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127 relations: Aleatoricism, Alfréd Rényi, Algorithmic information theory, Algorithmic probability, Algorithmically random sequence, American football, Andrey Kolmogorov, Applications of randomness, Arithmetic, Athenian democracy, Atom, Binary logarithm, Bit, Booby prize, Boy or Girl paradox, Brownian motion, Buddhism, Calculus, Cellular automaton, Chaitin's constant, Chance, Chaos theory, Cleromancy, Coin flipping, Communication theory, Complexity, Computational science, Conscription, Cryptography, Data compression, Determinism, Dice, Discrete transform, Divination, Donald Knuth, Drawing straws, Entropy (information theory), Evolution, Fooled by Randomness, Freckle, Free will, Frequentist probability, Gambling, Game theory, Gaming control board, Gas laws, Gene pool, Genetic algorithm, Gregory Chaitin, Hardware random number generator, ..., Hidden variable theory, Hindu, History of Athens, Indeterminism, Information theory, Isonomia, John Gribbin, John Venn, Jury, Karma, Kolmogorov complexity, Leonard Mlodinow, Lottery, Low-discrepancy sequence, Market (economics), Modern synthesis (20th century), Monte Carlo method, Monty Hall problem, Mutation, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, National Basketball Association, Natural selection, Nature (journal), NBA draft lottery, Nonlinear system, Normal number, Olav Kallenberg, Opinion poll, Oxford English Dictionary, Pachinko, Pattern, Pattern recognition, Paul Erdős, Per Martin-Löf, Pi, Playing card, Playoffs, Predictability, Probability, Probability distribution, Probability interpretations, Probability space, Probability theory, Procedure (term), Pseudorandom number generator, Pseudorandomness, Quality control, Quantum mechanics, Quasi-Monte Carlo method, Random number generation, Random number table, Random seed, Random sequence, Random variable, Random walk, Random walk hypothesis, Random.org, Randomization, Randomized algorithm, Randomized controlled trial, Randomness, Ray Solomonoff, Roulette, Seed (sports), Shuffling, Simple random sample, Simulation, Sortition, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Statistical mechanics, Statistical randomness, Statistics, Stochastic process, Symbol, Thermodynamics, Tie (draw), Yongge Wang. Expand index (77 more) »
Aleatoricism
Aleatoricism is the incorporation of chance into the process of creation, especially the creation of art or media.
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Alfréd Rényi
Alfréd Rényi (20 March 1921 – 1 February 1970) was a Hungarian mathematician who made contributions in combinatorics, graph theory, number theory but mostly in probability theory.
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Algorithmic information theory
Algorithmic information theory is a subfield of information theory and computer science that concerns itself with the relationship between computation and information.
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Algorithmic probability
In algorithmic information theory, algorithmic probability, also known as Solomonoff probability, is a mathematical method of assigning a prior probability to a given observation.
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Algorithmically random sequence
Intuitively, an algorithmically random sequence (or random sequence) is an infinite sequence of binary digits that appears random to any algorithm.
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American football
American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end.
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Andrey Kolmogorov
Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (a, 25 April 1903 – 20 October 1987) was a 20th-century Soviet mathematician who made significant contributions to the mathematics of probability theory, topology, intuitionistic logic, turbulence, classical mechanics, algorithmic information theory and computational complexity.
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Applications of randomness
Randomness has many uses in science, art, statistics, cryptography, gaming, gambling, and other fields.
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Arithmetic
Arithmetic (from the Greek ἀριθμός arithmos, "number") is a branch of mathematics that consists of the study of numbers, especially the properties of the traditional operations on them—addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
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Athenian democracy
Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city-state (known as a polis) of Athens, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica, and is often described as the first known democracy in the world.
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
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Binary logarithm
In mathematics, the binary logarithm is the power to which the number must be raised to obtain the value.
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Bit
The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit) is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications.
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Booby prize
A booby prize is a joke prize usually given in recognition of a terrible performance or last-place finish.
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Boy or Girl paradox
The Boy or Girl paradox surrounds a set of questions in probability theory which are also known as The Two Child Problem, Mr.
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Brownian motion
Brownian motion or pedesis (from πήδησις "leaping") is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting from their collision with the fast-moving molecules in the fluid.
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Buddhism
Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.
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Calculus
Calculus (from Latin calculus, literally 'small pebble', used for counting and calculations, as on an abacus), is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
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Cellular automaton
A cellular automaton (pl. cellular automata, abbrev. CA) is a discrete model studied in computer science, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling.
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Chaitin's constant
In the computer science subfield of algorithmic information theory, a Chaitin constant (Chaitin omega number) or halting probability is a real number that, informally speaking, represents the probability that a randomly constructed program will halt.
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Chance
Chance may refer to.
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Chaos theory
Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.
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Cleromancy
Cleromancy is a form of sortition, casting of lots, in which an outcome is determined by means that normally would be considered random, such as the rolling of dice, but are sometimes believed to reveal the will of God, or other supernatural entities.
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Coin flipping
Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands to choose between two alternatives, sometimes to resolve a dispute between two parties.
