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257 relations: Abbott Laboratories, ACE inhibitor, Active ingredient, Adalimumab, Adrenal gland, Adrenaline, Alexander Fleming, Alexander Glenny, AllTrials, Alosetron, Amphetamine, Angiotensin II receptor blocker, Animal testing, Annual pharmaceutical drug sales, Antibiotic, Antihemorrhagic, Approved drug, Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Arsenic, Arsphenamine, Aspergillus terreus, Asthma, AstraZeneca, Atorvastatin, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Bad Pharma, Bain & Company, Barbital, Bayer, BBC Online, Ben Goldacre, Beta blocker, Big Pharma, Big Pharma conspiracy theory, Biochemistry, Biopharmaceutical, Biotechnology, Birth control movement in the United States, Brand, Bribery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, British National Formulary, Bupropion, Carl Djerassi, Center for Responsive Politics, Chemical patent, Chickenpox, Chlorothiazide, Circulatory system, Clinical trial, ..., Clinical trials registry, Compulsory license, Comstock laws, Conflict of interest, Contract research organization, Coronary artery disease, Cost-effectiveness analysis, Developed country, Diabetes mellitus, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Diethylene glycol, Diphtheria antitoxin, Diphtheria toxin, Diphtheria vaccine, Disease, Disease mongering, Doha Declaration, Dosing, Drug, Drug development, Drug discovery, Edward Abraham, Eli Lilly, Eli Lilly and Company, Elixir sulfanilamide, Emma Goldman, Ephedrine, Epidemic, Epilepsy, Epinephrine (medication), Estes Kefauver, European Medicines Agency, European Union, False Claims Act, Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Fluconazole, Fluticasone propionate, Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol, Food and Drug Administration, Forbes, Formaldehyde, Frances Oldham Kelsey, Frank B. Colton, Frederick Banting, G.D. Searle, LLC, Gaston Ramon, Generic drug, George B. Walden, Gerhard Domagk, Giuseppe Brotzu, GlaxoSmithKline, Good manufacturing practice, Gregory Goodwin Pincus, Health system, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Heart failure, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hermann Emil Fischer, HIV/AIDS, Hoechst AG, Hoffmann-La Roche, Imatinib, Imperial Chemical Industries, IMS Health, In vitro, In vivo, Intellectual disability, Investigational New Drug, Japan Prize, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, John Jacob Abel, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johnson & Johnson, Jonas Salk, Joseph von Mering, Journal of Hypertension, Kefauver Harris Amendment, Kickback (bribery), Kidney disease, Lamotrigine, Lasker Award, Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, Legal drug trade, Leprosy, Linezolid, List of pharmaceutical companies, Louis Pasteur, Lovastatin, Lymphatic filariasis, Malaria, Margaret Sanger, Mary Dennett, Maurice Hilleman, Médecins Sans Frontières, Measles, Medical school, Medicare fraud, Medication, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act, 1997, Meningitis, Merck & Co., Metabolic pathway, Molecular biology, Morpheus, Morphine, Mortality rate, Mumps, Narcolepsy, National Health Service, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, New chemical entity, New Drug Application, No Free Lunch (organization), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Norepinephrine, Novartis, NPS MedicineWise, Off-label use, Olanzapine, Onchocerciasis, Ondansetron, Opportunity cost, Organic compound, Organic synthesis, Orphan Drug Act of 1983, Oskar Minkowski, P. Roy Vagelos, Parallel import, Parke-Davis, Paroxetine, Patent, Pathogen, Paul Ehrlich, Penicillin, Peripheral artery disease, Pfizer, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, Pharmaceutical formulation, Pharmaceutical fraud, Pharmaceutical lobby, Pharmaceutical marketing, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology, Pharmacovigilance, Pharmacy, Phenobarbital, Pierre Paul Émile Roux, Postencephalitic parkinsonism, Postmarketing surveillance, Pre-clinical development, Pregabalin, Prescription Drug Marketing Act, Prontosil, ProPublica, Psychiatry, Publicly funded health care, Pure Food and Drug Act, Quality-adjusted life year, Qui tam, Quinine, Rabies vaccine, Relative risk, Relator (law), Risk factor, Rosiglitazone, Rubella, Safety monitoring, Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, Serendipity, Simvastatin, Smith, Kline & French, South Africa, Streptococcus, Stroke, Sulfonamide, Sumatriptan, SV40, Syntex, Syphilis, Tachyphylaxis, Takamine Jōkichi, Teratology, Thalidomide, The American Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Time value of money, Toxicity, Tricyclic antidepressant, TRIPS Agreement, Tuberculosis, United Kingdom, Upjohn, Valaciclovir, Valdecoxib, Valproate, Vertical integration, Whistleblower, WNYC, World Trade Organization, World War II, Ziprasidone. Expand index (207 more) »
Abbott Laboratories
Abbott Laboratories is an American health care company with headquarters in Lake Bluff, Illinois, United States.
