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199 relations: Accountant, Aliyasantana, Arabs, Areca catechu, Areca nut, Artisan, Aryacakravarti dynasty, Astrology, Azadirachta indica, Banana, Berbers, Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte, Borassus, Brahmin, Buddhism, Cankili I, Cankili II, Caste, Catholic Church, Cavalry, Chandrabhanu, Chennai, Chettiar, Chola dynasty, Cinnamon, Clan, Coconut, Colombo, Colombuthurai, Cook (domestic worker), Cooking banana, Cremation, Curd, Dambadeniya, Delhi Sultanate, Demographics of Africa, Demon, Diwali, Dowry, Dried fish, Dutch Ceylon, Dutch Empire, Elephant, Enclave and exclave, Ethirimana Cinkam, Feudalism, Ganesha, Goa, Gopuram, Guild, ..., Gujarati people, Gurukula, Hindu, Hindu law, Hinduism, Honey, Ibn Battuta, Indian Ocean, Islam in Sri Lanka, Islamic economics, Ivory, Jaffna, Jaffna Peninsula, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I, Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan, Johor Bahru, K. Indrapala, K. M. de Silva, Kadurugoda Vihara, Kali, Kalinga (historical region), Kalinga Magha, Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan, Kandarodai, Kannagi, Karaiyar, Kartikeya, Kayts, Kerala, Ketheeswaram temple, Kingdom of Kandy, Kingdom of Kotte, Kingdom of Polonnaruwa, Kingdom of Sitawaka, Koneswaram temple, Kshatriya, Lingam, List of Jaffna monarchs, Litter (vehicle), London, Madapalli, Magic (supernatural), Maha Shivaratri, Malayali, Malays (ethnic group), Malik Kafur, Mannar Island, Mannar, Sri Lanka, Manuscript, Mappila, Marumakkathayam, Matriarchy, Matrilineality, Meenakshi Temple, Migapulle Arachchi, Morocco, Mudaliar, Mukkuvar, Muslim, Naguleswaram temple, Nalavar, Nallur (Jaffna), Nallur Kandaswamy temple, Nandi (bull), Navaratri, Navy, Nayanars, Neduntheevu, New Delhi, North India, Pachilaipalli, Palk Strait, Pallar, Pandyan dynasty, Paraiyar, Parakrama Pandyan II, Parakramabahu II of Dambadeniya, Parakramabahu VI of Kotte, Parantaka I, Paravar, Patriarchy, Patrilineality, Pearl, Pearl hunting, Phillippe de Oliveira, Pooneryn, Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom, Portuguese Empire, Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1591), Puttalam, Puviraja Pandaram, Raghunatha Nayak, Raghuvaṃśa, Rajarata, Rameswaram, Ruins of Jaffna kingdom, S. Pathmanathan, Sangiliyan Statue, Sanskrit, Setu coins, Shaivism, Shiva, Singai Pararasasegaram, Sinhala Kingdom, Sinhalese people, Siviyar, South Asia, South India, Spice, Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Sri Lanka, Sri Lankan Tamils, Sri Lankan Vellalar, Steward (office), Subsistence agriculture, Sydney, Tambralinga, Tamil language, Tamil literature, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Sangams, TamilNet, Tamils, Telugu people, Tevaram, Thai Pongal, Thailand, Thanjavur, Thanjavur Nayak kingdom, Thesavalamai, Thimilar, Tirunelveli, Toronto, Trincomalee, Tulu Nadu, United States, Vanni (Sri Lanka), Vanni forest, Vanni Nadu, Vanniar (Chieftain), Vassal, Veranda, Vijayanagara, Vijayanagara Empire, Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka, Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy, Wilhelm Geiger, Yalpana Vaipava Malai, Yamuna. Expand index (149 more) »
Accountant
An accountant is a practitioner of accounting or accountancy, which is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information that helps managers, investors, tax authorities and others make decisions about allocating resource(s).