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Communication theory
Communication theory is a field of information theory and mathematics that studies the technical process of information and the process of human communication.
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Complexity
Complexity characterises the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions.
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Computational science
Computational science (also scientific computing or scientific computation (SC)) is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that uses advanced computing capabilities to understand and solve complex problems.
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Conscription
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.
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Cryptography
Cryptography or cryptology (from κρυπτός|translit.
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Data compression
In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.
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Determinism
Determinism is the philosophical theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.
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Dice
Dice (singular die or dice; from Old French dé; from Latin datum "something which is given or played") are small throwable objects with multiple resting positions, used for generating random numbers.
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Discrete transform
In signal processing, discrete transforms are mathematical transforms, often linear transforms, of signals between discrete domains, such as between discrete time and discrete frequency.
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Divination
Divination (from Latin divinare "to foresee, to be inspired by a god", related to divinus, divine) is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual.
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Donald Knuth
Donald Ervin Knuth (born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University.
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Drawing straws
Drawing straws is a selection method, or a form of sortition, that is used by a group to choose one member of the group to perform a task after none has volunteered for it.
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Entropy (information theory)
Information entropy is the average rate at which information is produced by a stochastic source of data.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Fooled by Randomness
Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets is a book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that deals with the fallibility of human knowledge.
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Freckle
Freckles are clusters of concentrated melaninized cells which are most easily visible on people with a fair complexion.
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Free will
Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.
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Frequentist probability
Frequentist probability or frequentism is an interpretation of probability; it defines an event's probability as the limit of its relative frequency in a large number of trials.
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Gambling
Gambling is the wagering of money or something of value (referred to as "the stakes") on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning money or material goods.
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Game theory
Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".
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Gaming control board
A gaming control board (GCB), also called by various names including gambling control board, casino control board, gambling board, and gaming commission) is a government agency charged with regulating casino and other types of gaming in a defined geographical area, usually a state, and of enforcing gaming law in general. The official name of this regulatory body varies among jurisdictions.
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Gas laws
The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases.
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Gene pool
The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.
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Genetic algorithm
In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA).
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Gregory Chaitin
Gregory John Chaitin (born 15 November 1947) is an Argentine-American mathematician and computer scientist.
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Hardware random number generator
In computing, a hardware random number generator (true random number generator, TRNG) is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process, rather than a computer program.
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Hidden variable theory
In physics, hidden variable theories are held by some physicists who argue that the state of a physical system, as formulated by quantum mechanics, does not give a complete description for the system; i.e., that quantum mechanics is ultimately incomplete, and that a complete theory would provide descriptive categories to account for all observable behavior and thus avoid any indeterminism.
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Hindu
Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism.
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History of Athens
Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for at least 5000 years.
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Indeterminism
Indeterminism is the idea that events (certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or not caused deterministically.
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Information theory
Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
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Isonomia
Isonomia (ἰσονομία "equality of political rights,"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English LexiconThe Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes", Mogens Herman Hansen,, p. 81-84 from the Greek ἴσος isos, "equal," and νόμος nomos, "usage, custom, law,") was a word used by ancient Greek writers such as HerodotusHerodotus 3.80 and Thucydides to refer to some kind of popular government.
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John Gribbin
John R. Gribbin (born 19 March 1946) is a British science writer, an astrophysicist, and a visiting fellow in astronomy at the University of Sussex.
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John Venn
John Venn, FRS, FSA, (4 August 1834 – 4 April 1923) was an English logician and philosopher noted for introducing the Venn diagram, used in the fields of set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.
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Jury
A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment.
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Karma
Karma (karma,; italic) means action, work or deed; it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect).
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Kolmogorov complexity
In algorithmic information theory (a subfield of computer science and mathematics), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is the length of the shortest computer program (in a predetermined programming language) that produces the object as output.
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Leonard Mlodinow
Leonard Mlodinow (born 1 January 1954) is an American theoretical physicist, screenwriter and author.
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Lottery
A lottery is a form of gambling that involves the drawing of numbers for a prize.
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Low-discrepancy sequence
In mathematics, a low-discrepancy sequence is a sequence with the property that for all values of N, its subsequence x1,..., xN has a low discrepancy.
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Market (economics)
A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.
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Modern synthesis (20th century)
The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework.
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Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods (or Monte Carlo experiments) are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results.
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Monty Hall problem
The Monty Hall problem is a brain teaser, in the form of a probability puzzle, loosely based on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal and named after its original host, Monty Hall.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Nassim Nicholas Taleb (نسيم نقولا طالب., alternatively Nessim or Nissim, born 1960) is a Lebanese–American essayist, scholar, statistician, former trader, and risk analyst, whose work focuses on problems of randomness, probability, and uncertainty.
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National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a men's professional basketball league in North America; composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada).
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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NBA draft lottery
The NBA Draft lottery is an annual event held by the National Basketball Association (NBA), in which the teams who had missed the playoffs that previous year participate in a lottery process to determine the draft order in the NBA draft.
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Nonlinear system
In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input.