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ACE inhibitor
An angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) is a pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension (elevated blood pressure) and congestive heart failure.
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Active ingredient
An active ingredient (AI) is the ingredient in a pharmaceutical drug that is biologically active.
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Adalimumab
Adalimumab, sold under the trade name Humira among others, is a medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, chronic psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
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Adrenal gland
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
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Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist.
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Alexander Glenny
Alexander Thomas Glenny (18 September 1882 – 5 October 1965), was a British immunologist known particularly for his work on the prevention of diphtheria.
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AllTrials
AllTrials (sometimes called All Trials or AllTrials.net) is a project advocating that clinical research adopt the principles of open research.
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Alosetron
Alosetron (original brand name: Lotronex; originator: GSK) is a 5-HT3 antagonist used for the management of severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in women only.
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Amphetamine
Amphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.
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Angiotensin II receptor blocker
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), also known as angiotensin II receptor antagonists, AT1 receptor antagonists or sartans, are a group of pharmaceuticals that modulate the renin–angiotensin system.
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Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
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Annual pharmaceutical drug sales
Category:Drug-related lists Category:Pharmaceutical industry.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antihemorrhagic
An antihemorrhagic (antihæmorrhagic) agent is a substance that promotes hemostasis (stops bleeding).
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Approved drug
An approved drug is a preparation that has been validated for a therapeutic use by a ruling authority of a government.
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Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
The Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (Arch Pathol Lab Med) is a core clinical medical journal published by the College of American Pathologists and the American Medical Association.
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Arsphenamine
Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan or compound 606, is a drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for syphilis, and was also used to treat trypanosomiasis.
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Aspergillus terreus
Aspergillus terreus, also known as Aspergillus terrestris, is a fungus (mold) found worldwide in soil.
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Asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
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AstraZeneca
AstraZeneca plc is an Anglo–Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company.
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Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin, marketed under the trade name Lipitor among others, is a member of the medication class known as statins, which are used primarily as a lipid-lowering agent and for prevention of events associated with cardiovascular disease.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type.
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Bad Pharma
Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients is a book by the British physician and academic Ben Goldacre about the pharmaceutical industry, its relationship with the medical profession, and the extent to which it controls academic research into its own products.
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Bain & Company
Bain & Company is a global management consultancy headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.
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Barbital
Barbital (or barbitone), marketed under the brand names Veronal for the pure acid and Medinal for the sodium salt, was the first commercially available barbiturate.
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Bayer
Bayer AG is a German multinational, pharmaceutical and life sciences company.
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BBC Online
BBC Online, formerly known as BBCi, is the BBC's online service.
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Ben Goldacre
Ben Michael Goldacre (born 20 May 1974) is a British physician, academic and science writer.
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Beta blocker
Beta blockers, also written β-blockers, are a class of medications that are particularly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms, and to protect the heart from a second heart attack (myocardial infarction) after a first heart attack (secondary prevention).
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Big Pharma
Big Pharma may refer to.
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Big Pharma conspiracy theory
The term Big Pharma conspiracy theories refers to conspiracy theories which claim that the medical establishment in general and pharmaceutical companies in particular operate for sinister purposes and against the public good.
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Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
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Biopharmaceutical
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biologic(al) medical product, biological, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Birth control movement in the United States
The birth control movement in the United States was a social reform campaign beginning in 1914 that aimed to increase the availability of contraception in the U.S. through education and legalization.
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Brand
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes an organization or product from its rivals in the eyes of the customer.
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Bribery
Bribery is the act of giving or receiving something of value in exchange for some kind of influence or action in return, that the recipient would otherwise not alter.
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Bristol-Myers Squibb
Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) is an American pharmaceutical company, headquartered in New York City.
