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125 relations: Alan Deardorff, American Monetary Institute, Auburn, Alabama, Bank of Canada, Bank of England, Bank of Japan, Bank regulation, Bank reserves, Bankers' acceptance, Ben Bernanke, Broad money, Business cycle, Canada, Capital requirement, Central bank, Certificate of deposit, Chartalism, Chicago plan, Circulation (currency), Coins of the United States dollar, Commercial paper, Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform, Conference Board Leading Economic Index, Core inflation, Currency, Debt levels and flows, Demand deposit, Demand for money, Economics, Economics terminology that differs from common usage, Economy, Edward C. Prescott, Empirical evidence, Endogeneity (econometrics), Endogenous money, Equation of exchange, Eurodollar, European Central Bank, Excess reserves, Exchange rate, Exogeny, Federal funds, Federal funds rate, Federal Reserve Deposits, Federal Reserve Economic Data, Federal Reserve Note, Federal Reserve System, Fiat money, Financial capital, Financial crisis of 2007–2008, ..., Finn E. Kydland, Float (money supply), Fractional-reserve banking, Full-reserve banking, Government bond, Great Moderation, Gross domestic product, Heterodox economics, Hong Kong Basic Law, Hong Kong dollar, Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Hong Kong Note Printing, Hyperinflation, Identity (mathematics), Inflation, Interest rate, Karl Brunner (economist), Keynesian economics, Liquidity trap, Market liquidity, Medium of exchange, Milton Friedman, Mises Institute, Modern Monetary Theory, Monetarism, Monetary base, Monetary economics, Monetary policy, Monetary reform, Money, Money creation, Money market, Money market account, Money market fund, Money multiplier, Money supply, Near money, Negotiable order of withdrawal account, Neil Wallace, Open market operation, People's Bank of China, Phillips curve, Price level, Pushing on a string, Quantity theory of money, Rational expectations, Real estate bubble, Renminbi, Repurchase agreement, Reserve Bank of Australia, Reserve Bank of India, Reserve Bank of New Zealand, Reserve requirement, Robert Lucas Jr., Ron Paul, Savings account, Scott Freeman, Securities lending, Seigniorage, Sino-British Joint Declaration, Stagflation, Store of value, The Chicago Plan Revisited, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Thomas J. Sargent, Time deposit, Transaction account, Transaction deposit, Traveler's cheque, Treasury Tax and Loan, Unit of account, United States Note, United States Treasury security, Velocity of money, Zimbabwe. Expand index (75 more) »
Alan Deardorff
Alan V. Deardorff (born 1944) is the John W. Sweetland Professor of International Economics and a Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the University of Michigan Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, Ann Arbor.
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American Monetary Institute
The American Monetary Institute is a non-profit charitable trust established by Stephen Zarlenga in 1996 for the "independent study of monetary history, theory and reform.".
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Auburn, Alabama
Auburn is a city in Lee County, Alabama, United States.
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Bank of Canada
The Bank of Canada (or BoC) (Banque du Canada) is Canada's central bank.
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Bank of England
The Bank of England, formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, is the central bank of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.
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Bank of Japan
The is the central bank of Japan.
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Bank regulation
Bank regulation is a form of government regulation which subjects banks to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, designed to create market transparency between banking institutions and the individuals and corporations with whom they conduct business, among other things.
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Bank reserves
Bank reserves are a commercial banks' holdings of deposits in accounts with a central bank (for instance the European Central Bank or the applicable branch bank of the Federal Reserve System, in the latter case including federal funds), plus currency that is physically held in the bank's vault ("vault cash").
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Bankers' acceptance
A banker's acceptance, is a promised future payment, or time draft, which is accepted and guaranteed by a bank and drawn on a deposit at the bank.
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Ben Bernanke
Ben Shalom Bernanke (born December 13, 1953) is an American economist at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as Chairman of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014.
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Broad money
In economics, broad money is a term denoting a certain measure of the amount of money (of the money supply) in a national economy, and it is used depending on the local practice.
