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75 relations: Ady Stern, AKLT model, Alexei Kitaev, Anthony Zee, Anyon, Arthur Gossard, Atom, Brane, Chern class, Chirality, Condensed matter physics, Crystal, Crystal structure, Effective theory, Electron, Electronic band structure, Elementary particle, Emergence, Enrico Fermi, Fault tolerance, Ferromagnetism, Fractal, Fractionalization, Frank Wilczek, Gauge boson, Geometric phase, Gigabyte, Ginzburg–Landau theory, Herbertsmithite, Higgs phase, High-temperature superconductivity, Implicate and explicate order, John Preskill, Landau theory, Lattice constant, Liquid, Liquid crystal, Magnet, Michael Freedman, Molecule, Monoidal category, Non-abelian group, Operator algebra, Phase (matter), Phase transition, Photon, Physics, Quantum computing, Quantum decoherence, Quantum entanglement, ..., Quantum Hall effect, Quantum spin liquid, Quantum topology, Sankar Das Sarma, Semiconductor, Solid, Spin (physics), Spontaneous symmetry breaking, State of matter, Steven H. Simon, String-net liquid, Superconductivity, Superfluidity, Symmetry-protected topological order, Topological defect, Topological degeneracy, Topological entropy in physics, Topological insulator, Topological quantum computer, Topological quantum field theory, Topological quantum number, Topological string theory, Topology, Transistor, Xiao-Gang Wen. Expand index (25 more) »
Ady Stern
Ady Stern is an Israeli physicist.
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AKLT model
The AKLT model is an extension of the one-dimensional quantum Heisenberg spin model.
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Alexei Kitaev
Alexei Kitaev (Алексей Юрьевич Китаев; born August 26, 1963) is a Russian–American professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology and permanent member of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics.
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Anthony Zee
Anthony Zee (b. 1945) (Zee comes from /ʑi23/, the Shanghainese pronunciation of 徐) is a Chinese-American physicist, writer, and currently a professor at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and the physics department of the University of California, Santa Barbara.
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Anyon
In physics, an anyon is a type of quasiparticle that occurs only in ''two''-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons.
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Arthur Gossard
Arthur C. Gossard is a professor of Materials and Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
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Brane
In string theory and related theories such as supergravity theories, a brane is a physical object that generalizes the notion of a point particle to higher dimensions.
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Chern class
In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, differential geometry and algebraic geometry, the Chern classes are characteristic classes associated with complex vector bundles.
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Chirality
Chirality is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science.
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Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter.
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Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
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Crystal structure
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material.
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Effective theory
In science, an effective theory is a scientific theory which proposes to describe a certain set of observations, but explicitly without the claim or implication that the mechanism employed in the theory has a direct counterpart in the actual causes of the observed phenomena to which the theory is fitted.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electronic band structure
In solid-state physics, the electronic band structure (or simply band structure) of a solid describes the range of energies that an electron within the solid may have (called energy bands, allowed bands, or simply bands) and ranges of energy that it may not have (called band gaps or forbidden bands).
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Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle with no substructure, thus not composed of other particles.
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Emergence
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.
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Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.
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Fault tolerance
Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure (or one or more faults within) some of its components.
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Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.
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Fractal
In mathematics, a fractal is an abstract object used to describe and simulate naturally occurring objects.
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Fractionalization
In physics, fractionalization is the phenomenon whereby the quasiparticles of a system cannot be constructed as combinations of its elementary constituents.
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Frank Wilczek
Frank Anthony Wilczek (born May 15, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist, mathematician and a Nobel laureate.
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Gauge boson
In particle physics, a gauge boson is a force carrier, a bosonic particle that carries any of the fundamental interactions of nature, commonly called forces.
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Geometric phase
In classical and quantum mechanics, the geometric phase, Pancharatnam–Berry phase (named after S. Pancharatnam and Sir Michael Berry), Pancharatnam phase or most commonly Berry phase, is a phase difference acquired over the course of a cycle, when a system is subjected to cyclic adiabatic processes, which results from the geometrical properties of the parameter space of the Hamiltonian.
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Gigabyte
The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.
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Ginzburg–Landau theory
In physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory, often called Landau–Ginzburg theory, named after Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describe superconductivity.
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Herbertsmithite
Herbertsmithite is a mineral with chemical structure ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2.
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Higgs phase
In theoretical physics, it is often important to consider gauge theory that admits many physical phenomena and "phases", connected by phase transitions, in which the vacuum may be found.
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High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature superconductors (abbreviated high-Tc or HTS) are materials that behave as superconductors at unusually high temperatures.
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Implicate and explicate order
Implicate order and explicate order are ontological concepts for quantum theory coined by theoretical physicist David Bohm during the early 1980s.