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British National Formulary
The British National Formulary (BNF) is a United Kingdom (UK) pharmaceutical reference book that contains a wide spectrum of information and advice on prescribing and pharmacology, along with specific facts and details about many medicines available on the UK National Health Service (NHS).
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Bupropion
Bupropion, sold under the brand names Wellbutrin and Zyban among others, is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid.
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Carl Djerassi
Carl Djerassi (October 29, 1923 – January 30, 2015) was an Austrian-born Bulgarian-American chemist, novelist, playwright and co-founder of with Diane Wood Middlebrook.
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Center for Responsive Politics
The Center for Responsive Politics (CRP) is a non-profit, nonpartisan research group based in Washington, D.C., that tracks the effects of money and lobbying on elections and public policy.
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Chemical patent
A chemical patent, pharmaceutical patent or drug patent is a patent for an invention in the chemical or pharmaceuticals industry.
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Chickenpox
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV).
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Chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide sodium (Diuril) is an organic compound used as a diuretic and as an antihypertensive.
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Circulatory system
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
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Clinical trial
Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research.
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Clinical trials registry
A clinical trials registry is an official platform and catalog for registering a clinical trial.
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Compulsory license
A compulsory license provides that the owner of a patent or copyright licenses the use of their rights against payment either set by law or determined through some form of adjudication or arbitration.
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Comstock laws
The Comstock Laws were a set of federal acts passed by the United States Congress under the Grant administration along with related state laws.
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Conflict of interest
A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.
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Contract research organization
A contract research organization (CRO) is a company that provides support to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries in the form of research services outsourced on a contract basis.
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Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.
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Cost-effectiveness analysis
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action.
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Developed country
A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.
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Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol (DEG) is an organic compound with the formula (HOCH2CH2)2O.
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Diphtheria antitoxin
Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) is a medication made up of antibodies used in the treatment of diphtheria.
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Diphtheria toxin
Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria.
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Diphtheria vaccine
Diphtheria vaccine is a vaccine against Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the bacterium that causes diphtheria.
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Disease
A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.
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Disease mongering
Disease mongering is a term for the practice of widening the diagnostic boundaries of illnesses and aggressively promoting their public awareness in order to expand the markets for treatment.
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Doha Declaration
The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health was adopted by the WTO Ministerial Conference of 2001 in Doha on November 14, 2001.
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Dosing
Dosing generally applies to feeding chemicals or medicines when used in small quantities.
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Drug
A drug is any substance (other than food that provides nutritional support) that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological (and often psychological) change in the body.
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Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
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Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered.
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Edward Abraham
Sir Edward Penley Abraham, (10 June 1913 – 8 May 1999) was an English biochemist instrumental in the development of the first antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin.
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Eli Lilly
Eli Lilly (July 8, 1838 – June 6, 1898) was an American soldier, pharmacist, chemist, and businessman who founded the Eli Lilly and Company pharmaceutical corporation.
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Eli Lilly and Company
Eli Lilly and Company is a global pharmaceutical company headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, with offices in 18 countries.
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Elixir sulfanilamide
Elixir sulfanilamide was an improperly prepared sulfanilamide medicine that caused mass poisoning in the United States in 1937.
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Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman (1869May 14, 1940) was an anarchist political activist and writer.
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Ephedrine
Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant.
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Epidemic
An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.
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Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.
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Epinephrine (medication)
Epinephrine, also known as adrenalin or adrenaline, is a medication and hormone.
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Estes Kefauver
Carey Estes Kefauver (July 26, 1903 – August 10, 1963) was an American politician from Tennessee.
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European Medicines Agency
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is a European Union agency for the evaluation of medicinal products.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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False Claims Act
The False Claims Act, also called the "Lincoln Law") is an American federal law that imposes liability on persons and companies (typically federal contractors) who defraud governmental programs. It is the federal Government's primary litigation tool in combating fraud against the Government. The law includes a qui tam provision that allows people who are not affiliated with the government, called "relators" under the law, to file actions on behalf of the government (informally called "whistleblowing" especially when the relator is employed by the organization accused in the suit). Persons filing under the Act stand to receive a portion (usually about 15–25 percent) of any recovered damages. As of 2012, over 70 percent of all federal Government FCA actions were initiated by whistleblowers. Claims under the law have typically involved health care, military, or other government spending programs, and dominate the list of largest pharmaceutical settlements. The government recovered $38.9 billion under the False Claims Act between 1987 and 2013 and of this amount, $27.2 billion or 70% was from qui tam cases brought by relators.