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Aliyasantana
Aliyasantana (sister's son lineage) was a matrilineal system of inheritance practiced by Tuluva community in the coastal districts of Karnataka, India.
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Arabs
Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.
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Areca catechu
Areca catechu is a species of palm which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa.
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Areca nut
The areca nut is the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific (Melanesia and Micronesia), Southeast and South Asia, and parts of east Africa.
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Artisan
An artisan (from artisan, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food items, household items and tools or even mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker.
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Aryacakravarti dynasty
The Aryacakravarti dynasty (அரியச் சக்கரவர்த்திகள் வம்சம்) were kings of the Jaffna Kingdom in Sri Lanka.
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Astrology
Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.
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Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae.
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Banana
A banana is an edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa.
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Berbers
Berbers or Amazighs (Berber: Imaziɣen, ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⴻⵏ; singular: Amaziɣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗ) are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa, primarily inhabiting Algeria, northern Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, northern Niger, Tunisia, Libya, and a part of western Egypt.
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Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte
Bhuvanekabahu VI of Kotte, known also as Sapumal Kumaraya and Chempaka Perumal, was by self admission an adopted son of Parakramabâhu VI whose principal achievement was the conquest of Jaffna Kingdom in the year 1447 or 1450.
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Borassus
Borassus (Palmyra palm) is a genus of five species of fan palms, native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia and New Guinea.
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Brahmin
Brahmin (Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण) is a varna (class) in Hinduism specialising as priests, teachers (acharya) and protectors of sacred learning across generations.
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Buddhism
Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.
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Cankili I
Cankili I (சங்கிலியன்) (died 1565), also known as Segarasasekaram, is the most remembered Jaffna kingdom king in the Sri Lankan Tamil history.
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Cankili II
Cankili II (சங்கிலி குமாரன்) (died 1619) was the self-proclaimed last king of the Jaffna kingdom and was a usurper who came to throne with a palace massacre of the royal princess and the regent Arasakesari in 1617.
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Caste
Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation, status in a hierarchy, customary social interaction, and exclusion.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Cavalry
Cavalry (from the French cavalerie, cf. cheval 'horse') or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback.
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Chandrabhanu
Chandrabhanu (died 1263) or Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja was the King of Tambralinga Kingdom in present-day Thailand.
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Chennai
Chennai (formerly known as Madras or) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Chettiar
Chettiar or Chetti is a title used by various mercantile, agricultural and land owning castes in South India, especially in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
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Chola dynasty
The Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India.
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Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum.
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Clan
A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.
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Coconut
The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family) and the only species of the genus Cocos.
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Colombo
Colombo (translit,; translit) is the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka.
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Colombuthurai
Colombuthurai (translit; කොලොම්තර Kolomtara) is a suburb of the city of Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka.
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Cook (domestic worker)
A cook or private chef is a household staff member responsible for food preparation.
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Cooking banana
Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus Musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking.
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Cremation
Cremation is the combustion, vaporization, and oxidation of cadavers to basic chemical compounds, such as gases, ashes and mineral fragments retaining the appearance of dry bone.
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Curd
Curds are a dairy product obtained by coagulating milk in a process called curdling.
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Dambadeniya
Dambadeniya is a ruined ancient city situated in the North Western Province (Wayamba), Sri Lanka on the Kurunegala - Negombo road.
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Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate (Persian:دهلی سلطان, Urdu) was a Muslim sultanate based mostly in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526).
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Demographics of Africa
The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century, and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in some African countries.
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Demon
A demon (from Koine Greek δαιμόνιον daimónion) is a supernatural and often malevolent being prevalent in religion, occultism, literature, fiction, mythology and folklore.
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Diwali
Diwali or Deepavali is the Hindu festival of lights celebrated every year in autumn in the northern hemisphere (spring in southern hemisphere).
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Dowry
A dowry is a transfer of parental property, gifts or money at the marriage of a daughter.
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Dried fish
Fresh fish rapidly deteriorates unless some way can be found to preserve it.
