 and in a second edition in 1621.

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Nature

Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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Naum Gabo

Naum Gabo, born Naum Neemia Pevsner (23 August 1977) (Hebrew: נחום נחמיה פבזנר), was an influential sculptor, theorist, and key figure in Russia's post-Revolution avant-garde and the subsequent development of twentieth-century sculpture.

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Neil Dodgson

Neil Anthony Dodgson is Professor of Computer Graphics at the Victoria University of Wellington.

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Net (polyhedron)

In geometry a net of a polyhedron is an arrangement of edge-joined polygons in the plane which can be folded (along edges) to become the faces of the polyhedron.

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Newcomen Society

The Newcomen Society is an International learned society that promotes and celebrates the history of engineering and technology.

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Nikos Salingaros

Nikos Angelos Salingaros (Νίκος Άγγελος Σαλίγκαρος; born 1952 in Perth, Australia) is a mathematician and polymath known for his work on urban theory, architectural theory, complexity theory, and design philosophy.

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Non-Euclidean geometry

In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those specifying Euclidean geometry.

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Notices of the American Mathematical Society

Notices of the American Mathematical Society is the membership journal of the American Mathematical Society (AMS), published monthly except for the combined June/July issue.

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Notre-Dame de Paris

Notre-Dame de Paris (meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.

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Oblique projection

Oblique projection is a simple type of technical drawing of graphical projection used for producing two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects.

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Op art

Op art, short for optical art, is a style of visual art that uses optical illusions.

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Optical illusion

An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by a visual percept that (loosely said) appears to differ from reality.

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Origami

) is the art of paper folding, which is often associated with Japanese culture.

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Pablo Palazuelo

Pablo Palazuelo (October 6, 1916 – October 3, 2007) was a Spanish painter and sculptor.

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Pablo Picasso

Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France.

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Painting

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (support base).

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Panorama

A panorama (formed from Greek πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "sight") is any wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, whether in painting, drawing, photography, film, seismic images or a three-dimensional model.

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Paolo Uccello

Paolo Uccello (1397 – 10 December 1475), born Paolo di Dono, was an Italian painter and mathematician who was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art.

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Paradox

A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises, leads to an apparently self-contradictory or logically unacceptable conclusion.

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Parmigianino

Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (also known as Francesco Mazzola or, more commonly, as Parmigianino ("the little one from Parma"); 11 January 150324 August 1540) was an Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker active in Florence, Rome, Bologna, and his native city of Parma.

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Parthenon

The Parthenon (Παρθενών; Παρθενώνας, Parthenónas) is a former temple, on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron.

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Patterns in nature

Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world.

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Paul Erdős

Paul Erdős (Erdős Pál; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician.

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Paul Steinhardt

Paul Joseph Steinhardt (born December 25, 1952) is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist who is currently the Albert Einstein Professor in Science at Princeton University.

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Pedagogy

Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of teaching and how these influence student learning.

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Penrose stairs

The Penrose stairs or Penrose steps, also dubbed the impossible staircase, is an impossible object created by Lionel Penrose and his son Roger Penrose.

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Penrose tiling

A Penrose tiling is an example of non-periodic tiling generated by an aperiodic set of prototiles.

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Perspective (graphical)

Perspective (from perspicere "to see through") in the graphic arts is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is seen by the eye.

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Peru

Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.

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Peter Lu

Peter James Lu, PhD (陸述義) is a post-doctoral research fellow in the Department of Physics and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Phalanx bone

The phalanges (singular: phalanx) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates.

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Phidias

Phidias or Pheidias (Φειδίας, Pheidias; 480 – 430 BC) was a Greek sculptor, painter, and architect.

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Philipp Otto Runge

Philipp Otto Runge (23 July 1777 – 2 December 1810) was a Romantic German painter and draughtsman.

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

Philosophical Transactions, titled Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (often abbreviated as Phil. Trans.) from 1776, is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society.