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (abbreviated as FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C), is a set of laws passed by Congress in 1938 giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics.
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Fluconazole
Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used for a number of fungal infections.
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Fluticasone propionate
Fluticasone propionate belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids, specifically glucocorticoids, which are hormones that predominantly affect the metabolism of carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, fat and protein.
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Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
The combination preparation fluticasone/salmeterol is a formulation containing fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate, used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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Forbes
Forbes is an American business magazine.
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Formaldehyde
No description.
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Frances Oldham Kelsey
Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey, CM (July 24, 1914 – August 7, 2015) was a Canadian-American pharmacologist and physician.
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Frank B. Colton
Frank Benjamin Colton (March 3, 1923 – November 25, 2003), American chemist who first synthesized noretynodrel, the progestin used in Enovid, the first oral contraceptive, at G. D. Searle & Company in Skokie, Illinois in 1952.
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Frederick Banting
Sir Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 – February 21, 1941) was a Canadian medical scientist, physician, painter, and Nobel laureate noted as the co-discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic potential.
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G.D. Searle, LLC
G.D. Searle, LLC is a wholly owned trademark of Pfizer.
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Gaston Ramon
Gaston Ramon (September 30, 1886 - June 8, 1963) was a French veterinarian and biologist best known for his role in the treatment of diphtheria and tetanus.
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Generic drug
A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that is equivalent to a brand-name product in dosage, strength, route of administration, quality, performance, and intended use, but does not carry the brand name.
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George B. Walden
George B. Walden (February 18, 1895 - August 6, 1982) was a chemist who worked for Eli Lilly and Company on the mass production of insulin.
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Gerhard Domagk
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk (30 October 1895 – 24 April 1964) was a German pathologist and bacteriologist.
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Giuseppe Brotzu
Giuseppe Brotzu (Cagliari, 24 January 1895 – Cagliari, 8 April 1976) was an Italian pharmacologist and politician.
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GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British pharmaceutical company headquartered in Brentford, London.
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Good manufacturing practice
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are the practices required in order to conform to the guidelines recommended by agencies that control the authorization and licensing of the manufacture and sale of food and beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, dietary supplements, and medical devices.
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Gregory Goodwin Pincus
Dr.
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Health system
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or as healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
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Healthcare Improvement Scotland
Healthcare Improvement Scotland (HIS) is the national healthcare improvement organisation for Scotland.
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Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
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Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).
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Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.
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Hermann Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Louis Fischer FRS FRSE FCS (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Hoechst AG
Hoechst AG was a German chemicals then life-sciences company that became Aventis Deutschland after its merger with France's Rhône-Poulenc S.A. in 1999.
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Hoffmann-La Roche
F.
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Imatinib
Imatinib, sold under the brand names Gleevec among others, is a medication used to treat cancer.
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Imperial Chemical Industries
Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was a British chemical company and was, for much of its history, the largest manufacturer in Britain.
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IMS Health
IMS Health is an American company that provides information,services and technology for the healthcare industry.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability, and mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.
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Investigational New Drug
The United States Food and Drug Administration's Investigational New Drug (IND) program is the means by which a pharmaceutical company obtains permission to ship an experimental drug across state lines (usually to clinical investigators) before a marketing application for the drug has been approved.
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Japan Prize
is awarded to people from all parts of the world whose "original and outstanding achievements in science and technology are recognized as having advanced the frontiers of knowledge and served the cause of peace and prosperity for mankind." The Prize is presented by the Japan Prize Foundation.
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Japanese encephalitis vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis.
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John Jacob Abel
John Jacob Abel (19 May 1857 – 26 May 1938) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist.
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Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM), located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. (founded in 1893) is the academic medical teaching and research arm of the Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876.
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Johnson & Johnson
Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational medical devices, pharmaceutical and consumer packaged goods manufacturing company founded in 1886.
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Jonas Salk
Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist.
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Joseph von Mering
Josef, Baron von Mering (28 February 1849, in Cologne – 5 January 1908, at Halle an der Saale, Germany) was a German physician.
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Journal of Hypertension
Journal of Hypertension is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins first launched in 1982.
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Kefauver Harris Amendment
The U.S. Kefauver Harris Amendment or "Drug Efficacy Amendment" is a 1962 amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
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Kickback (bribery)
A kickback is a form of negotiated bribery in which a commission is paid to the bribe-taker in exchange for services rendered.