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Business cycle
The business cycle, also known as the economic cycle or trade cycle, is the downward and upward movement of gross domestic product (GDP) around its long-term growth trend.
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Canada
Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.
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Capital requirement
Capital requirement (also known as regulatory capital or capital adequacy) is the amount of capital a bank or other financial institution has to hold as required by its financial regulator.
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Central bank
A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates.
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Certificate of deposit
A certificate of deposit (CD) is a time deposit, a financial product commonly sold in the United States and elsewhere by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions.
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Chartalism
In macroeconomics, chartalism is a theory of money which argues that money originated with states' attempts to direct economic activity rather than as a spontaneous solution to the problems with barter or as a means with which to tokenize debt, and that fiat currency has value in exchange because of sovereign power to levy taxes on economic activity payable in the currency they issue.
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Chicago plan
The Chicago plan was a collection of banking reforms suggested by University of Chicago economists in the wake of the Great Depression.
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Circulation (currency)
In monetary economics, circulation is the continuing use of individual units of a currency for transactions.
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Coins of the United States dollar
Coins of the United States dollar were first minted in 1792.
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Commercial paper
Commercial paper, in the global financial market, is an unsecured promissory note with a fixed maturity of not more than 364 days.
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Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
The Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform (COMER) is an economics-oriented publishing and education centre based in Toronto, Canada.
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Conference Board Leading Economic Index
The Conference Board Leading Economic Index is an American economic leading indicator intended to forecast future economic activity.
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Core inflation
Core inflation represents the long run trend in the price level.
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Currency
A currency (from curraunt, "in circulation", from currens, -entis), in the most specific use of the word, refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins.
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Debt levels and flows
Debt levels and flows are a measure of the levels of debt – how much debt is outstanding – and the flows of debt – how much the level of debt changes over time.
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Demand deposit
Demand deposits, bank money or scriptural money are funds held in demand deposit accounts in commercial banks.
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Demand for money
In monetary economics, the demand for money is the desired holding of financial assets in the form of money: that is, cash or bank deposits rather than investments.
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Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
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Economics terminology that differs from common usage
In any technical subject, words commonly used in everyday life acquire very specific technical meanings, and confusion can arise when someone is uncertain of the intended meaning of a word.
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Economy
An economy (from Greek οίκος – "household" and νέμoμαι – "manage") is an area of the production, distribution, or trade, and consumption of goods and services by different agents.
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Edward C. Prescott
Edward Christian Prescott (born December 26, 1940) is an American economist.
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Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence, also known as sensory experience, is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.
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Endogeneity (econometrics)
In econometrics, endogeneity broadly refers to situations in which an explanatory variable is correlated with the error term.
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Endogenous money
Endogenous money is an economy’s supply of money that is determined endogenously—that is, as a result of the interactions of other economic variables, rather than exogenously (autonomously) by an external authority such as a central bank.
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Equation of exchange
In monetary economics, the equation of exchange is the relation: where, for a given period, Thus PQ is the level of nominal expenditures.
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Eurodollar
Eurodollars are time deposits denominated in U.S. dollars at banks outside the United States, and thus are not under the jurisdiction of the Federal Reserve.
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European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the euro area, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world.
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Excess reserves
In banking, excess reserves are bank reserves in excess of a reserve requirement set by a central bank.
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Exchange rate
In finance, an exchange rate is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another.
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Exogeny
In a variety of contexts, exogeny or exogeneity is the fact of an action or object originating externally.
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Federal funds
In the United States, federal funds are overnight borrowings between banks and other entities to maintain their bank reserves at the Federal Reserve.
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Federal funds rate
In the United States, the federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions (banks and credit unions) lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight, on an uncollateralized basis.
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Federal Reserve Deposits
Federal Reserve Deposits, also known as Federal Reserve Accounts, are deposits of gold or, later, Treasury Bills placed by United States banks with the Federal Reserve, the central bank.