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Physics World

Physics World is the membership magazine of the Institute of Physics, one of the largest physical societies in the world.

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Piero della Francesca

Piero della Francesca (c. 1415 – 12 October 1492) was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance.

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Piet Mondrian

Pieter Cornelis "Piet" Mondriaan, after 1906 Mondrian (later; 7 March 1872 – 1 February 1944), was a Dutch painter and theoretician who is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.

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Plastic arts

Plastic arts are art forms which involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics.

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Plastic number

In mathematics, the plastic number (also known as the plastic constant, the minimal Pisot number, the platin number, Siegel's number or, in French, le nombre radiant) is a mathematical constant which is the unique real solution of the cubic equation It has the exact value Its decimal expansion begins with.

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Plato

Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

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Platonic solid

In three-dimensional space, a Platonic solid is a regular, convex polyhedron.

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Plutarch

Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarkhos,; c. CE 46 – CE 120), later named, upon becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, (Λούκιος Μέστριος Πλούταρχος) was a Greek biographer and essayist, known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia.

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Polyhedron

In geometry, a polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons) is a solid in three dimensions with flat polygonal faces, straight edges and sharp corners or vertices.

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Polykleitos

Polykleitos was an ancient Greek sculptor in bronze of the 5th century BCE.

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Polynomial

In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables (also called indeterminates) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents of variables.

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Polyptych of Perugia

The Polyptych of Perugia (also known as Polyptych of St. Anthony) is a complex of paintings by the Italian Renaissance master Piero della Francesca, finished around 1470.

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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (later known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

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Prime number

A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.

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Print Gallery (M. C. Escher)

Print Gallery is a lithograph printed in 1956 by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher.

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Printmaking

Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper.

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Projective geometry

Projective geometry is a topic in mathematics.

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Projective linear group

In mathematics, especially in the group theoretic area of algebra, the projective linear group (also known as the projective general linear group or PGL) is the induced action of the general linear group of a vector space V on the associated projective space P(V).

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Proportionality (mathematics)

In mathematics, two variables are proportional if there is always a constant ratio between them.

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Pseudosphere

In geometry, the term pseudosphere is used to describe various surfaces with constant negative Gaussian curvature.

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PSL(2,7)

In mathematics, the projective special linear group PSL(2, 7) (isomorphic to GL(3, 2)) is a finite simple group that has important applications in algebra, geometry, and number theory.

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Pyramid

A pyramid (from πυραμίς) is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single point at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense.

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Pyramidology

Pyramidology (or pyramidism) refers to various religious or pseudoscientific speculations regarding pyramids, most often the Giza pyramid complex and the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt.

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Pythagoras

Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of the Pythagoreanism movement.

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Pythagoreanism

Pythagoreanism originated in the 6th century BC, based on the teachings and beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were considerably influenced by mathematics and mysticism.

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Qianlong Emperor

The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.

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Quasicrystal

A quasiperiodic crystal, or quasicrystal, is a structure that is ordered but not periodic.

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Quilting

Quilting is the process of sewing two or more layers of fabric together to make a thicker padded material, usually to create a quilt or quilted garment.

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Radian

The radian (SI symbol rad) is the SI unit for measuring angles, and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics.

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Raphael

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.

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Recursion

Recursion occurs when a thing is defined in terms of itself or of its type.

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Regular polygon

In Euclidean geometry, a regular polygon is a polygon that is equiangular (all angles are equal in measure) and equilateral (all sides have the same length).

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Rembang Regency

Rembang Regency is a regency (kabupaten) on the extreme northeast coast of Central Java Province, on the island of Java at the Java Sea, in Indonesia.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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René Magritte

René François Ghislain Magritte (21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist.

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René Thom

René Frédéric Thom (2 September 1923 – 25 October 2002) was a French mathematician.

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Rendering (computer graphics)

Rendering or image synthesis is the automatic process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model (or models in what collectively could be called a scene file) by means of computer programs.