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Dutch Ceylon
Dutch Ceylon (Sinhala: ලන්දේසි ලංකාව Landesi Lankava) was a governorate established in present-day Sri Lanka by the Dutch East India Company.
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Dutch Empire
The Dutch Empire (Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas colonies, enclaves, and outposts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies, mainly the Dutch West India and the Dutch East India Company, and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1815.
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Elephant
Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea.
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Enclave and exclave
An enclave is a territory, or a part of a territory, that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state.
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Ethirimana Cinkam
Ethirimanna Cinkam (எதிர்மன்னசிங்கம்) (died 1617) was the penultimate ruler of the Aryacakravarti line of Kings of the Jaffna Kingdom in northern Sri Lanka.
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Feudalism
Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.
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Ganesha
Ganesha (गणेश), also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, Pillaiyar and Binayak, is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon.
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Goa
Goa is a state in India within the coastal region known as the Konkan, in Western India.
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Gopuram
A Gopuram or gopura (गोपुरम्) is a monumental gatehouse tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of a Hindu temple, in the Dravidian architecture of the Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, and Telangana states of Southern India.
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Guild
A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.
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Gujarati people
Gujarati people or Gujaratis (ગુજરાતી) are an ethnic group traditionally from Gujarat that speak Gujarati, an Indo-Aryan language.
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Gurukula
Gurukula (gurukula) was a type of residential schooling system in ancient India with shishya (students) living near or with the guru, in the same house.
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Hindu
Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism.
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Hindu law
Hindu law, as a historical term, refers to the code of laws applied to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs in British India.
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Hinduism
Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or a way of life, widely practised in the Indian subcontinent.
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Honey
Honey is a sweet, viscous food substance produced by bees and some related insects.
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Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta (محمد ابن بطوطة; fully; Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة) (February 25, 13041368 or 1369) was a Moroccan scholar who widely travelled the medieval world.
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface).
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Islam in Sri Lanka
Islam is a minority religion in Sri Lanka.
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Islamic economics
Islamic economics (الاقتصاد الإسلامي) is a term used to refer to Islamic commercial jurisprudence (فقه المعاملات, fiqh al-mu'āmalāt).
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Ivory
Ivory is a hard, white material from the tusks (traditionally elephants') and teeth of animals, that can be used in art or manufacturing.
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Jaffna
Jaffna is the capital city of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.
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Jaffna Peninsula
Jaffna Peninsula (யாழ்ப்பாணக் குடாநாடு, Yāḻppāṇa kuṭānāṭu) or (யாழ் குடாநாடு, Yāḻ kuṭānāṭu) is an area in Northern Province, Sri Lanka.
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Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I
Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I, also known as Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan, was king and of the Pandyan dynasty, ruling regions of Tamilakkam (present day South India between 1250–1268.Sethuraman, p124 He is remembered for his patronage of the arts and Dravidian architecture, along with refurbishment and decoration of many Kovils in the Tamil continent. He oversaw a massive economic growth of the Pandyan kingdom. On the eve of his death in 1268, the second Pandyan empire's power and territorial extent had risen to its zenith.
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Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan (செயவீர சிங்கையாரியன்) (died 1410??) was the Aryacakravarti king of the Jaffna Kingdom in modern-day northern Sri Lanka, who had a military confrontation with a southern chief known as Alagakkonara.
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Johor Bahru
Johor Bahru, formerly known as Tanjung Puteri or Iskandar Puteri, is the capital of the state of Johor, Malaysia.
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K. Indrapala
Professor Karthigesu Indrapala (born 22 October 1938) is a Sri Lankan academic, historian, archaeologist, author and former dean of the Faculty of Arts, University of Jaffna.
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K. M. de Silva
Professor Kingsley Muthumuni de Silva is a Sri Lankan academic, historian and author.
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Kadurugoda Vihara
Kadurugoda Viharaya (කදුරුගොඩ විහාරය) is an ancient Buddhist temple situated in Chunnakam, Jaffna District, Sri Lanka.