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John Preskill
John Phillip Preskill (born January 19, 1953) is an American theoretical physicist and the Richard P. Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
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Landau theory
Landau theory in physics is a theory that Lev Landau introduced in an attempt to formulate a general theory of continuous (i.e., second-order) phase transitions.
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Lattice constant
The lattice constant, or lattice parameter, refers to the physical dimension of unit cells in a crystal lattice.
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Liquid
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
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Liquid crystal
Liquid crystals (LCs) are matter in a state which has properties between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals.
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Magnet
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.
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Michael Freedman
Michael Hartley Freedman (born 21 April 1951) is an American mathematician, at Microsoft Station Q, a research group at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Monoidal category
In mathematics, a monoidal category (or tensor category) is a category C equipped with a bifunctor that is associative up to a natural isomorphism, and an object I that is both a left and right identity for ⊗, again up to a natural isomorphism.
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Non-abelian group
In mathematics, and specifically in group theory, a non-abelian group, sometimes called a non-commutative group, is a group (G, ∗) in which there exists at least one pair of elements a and b of G, such that a ∗ b ≠ b ∗ a.
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Operator algebra
In functional analysis, an operator algebra is an algebra of continuous linear operators on a topological vector space with the multiplication given by the composition of mappings.
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Phase (matter)
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
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Phase transition
The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.
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Photon
The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Quantum computing
Quantum computing is computing using quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement.
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Quantum decoherence
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence.
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Quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon which occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of the other(s), even when the particles are separated by a large distance—instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole.
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Quantum Hall effect
The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantum-mechanical version of the Hall effect, observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall conductance undergoes quantum Hall transitions to take on the quantized values where is the channel current, is the Hall voltage, is the elementary charge and is Planck's constant.
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Quantum spin liquid
In condensed matter physics, quantum spin liquid is a state that can be achieved in a system of interacting quantum spins.
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Quantum topology
Quantum topology is a branch of mathematics that connects quantum mechanics with low-dimensional topology.
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Sankar Das Sarma
Sankar Das Sarma is an India-born American theoretical condensed matter physicist, who has worked in the areas of strongly correlated materials, graphene, semiconductor physics, low-dimensional systems, topological matter, quantum Hall effect, nanoscience, spintronics, Dirac and Weyl materials, collective properties of ultra-cold atomic and molecular systems, optical lattice, many-body theory, and quantum computation.
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Semiconductor
A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor – such as copper, gold etc.
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Solid
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma).
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Spin (physics)
In quantum mechanics and particle physics, spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei.
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Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a spontaneous process of symmetry breaking, by which a physical system in a symmetric state ends up in an asymmetric state.
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State of matter
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.
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Steven H. Simon
Steven H. Simon is an American theoretical physics professor at Oxford University and tutorial fellow of Somerville College, Oxford.
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String-net liquid
In condensed matter physics, a string-net is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen.
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Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
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Superfluidity
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without loss of kinetic energy.
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Symmetry-protected topological order
Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) order, Phys.
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Topological defect
In mathematics and physics, a topological soliton or a topological defect is a solution of a system of partial differential equations or of a quantum field theory homotopically distinct from the vacuum solution.
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Topological degeneracy
Topological degeneracy is a phenomenon in quantum many-body physics, that the ground state of a gapped many-body system becomes degenerate in the large system size limit, and that such a degeneracy cannot be lifted by any local perturbations as long as the system size is large.
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Topological entropy in physics
The topological entanglement entropy or topological entropy, usually denoted by γ, is a number characterizing many-body states that possess topological order.
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Topological insulator
A topological insulator is a material with non-trivial symmetry-protected topological order that behaves as an insulator in its interior but whose surface contains conducting states, meaning that electrons can only move along the surface of the material.
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Topological quantum computer
A topological quantum computer is a theoretical quantum computer that employs two-dimensional quasiparticles called anyons, whose world lines pass around one another to form braids in a three-dimensional spacetime (i.e., one temporal plus two spatial dimensions).
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Topological quantum field theory
A topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT) is a quantum field theory which computes topological invariants.
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Topological quantum number
In physics, a topological quantum number (also called topological charge) is any quantity, in a physical theory, that takes on only one of a discrete set of values, due to topological considerations.
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Topological string theory
In theoretical physics, topological string theory is a version of string theory.
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Topology
In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.
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Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.
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Xiao-Gang Wen
Xiao-Gang Wen (born November 26, 1961) is a Chinese-American physicist.
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Redirects here:
Landau symmetry-breaking theory, Topological phase, Topological phase of matter, Topological phase transition, Topological phase transitions, Topological phases of matter, Topological state, Topological states.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_order