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Normal number
In mathematics, a normal number is a real number whose infinite sequence of digits in every positive integer base b is distributed uniformly in the sense that each of the b digit values has the same natural density 1/b, also all possible b2 pairs of digits are equally likely with density b−2, all b3 triplets of digits equally likely with density b−3, etc.
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Olav Kallenberg
Olav Kallenberg is a probability theorist known for his work on exchangeable stochastic processes and for his graduate-level textbooks and monographs.
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Opinion poll
An opinion poll, often simply referred to as a poll or a survey, is a human research survey of public opinion from a particular sample.
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Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the main historical dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press.
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Pachinko
is a type of mechanical game originating in Japan and is used as both a form of recreational arcade game and much more frequently as a gambling device, filling a Japanese gambling niche comparable to that of the slot machine in Western gaming.
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Pattern
A pattern is a discernible regularity in the world or in a manmade design.
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Pattern recognition
Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on the recognition of patterns and regularities in data, although it is in some cases considered to be nearly synonymous with machine learning.
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Paul Erdős
Paul Erdős (Erdős Pál; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician.
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Per Martin-Löf
Per Erik Rutger Martin-Löf (born May 8, 1942) is a Swedish logician, philosopher, and mathematical statistician.
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Pi
The number is a mathematical constant.
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Playing card
A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper, thin cardboard, plastic-coated paper, cotton-paper blend, or thin plastic, marked with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing card games.
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Playoffs
The playoffs, play-offs, postseason and/or finals of a sports league are a competition played after the regular season by the top competitors to determine the league champion or a similar accolade.
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Predictability
Predictability is the degree to which a correct prediction or forecast of a system's state can be made either qualitatively or quantitatively.
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Probability
Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
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Probability distribution
In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is a mathematical function that provides the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment.
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Probability interpretations
The word probability has been used in a variety of ways since it was first applied to the mathematical study of games of chance.
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Probability space
In probability theory, a probability space or a probability triple (\Omega, \mathcal, P) is a mathematical construct that models a real-world process (or “experiment”) consisting of states that occur randomly.
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Probability theory
Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability.
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Procedure (term)
A procedure is a document written to support a "policy directive".
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Pseudorandom number generator
A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), also known as a deterministic random bit generator (DRBG), is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers whose properties approximate the properties of sequences of random numbers.
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Pseudorandomness
A pseudorandom process is a process that appears to be random but is not.
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Quality control
Quality control, or QC for short, is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Quasi-Monte Carlo method
In numerical analysis, the quasi-Monte Carlo method is a method for numerical integration and solving some other problems using low-discrepancy sequences (also called quasi-random sequences or sub-random sequences).
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Random number generation
Random number generation is the generation of a sequence of numbers or symbols that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by a random chance, usually through a hardware random-number generator (RNG).
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Random number table
Random number tables have been in statistics for tasks such as selected random samples.
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Random seed
A random seed (or seed state, or just seed) is a number (or vector) used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator.
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Random sequence
The concept of a random sequence is essential in probability theory and statistics.
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Random variable
In probability and statistics, a random variable, random quantity, aleatory variable, or stochastic variable is a variable whose possible values are outcomes of a random phenomenon.
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Random walk
A random walk is a mathematical object, known as a stochastic or random process, that describes a path that consists of a succession of random steps on some mathematical space such as the integers.
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Random walk hypothesis
The random walk hypothesis is a financial theory stating that stock market prices evolve according to a random walk (so price changes are random) and thus cannot be predicted.
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Random.org
Random.org is a website that produces random numbers based on atmospheric noise.
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Randomization
Randomization is the process of making something random; in various contexts this involves, for example.
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Randomized algorithm
A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic.
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Randomized controlled trial
A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a type of scientific (often medical) experiment which aims to reduce bias when testing a new treatment.
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Randomness
Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events.
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Ray Solomonoff
Ray Solomonoff (July 25, 1926 – December 7, 2009) was the inventor of algorithmic probability, his General Theory of Inductive Inference (also known as Universal Inductive Inference),Samuel Rathmanner and Marcus Hutter.
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Roulette
Roulette is a casino game named after the French word meaning little wheel.
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Seed (sports)
A seed is a competitor or team in a sport or other tournament who is given a preliminary ranking for the purposes of the draw.
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Shuffling
Shuffling is a procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards to provide an element of chance in card games.
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Simple random sample
In statistics, a simple random sample is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population).
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Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system.
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Sortition
In governance, sortition (also known as allotment or demarchy) is the selection of political officials as a random sample from a larger pool of candidates.
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users.
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Statistical mechanics
Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics.
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Statistical randomness
A numeric sequence is said to be statistically random when it contains no recognizable patterns or regularities; sequences such as the results of an ideal dice roll or the digits of π exhibit statistical randomness.
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Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
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Stochastic process
--> In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a collection of random variables.
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Symbol
A symbol is a mark, sign or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship.
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
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Tie (draw)
A draw or tie occurs in a competitive sport when the results are identical or inconclusive.
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Yongge Wang
Yongge Wang (born 1967) is the full Professor at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness