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Representation (arts)

Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else.

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Reverse perspective

Reverse perspective, also called inverse perspective,.

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Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP; also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057 and pBM 10058) is one of the best known examples of Egyptian mathematics.

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Rhombicuboctahedron

In geometry, the rhombicuboctahedron, or small rhombicuboctahedron, is an Archimedean solid with eight triangular and eighteen square faces.

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Richard Padovan

Richard Padovan (born 1935) is an architect, author, translator and lecturer.

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Richard Wright (artist)

Richard Wright (born London, 1960) is an English artist and musician.

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Rock balancing

Rock balancing or stone balancing (stone or rock stacking) is an art, discipline, or hobby in which rocks are naturally balanced on top of one another in various positions without the use of adhesives, wires, supports, rings or any other contraptions which would help maintain the construction's balance.

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Roger Penrose

Sir Roger Penrose (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science.

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Rotational symmetry

Rotational symmetry, also known as radial symmetry in biology, is the property a shape has when it looks the same after some rotation by a partial turn.

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Rule 90

In the mathematical study of cellular automata, Rule 90 is an elementary cellular automaton based on the exclusive or function.

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Sacred geometry

Sacred geometry ascribes symbolic and sacred meanings to certain geometric shapes and certain geometric proportions.

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Salim Chishti

Salim Chishti (1478–1572) (सलीम चिश्ती) was a Sufi saint of the Chishti Order during the Mughal Empire in India.

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Salvador Dalí

Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquess of Dalí de Púbol (11 May 190423 January 1989), known professionally as Salvador Dalí, was a prominent Spanish surrealist born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain.

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Santa Maria Novella

Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence, Italy, situated just across from the main railway station named after it.

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Schlegel diagram

In geometry, a Schlegel diagram is a projection of a polytope from R^d into R^ through a point beyond one of its facets or faces.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Science and Hypothesis

Science and Hypothesis (La Science et l'Hypothèse) is a book by French mathematician Henri Poincaré, first published in 1902.

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Science Museum, London

The Science Museum is a major museum on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, London.

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Science News

Science News is an American bi-weekly magazine devoted to short articles about new scientific and technical developments, typically gleaned from recent scientific and technical journals.

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Scientific American

Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror

Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror (c. 1524) is a painting by the Italian late Renaissance artist Parmigianino.

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Semiotics

Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the study of meaning-making, the study of sign process (semiosis) and meaningful communication.

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Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque

Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque (مسجد شیخ لطف الله) is one of the architectural masterpieces of Iranian architecture that was built during the Safavid Empire, standing on the eastern side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square, Esfahan, Iran.

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Shogi

(), also known as Japanese chess or the Game of Generals, is a two-player strategy board game in the same family as chess, chaturanga, makruk, shatranj, janggi and xiangqi, and is the most popular of a family of chess variants native to Japan.

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Sichuan

Sichuan, formerly romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan, is a province in southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the south.

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Similarity (geometry)

Two geometrical objects are called similar if they both have the same shape, or one has the same shape as the mirror image of the other.

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Small stellated dodecahedron

In geometry, the small stellated dodecahedron is a Kepler-Poinsot polyhedron, named by Arthur Cayley, and with Schläfli symbol.

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Solar System

The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.

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Solid geometry

In mathematics, solid geometry is the traditional name for the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space.

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Spandrel

A spandrel, less often spandril or splaundrel, is the space between two arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure.

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Special right triangle

A special right triangle is a right triangle with some regular feature that makes calculations on the triangle easier, or for which simple formulas exist.

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Spiral

In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point.

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Spring (device)

A spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy.

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Square root of 2

The square root of 2, or the (1/2)th power of 2, written in mathematics as or, is the positive algebraic number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number 2.

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St Mark's Basilica

The Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark (Basilica Cattedrale Patriarcale di San Marco), commonly known as Saint Mark's Basilica (Basilica di San Marco; Baxéłega de San Marco), is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice, northern Italy.