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Kidney disease
Kidney disease, or renal disease, also known as nephropathy, is damage to or disease of a kidney.
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Lamotrigine
Lamotrigine, sold as the brand name Lamictal among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder.
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Lasker Award
The Lasker Awards have been awarded annually since 1945 to living persons who have made major contributions to medical science or who have performed public service on behalf of medicine.
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Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award is one of four annual awards presented by the Lasker Foundation.
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Legal drug trade
Legal drug trade, as with other goods object of commerce, in opposition to smuggling or ''illegal'' drug trade, most psychotropic substances' commerce is under control and taxation by world governments, regardless of the relative perceived danger of the goods that are the object of legislation.
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Leprosy
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
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Linezolid
Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics.
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List of pharmaceutical companies
It is limited to those companies notable enough to have articles in Wikipedia.
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Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.
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Lovastatin
Lovastatin (Merck's Mevacor) is a statin drug, used for lowering cholesterol in those with hypercholesterolemia to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Lymphatic filariasis
Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a human disease caused by parasitic worms known as filarial worms.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Margaret Sanger
Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins, September 14, 1879September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse.
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Mary Dennett
Mary Coffin Ware Dennett (April 4, 1872 – July 25, 1947) was an American women's rights activist, pacifist, homeopathic advocate, and pioneer in the areas of birth control, sex education, and women's suffrage.
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Maurice Hilleman
Maurice Ralph Hilleman (August 30, 1919 – April 11, 2005) was an American microbiologist who specialized in vaccinology and developed over 40 vaccines, an unparalleled record of productivity.
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Médecins Sans Frontières
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF; pronounced), also known in English as Doctors Without Borders, is an international humanitarian medical non-governmental organisation (NGO) of French origin best known for its projects in conflict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases.
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Measles
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.
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Medical school
A medical school is a tertiary educational institution —or part of such an institution— that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons.
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Medicare fraud
In the United States, Medicare fraud is the claiming of Medicare health care reimbursement to which the claimant is not entitled.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care in the United Kingdom which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work and are acceptably safe.
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Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act, 1997
In an effort to combat the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic, the Government of South Africa enacted the Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act in 1997.
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Meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.
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Merck & Co.
Merck & Company, Inc., d.b.a. Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside the United States and Canada, is an American pharmaceutical company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.
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Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Morpheus
Morpheus is a Greek god of dreams who appears in Ovid's Metamorphoses.
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Morphine
Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.
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Mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
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Mumps
Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus.
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Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.
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National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) is the name used for each of the public health services in the United Kingdom – the National Health Service in England, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, and Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland – as well as a term to describe them collectively.
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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health in the United Kingdom, which publishes guidelines in four areas.
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New chemical entity
A new chemical entity (NCE) is, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, a drug that contains no active moiety that has been approved by the FDA in any other application submitted under section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
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New Drug Application
The Food and Drug Administration's New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing.
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No Free Lunch (organization)
No Free Lunch was a US-based advocacy organization holding that marketing methods employed by drug companies influence the way doctors and other healthcare providers prescribe medications.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
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Novartis
Novartis International AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland.
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NPS MedicineWise
Established in March 1998, (known prior to 2009 as the National Prescribing Service) is a not-for-profit organisation whose programs are funded by the Department of Health (Australia).
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Off-label use
Off-label use is the use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of administration.
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Olanzapine
Olanzapine (originally branded Zyprexa) is an antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a disease caused by infection with the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus.
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Ondansetron
Ondansetron, marketed under the brand name Zofran, is a medication used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery.
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Opportunity cost
In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost, also known as alternative cost, is the value (not a benefit) of the choice in terms of the best alternative while making a decision.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the intentional construction of organic compounds.
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Orphan Drug Act of 1983
The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 is a law passed in the United States to facilitate development of orphan drugs — drugs for rare diseases such as Huntington's Disease, myoclonus, ALS, Tourette syndrome and muscular dystrophy which affect small numbers of individuals residing in the United States.
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Oskar Minkowski
Oskar Minkowski (13 January 1858 – 18 July 1931) held a professorship at the University of Breslau and is most famous for his research on diabetes.
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P. Roy Vagelos
Pindaros Roy Vagelos (born October 8, 1929 in Westfield, New Jersey), better known as P. Roy Vagelos or Roy Vagelos, is an American physician and business executive, who was president and chief executive officer (1985) and chairman (1986) of the American pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. (known as MSD outside the U.S.). He attracted research scientists who developed many major new drugs.