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Kali
(काली), also known as (कालिका), is a Hindu goddess.
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Kalinga (historical region)
Kalinga is a historical region of India.
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Kalinga Magha
Kalinga Magha (கலிங்க மாகன் / கலிங்க மாகோன், කාලිංග මාඝ, କଳିଙ୍ଗ ମଘା) also known as Magha the Tyrant and Kulankayan Cinkai Ariyan, is an invader who is remembered primarily for his aggressive conquest.
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Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan
Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan (died 1478) was the first of the Aryacakravarti dynasty kings of Jaffna Kingdom to lose complete power to a rival king.
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Kandarodai
Kandarodai (translit, translit, also known as translit) is a small hamlet and archaeological site of Chunnakam town, a suburb in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka.
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Kannagi
Kannagi is a legendary Tamil woman who forms the central character of the Tamil epic Silapathikaram (100-300 AD).
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Karaiyar
Karaiyar (and) is a caste found mainly on the northern and eastern coastal areas of Sri Lanka and the Coromandel coast of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and globally among the Tamil diaspora.
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Kartikeya
Kartikeya (IAST), also known as Murugan, Skanda, Kumara, and Subrahmanya, is the Hindu god of war.
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Kayts
Kayts (translit), is one of the important villages in Velanai Island which is a small island off the coast of the Jaffna Peninsula in northern Sri Lanka.
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Kerala
Kerala is a state in South India on the Malabar Coast.
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Ketheeswaram temple
No description.
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Kingdom of Kandy
The Kingdom of Kandy was an independent monarchy of the island of Sri Lanka, located in the central and eastern portion of the island.
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Kingdom of Kotte
The Kingdom of Kotte (Sinhala: කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය Kottay Rajadhaniya), centered on Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, was a kingdom that flourished in Sri Lanka during the 15th century.
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Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa was the Sinhalese kingdom from which Sri Lankan kings ruled the island from the 11th century until 1310 CE.
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Kingdom of Sitawaka
The Kingdom of Sitawaka (Sinhala: සීතාවක) was a kingdom located in south-central Sri Lanka.
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Koneswaram temple
Koneswaram temple (திருக்கோணேச்சரம் Tirukkōṇēccaram, also known as Dakshinakailasha (தென்கயிலை, Těņkayilai, litt. Southern Kailasa) is a classical-medieval Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva in Trincomalee, Eastern Sri Lanka. The temple is situated atop Konesar Malai, a promontory that overlooks the Indian Ocean, the nearby eastern coast (the Trincomalee District), as well as Trincomalee Harbour or Gokarna Bay. Konesvaram is revered as one the Pancha Ishwarams, of Sri Lanka for long time. Being a major place for Hindu pilgrimage, it was labelled "Rome of the Gentiles/Pagans of the Orient" in some records. Konesvaram holds a significant role in the religious and cultural history of Sri Lanka, as it was likely built during the reign of the early Cholas and the Five Dravidians of the Early Pandyan Kingdom. Pallava, Chola, Pandyan and Jaffna designs here reflect a continuous Tamil Saivite influence in the Vannimai region beginning during the classical period. The river Mahavali is believed to be risen at Sivanolipatha Malai, footer_align.
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Kshatriya
Kshatriya (Devanagari: क्षत्रिय; from Sanskrit kṣatra, "rule, authority") is one of the four varna (social orders) of the Hindu society.
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Lingam
Lingam (Sanskrit: लिंगम्,, lit. "sign, symbol or mark"; also linga, Shiva linga), is an abstract or aniconic representation of the Hindu deity Shiva, used for worship in temples, smaller shrines, or as self-manifested natural objects.
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List of Jaffna monarchs
The following is a list of monarchs of the Jaffna kingdom from 1215 with the invasion of Kalinga Magha to the Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom under Cankili II 1619.