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Federal Reserve Economic Data
Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) is a database maintained by the Research division of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis that has more than 500,000 economic time series from 81 sources.
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Federal Reserve Note
Federal Reserve Notes, also United States banknotes or U.S. banknotes, are the banknotes currently used in the United States of America.
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Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States of America.
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Fiat money
Fiat money is a currency without intrinsic value that has been established as money, often by government regulation.
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Financial capital
Financial capital is any economic resource measured in terms of money used by entrepreneurs and businesses to buy what they need to make their products or to provide their services to the sector of the economy upon which their operation is based, i.e. retail, corporate, investment banking, etc.
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Financial crisis of 2007–2008
The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the global financial crisis and the 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
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Finn E. Kydland
Finn Erling Kydland (born 1 December 1943) is a Norwegian economist known for his contributions to business cycle theory.
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Float (money supply)
In economics, float is duplicate money present in the banking system during the time between a deposit being made in the recipient's account and the money being deducted from the sender's account.
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Fractional-reserve banking
Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank accepts deposits, makes loans or investments, but is required to hold reserves equal to only a fraction of its deposit liabilities.
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Full-reserve banking
Full-reserve banking (also known as 100% reserve banking) is a proposed alternative to fractional-reserve banking in which banks would be required to keep the full amount of each depositor's funds in cash, ready for immediate withdrawal on demand.
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Government bond
A government bond or sovereign bond is a bond issued by a national government, generally with a promise to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value on the maturity date.
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Great Moderation
In economics, the Great Moderation is a term coined in 2002 to describe a reduction in the volatility of business cycle fluctuations starting in the mid-1980s, believed at that time to be permanent, and to have been caused by institutional and structural changes in developed nations in the later part of the twentieth century.
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Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.
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Heterodox economics
Heterodoxy is a term that may be used in contrast with orthodoxy in schools of economic thought or methodologies, that may be beyond neoclassical economics.
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Hong Kong Basic Law
The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is the constitutional document of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Hong Kong dollar
The Hong Kong dollar (sign: HK$; code: HKD) is the official currency of Hong Kong.
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Hong Kong Monetary Authority
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA, or 金管局) is Hong Kong's currency board and de facto central bank.
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Hong Kong Note Printing
Hong Kong Note Printing Limited prints the bank notes of all the three note-issuing banks in Hong Kong.
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Hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation.
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Identity (mathematics)
In mathematics an identity is an equality relation A.
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Inflation
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
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Interest rate
An interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited or borrowed (called the principal sum).
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Karl Brunner (economist)
Karl Brunner (16 February 1916 – 9 May 1989) was a Swiss economist.
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Keynesian economics
Keynesian economics (sometimes called Keynesianism) are the various macroeconomic theories about how in the short run – and especially during recessions – economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate demand (total demand in the economy).
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Liquidity trap
A liquidity trap is a situation, described in Keynesian economics, in which, "after the rate of interest has fallen to a certain level, liquidity preference may become virtually absolute in the sense that almost everyone prefers cash holding a debt which yields so low a rate of interest."Keynes, John Maynard (1936) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007 edition, A liquidity trap is caused when people hoard cash because they expect an adverse event such as deflation, insufficient aggregate demand, or war.
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Market liquidity
In business, economics or investment, market liquidity is a market's feature whereby an individual or firm can quickly purchase or sell an asset without causing a drastic change in the asset's price.
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Medium of exchange
A medium of exchange is a tradeable entity used to avoid the inconveniences of a pure barter system.
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Milton Friedman
Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy.
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Mises Institute
The Mises Institute, short name for Ludwig von Mises Institute for Austrian Economics, is a tax-exempt educative organization located in Auburn, Alabama, United States.
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Modern Monetary Theory
Modern Monetary Theory (MMT or Modern Money Theory) is a macroeconomic theory that describes and analyses modern economies in which the national currency is fiat money, established and created by a sovereign government.
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Monetarism
Monetarism is a school of thought in monetary economics that emphasizes the role of governments in controlling the amount of money in circulation.