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Parallel import
A parallel import is a non-counterfeit product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner.
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Parke-Davis
Parke-Davis is a subsidiary of the pharmaceutical company Pfizer.
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Paroxetine
Paroxetine, also known by trade names including Paxil and Seroxat among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It has also been used in the treatment of hot flashes and night sweats associated with menopause. It has a similar tolerability profile to other SSRIs. The common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, loss of appetite, sweating, trouble sleeping and delayed ejaculation. It may also be associated with a slightly increased risk of birth defects. The rate of withdrawal symptoms in young people may be higher with paroxetine and venlafaxine than other SSRIs and SNRIs. Several studies have associated paroxetine with suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents. Marketing of the drug began in 1992 by the pharmaceutical company SmithKline Beecham, known since 2000 as GlaxoSmithKline. Generic formulations have been available since 2003 when the patent expired. The United States Department of Justice fined GlaxoSmithKline $3 billion in 2012, including a sum for withholding data on paroxetine, unlawfully promoting it for under-18s and preparing an article, following one of its clinical trials, study 329, that misleadingly reported the drug was effective in treating adolescent depression.
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Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German Jewish physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy.
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Penicillin
Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).
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Peripheral artery disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a narrowing of the arteries other than those that supply the heart or the brain.
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Pfizer
Pfizer Inc. is an American pharmaceutical conglomerate headquartered in New York City, with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut.
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Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a program of the Australian Government that provides subsidised prescription drugs to residents of Australia, as well as certain foreign visitors covered by a Reciprocal Health Care Agreement.
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Pharmaceutical formulation
Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product.
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Pharmaceutical fraud
Pharmaceutical fraud involves activities that result in false claims to insurers or programs such as Medicare in the United States or equivalent state programs for financial gain to a pharmaceutical company.
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Pharmaceutical lobby
The pharmaceutical lobby refers to the representatives of pharmaceutical drug and biomedicine companies who engage in lobbying in favour of the pharmaceutical industry and its products.
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Pharmaceutical marketing
Pharmaceutical marketing, sometimes called medico-marketing or pharma marketing in some countries, is the business of advertising or otherwise promoting the sale of pharmaceutical drugs.
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Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA, pronounced), formerly known as the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, is a trade group representing companies in the pharmaceutical industry in the United States founded in 1958.
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered to a living organism.
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Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species).
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Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance (PV or PhV), also known as drug safety, is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products.
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Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs.
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Phenobarbital
Phenobarbital, also known as phenobarbitone or phenobarb, is a medication recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of certain types of epilepsy in developing countries.
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Pierre Paul Émile Roux
Pierre Paul Émile Roux FRS (17 December 1853, Confolens, Charente – 3 November 1933, Paris) was a French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist.
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Postencephalitic parkinsonism
Post-encephalitic Parkinsonism is a disease believed to be caused by a viral illness that triggers degeneration of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra.
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Postmarketing surveillance
Postmarketing surveillance (PMS) (also post market surveillance) is the practice of monitoring the safety of a pharmaceutical drug or medical device after it has been released on the market and is an important part of the science of pharmacovigilance.
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Pre-clinical development
In drug development, preclinical development, also named preclinical studies and nonclinical studies, is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) can begin, and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected.
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Pregabalin
Pregabalin, marketed under the brand name Lyrica among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and generalized anxiety disorder.
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Prescription Drug Marketing Act
The Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA) of 1987 (P.L. 100-293, 102 Stat. 95) is a law of the United States federal government.
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Prontosil
Prontosil is an antibacterial drug discovered in 1932 by a research team at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany.
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ProPublica
ProPublica is an American nonprofit organization based in New York City.
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Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders.
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Publicly funded health care
Publicly funded healthcare is a form of health care financing designed to meet the cost of all or most healthcare needs from a publicly managed fund.
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Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.
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Quality-adjusted life year
The quality-adjusted life year or quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived.
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Qui tam
In common law, a writ of qui tam is a writ whereby a private individual who assists a prosecution can receive all or part of any penalty imposed.
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Quinine
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.
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Rabies vaccine
Rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies.
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Relative risk
In statistics and epidemiology, relative risk or risk ratio (RR) is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring (for example, developing a disease, being injured) in an exposed group to the probability of the event occurring in a comparison, non-exposed group.