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Litter (vehicle)
The litter is a class of wheelless vehicles, a type of human-powered transport, for the transport of persons.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Madapalli
Madapalli is a caste found mainly in the northern part of Sri Lanka.
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Magic (supernatural)
Magic is a category in Western culture into which have been placed various beliefs and practices considered separate from both religion and science.
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Maha Shivaratri
Maha Shivaratri a Hindu festival celebrated annually in honour of the god Shiva.
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Malayali
The Malayali people or Keralite people (also spelt Malayalee, Malayalam script: മലയാളി and കേരളീയൻ) are an Indian ethnic group originating from the present-day state of Kerala, located in South India.
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Malays (ethnic group)
Malays (Orang Melayu, Jawi: أورڠ ملايو) are an Austronesian ethnic group that predominantly inhabit the Malay Peninsula, eastern Sumatra and coastal Borneo, as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations — areas that are collectively known as the Malay world.
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Malik Kafur
Malik Kafur (died 1316), also known as Taj al-Din Izz al-Dawla, was a prominent eunuch slave-general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji.
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Mannar Island
Mannar Island (மன்னார் தீவு; මන්නාරම් දූපත) formerly spelt Manar Island, is part of Mannar District, Sri Lanka.
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Mannar, Sri Lanka
Mannar (மன்னார், මන්නාරම), formerly spelled Manar, is a large town and the main town of Mannar District, Northern Province, Sri Lanka.
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Manuscript
A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand -- or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten -- as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way.
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Mappila
Mappila, also known as a Mappila Muslim, formerly romanized as Moplah and historically as Jonaka Mappila, in general, is a member of the Muslim community of the same nameMiller, E. Roland.
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Marumakkathayam
Marumakkathayam was a system of matrilineal inheritance prevalent in what is now Kerala, India.
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Matriarchy
Matriarchy is a social system in which females (most notably in mammals) hold the primary power positions in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property at the specific exclusion of males - at least to a large degree.
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Matrilineality
Matrilineality is the tracing of descent through the female line.
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Meenakshi Temple
Meenakshi Temple, also referred to as Meenakshi Amman or Minakshi-Sundareshwara Temple, is a historic Hindu temple located on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Migapulle Arachchi
Migapulle Arachchi also known as Chinna Migapillai, was a feudal lord from the Jaffna Kingdom who became a rebel leader just after its annexation by the Portuguese Empire in 1619.
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Morocco
Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.
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Mudaliar
Mudaliar (alternatively spelled: Mudaliyar, also Mudali or Moodley) is a title used by people belonging to various Tamil castes.
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Mukkuvar
Mukkuvar is a caste found in the coastal regions of Sri Lanka and the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Naguleswaram temple
Keerimalai Naguleswaram temple (கீரிமலை நகுலேஸ்வரம் கோயில்), historically known also as the Thirutambaleswaram Kovil of Keerimalai, is a famous Hindu temple in Keerimalai, located north of Jaffna, Northern Province, Sri Lanka in the suburb of Kankesanthurai.
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Nalavar
Nalavar is a Tamil caste found in Sri Lanka.
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Nallur (Jaffna)
Nallur (நல்லூர்; නල්ලූර්) is a suburb in Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
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Nallur Kandaswamy temple
Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil (நல்லூர் கந்தசுவாமி கோவில் නල්ලුරුව ස්කන්ධ කුමාර කෝවිල) is one of the most significant Hindu temples in the Jaffna District of Northern Province, Sri Lanka.
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Nandi (bull)
Nandi (नन्दि, நந்தி, ನಂದಿ, న౦ది, ନନ୍ଦି) is the name of the gate- guardian deity of Kailasa, the abode of Lord Shiva.
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Navaratri
Navaratri (नवरात्रि, literally "nine nights"), also spelled Navratri or Navarathri, is a nine nights (and ten days) Hindu festival, celebrated in the autumn every year.
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Navy
A navy or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions.
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Nayanars
The Nayanars (alt.