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St. Benedictusberg Abbey

St.

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Stefaneschi Triptych

The Stefaneschi Altarpiece is a triptych by the Italian medieval painter Giotto, commissioned by Cardinal Giacomo Gaetani Stefaneschi to serve as an altarpiece for one of the altars of Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

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Stellation

In geometry, stellation is the process of extending a polygon in two dimensions, polyhedron in three dimensions, or, in general, a polytope in n dimensions to form a new figure.

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Stewart Coffin

Stewart Coffin is an American puzzle maker.

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Strapwork

In the history of art and design, strapwork is the use of stylised representations in ornament of ribbon-like forms.

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Surakarta

Surakarta (ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ, often called Solo or less common spelling Sala) is a city in Central Java.

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Surface (topology)

In topology and differential geometry, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold, and, as such, may be an "abstract surface" not embedded in any Euclidean space.

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Surrealism

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings.

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Suzhou

Suzhou (Wu Chinese), formerly romanized as Soochow, is a major city located in southeastern Jiangsu Province of East China, about northwest of Shanghai.

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Symmetry

Symmetry (from Greek συμμετρία symmetria "agreement in dimensions, due proportion, arrangement") in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance.

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Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)

The Symphony No.

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Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science

The IEEE Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) is an academic conference in the field of theoretical computer science.

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Tapestry

Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom.

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Tasikmalaya

Tasikmalaya is a city in West Java, Indonesia.

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Tatting

Tatting is a technique for handcrafting a particularly durable lace from a series of knots and loops.

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Technical drawing

Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed.

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Tessellation

A tessellation of a flat surface is the tiling of a plane using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.

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Textile arts

Textile arts are arts and crafts that use plant, animal, or synthetic fibers to construct practical or decorative objects.

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The Ambassadors (Holbein)

The Ambassadors (1533) is a painting by Hans Holbein the Younger.

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The Ancient of Days

The Ancient of Days is a design by William Blake, originally published as the frontispiece to the 1794 work Europe a Prophecy.

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The arts

The arts refers to the theory and physical expression of creativity found in human societies and cultures.

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The Assayer

The Assayer (Il Saggiatore) was a book published in Rome by Galileo Galilei in October 1623 and is generally considered to be one of the pioneering works of the scientific method, first broaching the idea that the book of nature is to be read with mathematical tools rather than those of scholastic philosophy, as generally held at the time.

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The Battle of San Romano

The Battle of San Romano is a set of three paintings by the Florentine painter Paolo Uccello depicting events that took place at the Battle of San Romano between Florentine and Sienese forces in 1432.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Human Condition (Magritte)

The Human Condition (La condition humaine) generally refers to two similar oil on canvas paintings by the Belgian surrealist René Magritte.

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The Journal of Hellenic Studies

The Journal of Hellenic Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research in Hellenic studies.

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The Mathematical Intelligencer

The Mathematical Intelligencer is a mathematical journal published by Springer Verlag that aims at a conversational and scholarly tone, rather than the technical and specialist tone more common among academic journals.

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The Sacrament of the Last Supper

The Sacrament of the Last Supper is a painting by Salvador Dalí.

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The School of Athens

The School of Athens (Scuola di Atene) is one of the most famous frescoes by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael.

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The Swallow's Tail

The Swallow's Tail — Series of Catastrophes (La queue d'aronde — Série des catastrophes) was Salvador Dalí's last painting.

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Theo van Doesburg

Theo van Doesburg (30 August 1883 – 7 March 1931) was a Dutch artist, who practiced painting, writing, poetry and architecture.

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Theoretical physics

Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.

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Theory of Colours

Theory of Colours (German: Zur Farbenlehre) is a book by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe about the poet's views on the nature of colours and how these are perceived by humans.

