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32 relations: Admiral, American Revolutionary War, Antilles, Battle of Martinique (1780), Battle of Ushant (1778), Bay of Biscay, Cádiz, Fougères, François Joseph Paul de Grasse, France, French cruiser Guichen, French ship Bretagne (1766), French ship Ville de Paris (1764), Frigate, George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, Gibraltar, Guichen Bay, Ille-et-Vilaine, Lieutenant, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Martinique, Morlaix, Pierre André de Suffren, Post-captain, Rear admiral, Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe, Richard Kempenfelt, Roadstead, South Australia, Tropical cyclone, Vice admiral, West Indies.
Admiral
Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies, and in many navies is the highest rank.
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American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,Brooks, Richard (editor). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war." but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.
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Antilles
The Antilles (Antilles in French; Antillas in Spanish; Antillen in Dutch and Antilhas in Portuguese) is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east.
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Battle of Martinique (1780)
The Battle of Martinique, also known as the Combat de la Dominique, took place on 17 April 1780 during the American Revolutionary War in the West Indies between the British Royal Navy and the French Navy.
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Battle of Ushant (1778)
The Battle of Ushant (French bataille d'Ouessant; also called the First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778, and was fought between French and British fleets west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north-westernmost point of France.
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Bay of Biscay
The Bay of Biscay (Golfe de Gascogne, Golfo de Vizcaya, Pleg-mor Gwaskogn, Bizkaiko Golkoa) is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean located south of the Celtic Sea.
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Cádiz
Cádiz (see other pronunciations below) is a city and port in southwestern Spain.
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Fougères
Fougères (Felger; Gallo: Foujerr) is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Ille-et-Vilaine department in the region of Brittany, northwestern France.
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François Joseph Paul de Grasse
François Joseph Paul de Grasse (13 September 1722 – 11 January 1788), also known as Comte de Grasse, was a career French officer who achieved the rank of admiral.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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French cruiser Guichen
Guichen was a protected cruiser of the French Navy launched in 1897, commissioned in 1899 and retired in 1921.
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French ship Bretagne (1766)
The Bretagne was a large 110-gun three-decker French ship of the line, built at Brest, which became famous as the flagship of the Brest Fleet during the American War of Independence.
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French ship Ville de Paris (1764)
Ville de Paris was a large three-decker French ship of the line that became famous as the flagship of the Comte de Grasse during the American Revolutionary War.
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Frigate
A frigate is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries.
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George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney
George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, KB (bap. 13 February 1718 – 24 May 1792) was a British naval officer.
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Guichen Bay
Guichen Bay, (French: Baie de Guichen) is a bay located on the south-east coast of South Australia about northwest of Mount Gambier and about south-southeast of Adelaide.
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Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine (Il-ha-Gwilen) is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country.
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Lieutenant
A lieutenant (abbreviated Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a junior commissioned officer in the armed forces, fire services, police and other organizations of many nations.
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Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans (13 April 17476 November 1793), most commonly known as Philippe, was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud.
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Martinique
Martinique is an insular region of France located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of and a population of 385,551 inhabitants as of January 2013.
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Morlaix
Morlaix (Montroulez) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France.
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Pierre André de Suffren
Admiral comte Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez, bailli de Suffren (17 July 1729 – 8 December 1788), French admiral.
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Post-captain
Post-captain is an obsolete alternative form of the rank of captain in the Royal Navy.
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Rear admiral
Rear admiral is a naval commissioned officer rank above that of a commodore (U.S equivalent of Commander) and captain, and below that of a vice admiral.
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Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe
Admiral of the Fleet Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe, (8 March 1726 – 5 August 1799) was a British naval officer.
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Richard Kempenfelt
Richard Kempenfelt (1718 – 29 August 1782) was a British rear admiral who gained a reputation as a naval innovator.
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Roadstead
A roadstead (or roads - the earlier form) is a body of water sheltered from rip currents, spring tides or ocean swell where ships can lie reasonably safely at anchor without dragging or snatching.
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South Australia
South Australia (abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia.
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Tropical cyclone
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
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Vice admiral
Vice admiral is a senior naval flag officer rank, equivalent to lieutenant general and air marshal.
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West Indies
The West Indies or the Caribbean Basin is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagoes: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago.
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Redirects here:
Comte de Guichen, Luc Urbain de Bouexic, Count of Guichen, Luc Urbain de Bouexic, comte de Guichen, Luc Urbain du Bouëxic de Guichen.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Urbain_de_Bouëxic,_comte_de_Guichen