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Relator (law)
Relator, female relatrix, (Latin for "narrator") is the legal term meaning a private person at whose relation or on whose behalf an application for a quo warranto or mandamus is filed.
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Risk factor
In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.
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Rosiglitazone
Rosiglitazone (trade name Avandia) is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class.
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Rubella
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus.
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Safety monitoring
Safety monitoring of a clinical trial is conducted by an independent physician with relevant expertise.
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Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study
The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (also known under the abbreviation 4S) is a multicenter clinical trial that was performed in the 1990s in Scandinavia and sponsored by Merck.
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Serendipity
Serendipity means an unplanned, fortuitous discovery.
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Simvastatin
Simvastatin, marketed under the trade name Zocor among others, is a lipid-lowering medication.
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Smith, Kline & French
Smith, Kline & French (SKF) was an American pharmaceutical company.
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South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.
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Streptococcus
Streptococcus (term coined by Viennese surgeon Albert Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) from strepto- "twisted" + Modern Latin coccus "spherical bacterium," from Greek kokkos meaning "berry") is a genus of coccus (spherical) Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria).
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Sulfonamide
In chemistry, the sulfonamide functional group (also spelled sulphonamide) is -S(.
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Sumatriptan
Sumatriptan is a medication used for the treatment of migraine and cluster headaches.
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SV40
SV40 is an abbreviation for simian vacuolating virus 40 or simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans.
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Syntex
Laboratorios Syntex SA was a pharmaceutical company formed in Mexico City in 1944 by Russell Marker to manufacture therapeutic steroids from the Mexican yams called cabeza de negro (Dioscorea mexicana) and Barbasco (Dioscorea composita).
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Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
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Tachyphylaxis
Tachyphylaxis (Greek ταχύς, tachys, "rapid", and φύλαξις, phylaxis, "protection") is a medical term describing an acute, sudden decrease in response to a drug after its administration, i.e. a rapid and short-term onset of drug tolerance.
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Takamine Jōkichi
was a Japanese chemist.
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Teratology
Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development.
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Thalidomide
Thalidomide, sold under the brand name Immunoprin, among others, is an immunomodulatory drug and the prototype of the thalidomide class of drugs.
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The American Journal of Medicine
The American Journal of Medicine is a peer-reviewed medical journal and the official journal of the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine.
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The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal.
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The New England Journal of Medicine
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.
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Time value of money
The time value of money is the greater benefit of receiving money now rather than later.
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Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
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Tricyclic antidepressant
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of medications that are used primarily as antidepressants.
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TRIPS Agreement
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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Upjohn
The Upjohn Company was a pharmaceutical manufacturing firm founded in 1886 in Kalamazoo, Michigan by Dr. William E. Upjohn, an 1875 graduate of the University of Michigan medical school.
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Valaciclovir
Valaciclovir, also spelled valacyclovir, is an antiviral drug used in the management of herpes simplex, herpes zoster (shingles), and herpes B. It is a prodrug, being converted in vivo to aciclovir.
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Valdecoxib
Valdecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms.
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Valproate
Valproate (VPA), and its valproic acid, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms, are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and to prevent migraine headaches.
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Vertical integration
In microeconomics and management, vertical integration is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company.
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Whistleblower
A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.
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WNYC
WNYC is the trademark, and a set of call letters shared by a pair of non-profit, noncommercial, public radio stations located in New York City and owned by New York Public Radio, a nonprofit organization that did business as WNYC RADIO until March 2013.
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Ziprasidone
Ziprasidone, sold under the brand name Geodon among others, is an atypical antipsychotic which is used for the treatment of schizophrenia as well as acute mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder.
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Drug companies, Drug company, Drug industry, Drug maker, Drug manufacturer, Drugs manufacturers, History of the pharmaceutical industry, Licensed drug companies, Major drugs, Me too drug, Pharma industry, Pharma market, Pharmaceceutical company, Pharmaceut, Pharmaceutical Companies (Developing World), Pharmaceutical Company, Pharmaceutical Industry, Pharmaceutical Sales Manager, Pharmaceutical companies, Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical corporation, Pharmaceutical industries, Pharmaceutical manufacturer, Pharmaceutical manufacturers, Pharmaceutical wholesaler, Pharmaceutical-industrial complex.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry