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Monetary base
In economics, the monetary base (also base money, money base, high-powered money, reserve money, outside money, central bank money or, in the UK, narrow money) in a country is defined as the portion of a commercial bank's reserves that consist of the commercial bank's accounts with its central bank plus the total currency circulating in the public, plus the currency, also known as vault cash, that is physically held in the bank's vault.
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Monetary economics
Monetary economics is a branch of economics that provides a framework for analyzing money in its functions as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
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Monetary policy
Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country, typically the central bank or currency board, controls either the cost of very short-term borrowing or the monetary base, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency.
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Monetary reform
Monetary reform is any movement or theory that proposes a system of supplying money and financing the economy that is different from the current system.
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Money
Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context.
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Money creation
Money creation is the process by which the money supply of a country, or of an economic or monetary region,Such as the Eurozone or ECCAS is increased.
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Money market
As money became a commodity, the money market became a component of the financial markets for assets involved in short-term borrowing, lending, buying and selling with original maturities of one year or less.
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Money market account
A money market account (MMA) or money market deposit account (MMDA) is a deposit account that pays interest based on current interest rates in the money markets.
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Money market fund
A money market fund (also called a money market mutual fund) is an open-ended mutual fund that invests in short-term debt securities such as US Treasury bills and commercial paper.
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Money multiplier
In monetary economics, a money multiplier is one of various closely related ratios of commercial bank money to central bank money under a fractional-reserve banking system.
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Money supply
In economics, the money supply (or money stock) is the total value of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time.
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Near money
Near money (synonym: quasi-money) is a term used in economics to describe highly liquid assets which are not cash but can easily be converted into cash.
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Negotiable order of withdrawal account
In the United States, a negotiable order of withdrawal account (NOW account) is a deposit account that pays interest, on which an unlimited number of checks may be written.
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Neil Wallace
Neil Wallace (born 1939) is an American economist and professor at Pennsylvania State University.
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Open market operation
An open market operation (OMO) is an activity by a central bank to give (or take) liquidity in its currency to (or from) a bank or a group of banks.
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People's Bank of China
The People's Bank of China (PBC or PBOC) is the central bank of the People's Republic of China responsible for carrying out monetary policy and regulation of financial institutions in mainland China, as determined by Bank Law.
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Phillips curve
The Phillips curve is a single-equation empirical model, named after William Phillips, describing a historical inverse relationship between rates of unemployment and corresponding rates of rises in wages that result within an economy.
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Price level
The general price level is a hypothetical daily measure of overall prices for some set of goods and services (the consumer basket), in an economy or monetary union during a given interval (generally one day), normalized relative to some base set.
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Pushing on a string
Pushing on a string is a figure of speech for influence that is more effective in moving things in one direction than another – you can pull, but not push. If something is connected to someone by a string, they can move it toward themselves by pulling on the string, but they cannot move it away from themselves by pushing on the string.
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Quantity theory of money
In monetary economics, the quantity theory of money (QTM) states that the general price level of goods and services is directly proportional to the amount of money in circulation, or money supply.
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Rational expectations
In economics, "rational expectations" are model-consistent expectations, in that agents inside the model are assumed to "know the model" and on average take the model's predictions as valid.
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Real estate bubble
A real estate bubble or property bubble (or housing bubble for residential markets) is a type of economic bubble that occurs periodically in local or global real estate markets, and typically follow a land boom.
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Renminbi
The renminbi (Ab.: RMB;; sign: 元; code: CNY) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China.
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Repurchase agreement
A repurchase agreement, also known as a repo, RP, or sale and repurchase agreement, is a transaction concluded on a deal date tD between two parties A and B: If positive interest rates are assumed, the repurchase price PF can be expected to be greater than the original sale price PN.
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Reserve Bank of Australia
The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), on 14 January 1960, became the Australian central bank and banknote issuing authority, when the Reserve Bank Act 1959 (23 April 1959) removed the central banking functions from the Commonwealth Bank.