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Neduntheevu
Neduntheevu or Neduntivu (நெடுந்தீவு, ඩෙල්ෆ්ට්) (also known by its Dutch name Delft) is an island in the Palk Strait, northern Sri Lanka.
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New Delhi
New Delhi is an urban district of Delhi which serves as the capital of India and seat of all three branches of Government of India.
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North India
North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India.
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Pachilaipalli
Pachilaipalli (பச்சிலைப்பள்ளி Paccilaippaḷḷi) is a strategically important village in the northern province of Sri Lanka situated in the Jaffna Peninsula.
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Palk Strait
The Palk Strait (பாக்கு சலசந்தி / பாக்கு நீரிணை, Sinhala: පෝක් සමුද්ර සන්ධිය Pok Samudra Sandhiya) is a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Mannar district of the Northern Province of the island nation of Sri Lanka.
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Pallar
The Pallar (also known as Mallar, Pallan and Devendrakula Vellalar) is a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.
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Pandyan dynasty
The Pandyan dynasty was an ancient Tamil dynasty, one of the three Tamil dynasties, the other two being the Chola and the Chera.
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Paraiyar
Paraiyar or Parayar (formerly anglicised as Pariah and Paree) is a caste group found in Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Parakrama Pandyan II
Parakrama Pandyan II, also Parakrama Pandya of Polonnaruwa and Parakrama Pandu was a Pandyan king who invaded the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa in the thirteenth century and ruled from 1212 to 1215 CE.
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Parakramabahu II of Dambadeniya
Parakkamabahu II was King of Dambadeniya in the 13th century, who ruled from 1234 to 1269.
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Parakramabahu VI of Kotte
Parâkramabâhu VI (1410/1412/1415–1467) was a king in the Sri Lankan kingdom of Kotte.
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Parantaka I
Parantaka Chola I (முதலாம் பராந்தக சோழன்) (907–955) ruled the Chola kingdom in southern India for forty-eight years, annexing Pandya.
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Paravar
Parava or Paravar, also known as Parathavar, Paradavar, Bharathar, Bharathakula PandyarIyengar p. 139 or Bharathakula KshathriyarSubrahmanian p. 151 is a community in southern India that in ancient times were coastal inhabitants, seafarers, maritime traders and subordinate rulers to Pandyas, as well as according to at least one modern writer, described as "ferocious soldiers".
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Patriarchy
Patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.
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Patrilineality
Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through his or her father's lineage.
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Pearl
A pearl is a hard glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as a conulariid.
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Pearl hunting
Pearl hunting is the act of recovering pearls from wild mollusks, usually oysters or mussels, in the sea or fresh water.
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Phillippe de Oliveira
Phillippe de Oliveira or Filipe de Oliveira (died 1627) was the conqueror of the Jaffna Kingdom in northern modern day Sri Lanka on behalf of the Portuguese Empire in 1619.
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Pooneryn
Pooneryn (Poonakari) is a strategically important village in the northern province of Sri Lanka situated just below the Jaffna Peninsula.
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Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
The Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom occurred after Portuguese traders arrived at the rival Kotte Kingdom in the southwest of modern Sri Lanka in 1505.
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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history and the first colonial empire of the Renaissance.
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Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1591)
Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom in 1591 AD was the second expedition against the Jaffna kingdom by the Portuguese.
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Puttalam
Puttalam (Sinhalese: පුත්තලම; Tamil: புத்தளம்) is a large town in Puttalam District, North Western Province, Sri Lanka.
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Puviraja Pandaram
Puviraja Pandaram (புவிராஜ பண்டாரம்) (died 1591) ruled the Jaffna kingdom during a period of chaos during and after the death of his father Cankili I in 1565.
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Raghunatha Nayak
Raghunatha Nayak was the third ruler of Thanjavur, southern India, from the Nayak dynasty.
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Raghuvaṃśa
Raghuvamsha (रघुवंश) is a Sanskrit mahakavya (epic poem) by the most celebrated Sanskrit poet Kalidasa.