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Tomoko Fuse

Tomoko Fuse (布施 知子, Fuse Tomoko, born in Niigata, 1951) is a Japanese origami artist and author of numerous books on the subject of modular origami, and is by many considered as a renowned master in such discipline. Fuse first learned origami while in the hospital as a child. When she was 19 years old, she studied for two and a half years with origami master Toyoaki Kawai. She started publishing origami books in 1981, and has since published more than 60 books (plus overseas editions). She has created numerous origami designs, including boxes, kusudama, paper toys, masks, modular polyhedra, as well as other geometric forms and objects, such as origami tessellations, with publications in Japanese, Korean and English. She now resides with her husband Taro Toriumi, a respected woodblock printmaker and etcher, in rural Nagano prefecture, Japan. Unit Origami: Multidimensional Transformations, the English language edition of her seminal modular origami inventions, may be considered the classic text on modular origami available in the English language.

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Topa Inca Yupanqui

Topa Inca Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui ('Tupaq Inka Yupanki'), translated as "noble Inca accountant," was the eleventh Sapa Inca (1471–93) of the Inca Empire, fifth of the Hanan dynasty, and tenth of the Inca civilization.

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Topkapı Scroll

The Topkapı Scroll (Topkapı Parşömeni) is a Timurid dynasty pattern scroll in the collection of the Topkapı Palace museum.

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Topological space

In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space may be defined as a set of points, along with a set of neighbourhoods for each point, satisfying a set of axioms relating points and neighbourhoods.

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Topology

In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.

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Torii Kiyonaga

This article is about the ukiyo-e artist; for samurai named Kiyonaga, see Naito Kiyonaga and Koriki Kiyonaga. Torii Kiyonaga (鳥居 清長; 1752 – June 28, 1815) was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist of the Torii school.

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Torus

In geometry, a torus (plural tori) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space about an axis coplanar with the circle.

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Translation (geometry)

In Euclidean geometry, a translation is a geometric transformation that moves every point of a figure or a space by the same distance in a given direction.

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Truncated triangular trapezohedron

In geometry, the truncated triangular trapezohedron is the first in an infinite series of truncated trapezohedron polyhedra.

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Turing test

The Turing test, developed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

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Ukiyo-e

Ukiyo-e is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through 19th centuries.

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Ulna

The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm.

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Vanishing point

A vanishing point is a point on the image plane of a perspective drawing where the two-dimensional perspective projections (or drawings) of mutually parallel lines in three-dimensional space appear to converge.

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Victor Schlegel

Victor Schlegel (1843–1905) was a German mathematician.

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Victor Vasarely

Victor Vasarely (born Győző Vásárhelyi,; –), was a Hungarian-French artist, who is widely accepted as a "grandfather" and leaderThe New York Times obituary https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/18/arts/victor-vasarely-op-art-patriarch-dies-at-90.html of the op art movement.

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Visible spectrum

The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.

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Vitruvian Man

The Vitruvian Man (Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio, which is translated to "The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius"), or simply L'Uomo Vitruviano, is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci around 1490.

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Vitruvius

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC), commonly known as Vitruvius, was a Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled De architectura.

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Wallpaper group

A wallpaper group (or plane symmetry group or plane crystallographic group) is a mathematical classification of a two-dimensional repetitive pattern, based on the symmetries in the pattern.

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Wassily Kandinsky

Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (Vasily Vasilyevich Kandinsky) (– 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist.

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Weaving

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.

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William Blake

William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker.

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William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised)—23 April 1616) was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as both the greatest writer in the English language, and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.

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X-ray fluorescence

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.

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Xenocrates

Xenocrates (Ξενοκράτης; c. 396/5314/3 BC) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC.

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Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta (also Jogja or Jogjakarta; ꦛꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ; formerly Dutch: Djokjakarta/Djocjakarta or Djokja) is a city on the island of Java in Indonesia.

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Zellige

Zellige (الزليج; also zelige or zellij) is mosaic tilework made from individually chiseled geometric tiles set into a plaster base.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_art

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