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Reserve Bank of India
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee.
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Reserve Bank of New Zealand
The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ, Te Pūtea Matua) is the central bank of New Zealand.
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Reserve requirement
The reserve requirement (or cash reserve ratio) is a central bank regulation employed by most, but not all, of the world's central banks, that sets the minimum amount of reserves that must be held by a commercial bank.
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Robert Lucas Jr.
Robert Emerson Lucas Jr. (born September 15, 1937) is an American economist at the University of Chicago.
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Ron Paul
Ronald Ernest Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American author, physician and retired politician who served as the U.S. Representative for Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and again from 1979 to 1985, and for Texas's 14th congressional district from 1997 to 2013.
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Savings account
A savings account is a deposit account held at a retail bank that pays interest but cannot be used directly as money in the narrow sense of a medium of exchange (for example, by writing a cheque).
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Scott Freeman
Scott John Freeman (June 9, 1954 – July 23, 2004) was an American economist.
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Securities lending
In finance, securities lending or stock lending refers to the lending of securities by one party to another.
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Seigniorage
Seigniorage, also spelled seignorage or seigneurage (from Old French seigneuriage "right of the lord (seigneur) to mint money"), is the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it.
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Sino-British Joint Declaration
The Sino–British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, was signed by Premier Zhao Ziyang of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom (UK) on behalf of their respective governments on 19 December 1984 in Beijing.
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Stagflation
In economics, stagflation, a portmanteau of stagnation and inflation, is a situation in which the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows, and unemployment remains steadily high.
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Store of value
A store of value is the function of an asset that can be saved, retrieved and exchanged at a later time, and be predictably useful when retrieved.
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The Chicago Plan Revisited
The Chicago Plan Revisited is an International Monetary Fund (IMF) report from 2012 by Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof.
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The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2008), 2nd ed., is an eight-volume reference work on economics, edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume and published by Palgrave Macmillan.
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Thomas J. Sargent
Thomas John "Tom" Sargent (born July 19, 1943) is an American economist, who is currently the W.R. Berkley Professor of Economics and Business at New York University.
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Time deposit
A time deposit or term deposit (also known as a certificate of deposit in the United States) is a deposit with a specified period of maturity and earns interest.
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Transaction account
A transaction account, checking account, current account, demand deposit account, or share draft account (at credit unions) is a deposit account held at a bank or other financial institution.
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Transaction deposit
In the United States, transaction deposit is a term used by the Federal Reserve for checkable deposits and other accounts that can be used directly as cash without withdrawal limits or restrictions.
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Traveler's cheque
A traveler's cheque is a medium of exchange that can be used in place of hard currency.
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Treasury Tax and Loan
Treasury Tax and Loan Service, or TT&L, is a service offered by the Federal Reserve Banks of the United States that keeps tax receipts in the banking sector by depositing them into select banks that meet certain criteria.
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Unit of account
A unit of account in economics is a nominal monetary unit of measure or currency used to represent the real value (or cost) of any economic item; i.e. goods, services, assets, liabilities, income, expenses.
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United States Note
A United States Note, also known as a Legal Tender Note, is a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. Having been current for more than 100 years, they were issued for longer than any other form of U.S. paper money.
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United States Treasury security
A United States Treasury security is an IOU from the US Government.
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Velocity of money
Similar chart showing the velocity of a broader measure of money that covers M2 plus large institutional deposits, M3. The US no longer publishes official M3 measures, so the chart only runs through 2005. The term "velocity of money" (also "The velocity of circulation of money") refers to how fast money passes from one holder to the next.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then government and from which it withdrew from in December 2003. It is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). It was once known as the "Jewel of Africa" for its prosperity. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations. Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the Cold War era, blaming Zimbabwe's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries. Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe, who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials, though Archbishop Desmond Tutu called him "a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator". The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s, experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way. On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country's national army in a coup d'état. On 19 November 2017, ZANU-PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place. On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply