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Rajarata
Rajarata (Sinhala: රජරට) (Tamil: ரஜரட) was one of three historical regions of the island of Sri Lanka for about 1,700 years from the 6th century BCE to the early 13th century CE.
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Rameswaram
Rameswaram, (also spelt as Ramesvaram, Rameshwaram) is a town and a second grade municipality in the Ramanathapuram district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Ruins of Jaffna kingdom
Ruins of Jaffna kingdom refer to the remains of the Remaining building structures of Jaffna kingdom, the royal abode and structure of the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Jaffna, Nallur, Jaffna in Northern Sri Lanka.
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S. Pathmanathan
Professor Sivasubramaniam Pathmanathan (born 20 March 1940) is a Sri Lankan Tamil historian, academic, author and current chancellor of the University of Jaffna.
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Sangiliyan Statue
The Sangiliyan statue was dedicated to Cankili II a Tamil martyr and the last king of Jaffna Kingdom.
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Sanskrit
Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.
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Setu coins
Setu coins or Setu bull coins are found in large quantities in the northern part of Sri Lanka and in Southern India.
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Shaivism
Shaivism (Śaivam) (Devanagari: शैव संप्रदाय) (Bengali: শৈব) (Tamil: சைவம்) (Telugu: శైవ సాంప్రదాయం) (Kannada:ಶೈವ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ) is one of the major traditions within Hinduism that reveres Shiva as the Supreme Being.
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Shiva
Shiva (Sanskrit: शिव, IAST: Śiva, lit. the auspicious one) is one of the principal deities of Hinduism.
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Singai Pararasasegaram
Singai Pararasasegaram (சிங்கைப் பரராசசேகரன்) (died 1519), apart from Cankili I (1519–1561), was one of the most well known kings of the later Aryacakravarti kings of the Jaffna kingdom.
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Sinhala Kingdom
The Sinhala Kingdom or Sinhalese Kingdom refers to the successive Sinhalese kingdoms that existed in what is today Sri Lanka.
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Sinhalese people
The Sinhalese (Sinhala: සිංහල ජාතිය Sinhala Jathiya, also known as Hela) are an Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic group native to the island of Sri Lanka.
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Siviyar
Siviyar (also written Chiviar and) is a caste found in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.
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South Asia
South Asia or Southern Asia (also known as the Indian subcontinent) is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and, for some authorities, adjoining countries to the west and east.
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South India
South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry, occupying 19% of India's area.
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Spice
A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food.
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Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (commonly known as Kotte) is the official, administrative capital of Sri Lanka.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.
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Sri Lankan Tamils
Sri Lankan Tamils (also) or Ceylon Tamils, also known as Eelam Tamils in Tamil, are members of the Tamil ethnic group native to the South Asian island state of Sri Lanka.
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Sri Lankan Vellalar
Sri Lankan Vellalar is caste found in Sri Lanka, who comprise about half of the Sri Lankan Tamil population.
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Steward (office)
A steward is an official who is appointed by the legal ruling monarch to represent them in a country, and may have a mandate to govern it in their name; in the latter case, synonymous with the position of regent, vicegerent, viceroy (for Romance languages), governor, or deputy (the Roman rector, praefectus or vicarius).
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Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence agriculture is a self-sufficiency farming system in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their entire families.
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Sydney
Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania.
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Tambralinga
Tambralinga was an ancient kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya.
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Tamil language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and Chindians.
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Tamil literature
Tamil literature (தமிழ் இலக்கியம்) refers to the literature in the Tamil language.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (• tamiḻ nāḍu ? literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country') is one of the 29 states of India.
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Tamil Sangams
The Tamil Sangams or Cankams were assemblies of Tamil scholars and poets that, according to traditional Tamil accounts, occurred in the remote past.
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TamilNet
TamilNet is a news website that provides news and feature articles on current affairs in Sri Lanka, specifically related to the erstwhile Sri Lankan Civil War.
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Tamils
The Tamil people, also known as Tamilar, Tamilans, or simply Tamils, are a Dravidian ethnic group who speak Tamil as their mother tongue and trace their ancestry to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the Indian Union territory of Puducherry, or the Northern, Eastern Province and Puttalam District of Sri Lanka.
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Telugu people
The Telugu people or Telugu Praajalu are the people who speak Telugu as a first language.
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Tevaram
The Tevaram (தேவாரம்) denotes the first seven volumes of the Tirumurai, the twelve-volume collection of Śaiva devotional poetry.
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Thai Pongal
Thai Pongal (தைப்பொங்கல்)is a harvest festival dedicated to the Sun God.
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Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a unitary state at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces.
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Thanjavur
Thanjavur, formerly Tanjore,Pletcher 2010, p. 195 is a city in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
Thanjavur Nayak kingdom or Thanjavur Nayak dynasty were the rulers of Thanjavur principality of Tamil Nadu between the 16th to the 17th century.
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Thesavalamai
Thesavalamai is the traditional law of the Sri Lankan Tamil inhabitants Jaffna peninsula, codified by the Dutch during their colonial rule in 1707.
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Thimilar
Thimilar (Tamil: திமிலர்) is a Sri Lankan Tamil caste found in the northern and eastern coastal areas of Sri Lanka, and globally among the Tamil diaspora.
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Tirunelveli
Tirunelveli, also known as Nellai and historically (during British rule) as Tinnevelly, is a major city in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Toronto
Toronto is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016.
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Trincomalee
Trincomalee (திருகோணமலை Tirukōṇamalai; ත්රිකුණාමළය Trikuṇāmalaya) also known as Gokanna, is the administrative headquarters of the Trincomalee District and major resort port city of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka.
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Tulu Nadu
Tulu Nadu or Tulunad is a Tulu speaking region spread over parts of the Karnataka and Kerala states of India.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Vanni (Sri Lanka)
The Vanni, also spelled Wanni, is the name given to the mainland area of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.
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Vanni forest
Vanni forest is a heavy forest which covers the Vanni area and most part (approximately 75%) of the Northern province of Sri Lanka.
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Vanni Nadu
The Vanni Nadu were feudal land divisions ruled by chiefs south of the Jaffna peninsula in northern Sri Lanka.
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Vanniar (Chieftain)
Vanniar or Vannia (Tamil: வன்னியர், Sinhalese: වන්නියා) is a title of a chief in medieval Sri Lanka who ruled the Chiefdom of Vanni regions as tribute payers to the Jaffna vassal state.
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Vassal
A vassal is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.
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Veranda
A veranda or verandah (from Bengali baranda) is a roofed, open-air gallery or porch.
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Vijayanagara
Vijayanagara (Sanskrit: "City of Victory") was the capital city of the historic Vijayanagara Empire.
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Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire (also called Karnata Empire, and the Kingdom of Bisnegar by the Portuguese) was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India.
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Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka
Village deities are a common feature of the Hindu pantheon of deities.
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Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy
Vimaladharmasuriya I was a king of Kandy in Sri Lanka who ruled from 1590 to 1604.
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Wilhelm Geiger
Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger (21 July 1856 – 2 September 1943) was a German Orientalist in the fields of Indo-Iranian languages and the history of Iran and Sri Lanka.
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Yalpana Vaipava Malai
Yalpana Vaipava Malai (யாழ்ப்பாண வைபவமாலை) is a book written by a Tamil poet named Mayil Vaakaanar in Tamil மயில் வாகனார் 1736.
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Yamuna
The Yamuna (Hindustani: /jəmʊnaː/), also known as the Jumna, (not to be mistaken with the Jamuna of Bangladesh) is the longest and the second largest tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) in northern India.
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Redirects here:
Ariya Chakravartis, Aryachakravartis, Jaffna kingdom, Kingdom of Aryacakravarti, Kingdom of Jaffna, The Jaffna Kingdom, Yalpanam.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom
