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114 relations: Acetaldehyde, Acetic acid, Acetyl group, Acetylcysteine, Acid dissociation constant, Alanine, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Alpha-Ketobutyric acid, Amino acid, Amphoterism, Antidote, Antioxidant, Bacteria, Blood plasma, Broccoli, Brussels sprout, Capsicum, Caspase, Catabolism, Cereal germ, Chemical formula, Cigarette, Cystathionine, Cystathionine beta synthase, Cystathionine gamma-lyase, Cysteine metabolism, Cystine, Cystinuria, Cytochrome P450, Cytosol, Dairy, Dehydroascorbic acid, Dextrorotation and levorotation, Disulfide, Egg as food, Enantiomer, Endoplasmic reticulum, Enzyme, Escherichia coli, Essential amino acid, Evonik Industries, Flour treatment agent, Garlic, Genetic code, Glutamic acid, Glutathione, Glycine, Hair, Halal, Hangover, ..., Heavy metals, Homocysteine, Hydrogenase, Hydrolysis, Hydrophile, Hydrophobicity scales, Hydroxy group, Insulin, Intein, Iron–sulfur cluster, Kashrut, Keratin, Lentil, Ligand, Ligand (biochemistry), Ligase, Maillard reaction, Malabsorption, Maleimide, Meat, Metabolism, Metallothionein, Methionine, Michael reaction, Mucokinetics, Nitrogenase, Nucleophile, Oat, Onion, Paracetamol, Perm (hairstyle), Plant, Plastocyanin, Pork, Post-translational modification, Poultry, Precursor (chemistry), Prenylation, Protein, Protein disulfide-isomerase, Proteinogenic amino acid, Rat, Reducing atmosphere, S-Adenosyl methionine, Selenium, Selenocysteine, Serine, Sheep, Site-directed spin labeling, Substrate (chemistry), Sulfide, Sulfinic acid, Sulfonic acid, Sulfur, Sullivan reaction, Syndrome, Thiamine, Thiazoline, Thiol, Threonine, Transgene, Tyrosine, Ubiquitin, Zinc finger. Expand index (64 more) »
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me.
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Acetic acid
Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).
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Acetyl group
In organic chemistry, acetyl is a moiety, the acyl with chemical formula CH3CO.
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Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is a medication that is used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, and to loosen thick mucus in individuals with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Acid dissociation constant
An acid dissociation constant, Ka, (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.
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Alanine
Alanine (symbol Ala or A) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ to NADH).
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Alpha-Ketobutyric acid
α-Ketobutyric acid is a product of the lysis of cystathionine.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Amphoterism
In chemistry, an amphoteric compound is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid as well as a base.
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Antidote
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.
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Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Blood plasma
Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells.
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Broccoli
Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flowering head is eaten as a vegetable.
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Brussels sprout
The Brussels sprout is a member of the Gemmifera Group of cabbages (Brassica oleracea), grown for its edible buds.
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Capsicum
Capsicum (also known as peppers) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
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Caspase
Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death (including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis) and inflammation.
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Catabolism
Catabolism (from Greek κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
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Cereal germ
The germ of a cereal is the reproductive part that germinates to grow into a plant; it is the embryo of the seed.
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Chemical formula
A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.
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Cigarette
A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing tobacco that is rolled into thin paper for smoking.
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Cystathionine
Cystathionine is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine.
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Cystathionine beta synthase
Cystathionine-β-synthase, also known as CBS, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CBS gene.
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Cystathionine gamma-lyase
Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH or CSE; also cystathionase) is an enzyme which breaks down cystathionine into cysteine, α-ketobutyrate, and ammonia.
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Cysteine metabolism
Cysteine metabolism refers to the biological pathways that consume or create cysteine.
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Cystine
Cystine is the oxidized dimer form of the amino acid cysteine and has the formula (SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2.
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Cystinuria
Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cysteine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder.
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Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are proteins of the superfamily containing heme as a cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins.
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Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.
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Dairy
A dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of animal milk – mostly from cows or goats, but also from buffaloes, sheep, horses, or camels – for human consumption.
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Dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
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Dextrorotation and levorotation
Dextrorotation and levorotation (also spelled as laevorotation)The first word component dextro- comes from Latin word for dexter "right (as opposed to left)".
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Disulfide
In chemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′.
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Egg as food
Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and fish, and have been eaten by humans for thousands of years.
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Enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer, also known as an optical isomer (and archaically termed antipode or optical antipode), is one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable (not identical), much as one's left and right hands are the same except for being reversed along one axis (the hands cannot be made to appear identical simply by reorientation).
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Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Essential amino acid
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized ''de novo'' (from scratch) by the organism, and thus must be supplied in its diet.
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Evonik Industries
Evonik Industries AG is an industrial corporation headquartered in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the largest specialty chemicals company in the world, owned by RAG Foundation.
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Flour treatment agent
Flour treatment agents (also called improving agents, bread improvers, dough conditioners and dough improvers) are food additives combined with flour to improve baking functionality.
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Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, Allium.
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Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.
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Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
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Hair
Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis.
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Halal
Halal (حلال, "permissible"), also spelled hallal or halaal, refers to what is permissible or lawful in traditional Islamic law.
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Hangover
A hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects following the consumption of alcohol, such as wine, beer and distilled spirits.
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Heavy metals
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.
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Homocysteine
Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid.
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Hydrogenase
A hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2), as shown below: Hydrogen uptake is coupled to the reduction of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and fumarate.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.
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Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
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Hydrophobicity scales
Hydrophobicity scales are values that define relative hydrophobicity of amino acid residues.
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Hydroxy group
A hydroxy or hydroxyl group is the entity with the formula OH.
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Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.
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Intein
An intein is a segment of a protein that is able to excise itself and join the remaining portions (the exteins) with a peptide bond in a process termed protein splicing.
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Iron–sulfur cluster
Iron–sulfur clusters are molecular ensembles of iron and sulfide.
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Kashrut
Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus) is a set of Jewish religious dietary laws.
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Keratin
Keratin is one of a family of fibrous structural proteins.
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Lentil
The lentil (Lens culinaris or Lens esculenta) is an edible pulse.
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Ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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Ligase
In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds, e.g., enzymes that catalyze joining of C-O, C-S, C-N, etc.
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Maillard reaction
The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.
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Malabsorption
Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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Maleimide
Maleimide is a chemical compound with the formula H2C2(CO)2NH (see diagram).
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Meat
Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Metallothionein
Metallothionein (MT) is a family of cysteine-rich, low molecular weight (MW ranging from 500 to 14000 Da) proteins.
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Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
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Michael reaction
The Michael reaction or Michael addition is the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound.
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Mucokinetics
Mucokinetics are a class of drugs which aid in the clearance of mucus from the airways, lungs, bronchi, and trachea.
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Nitrogenase
Nitrogenases are enzymes that are produced by certain bacteria, such as cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
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Nucleophile
Nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.
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Oat
The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals).
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Onion
The onion (Allium cepa L., from Latin cepa "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium.
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Paracetamol
--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.
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Perm (hairstyle)
A permanent wave, commonly called a perm or "permanent", involves the use of heat and/or chemicals to break and reform the cross-linking bonds of the hair structure.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Plastocyanin
Plastocyanin is a copper-containing protein involved in electron-transfer.
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Pork
Pork is the culinary name for meat from a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).
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Post-translational modification
Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis.
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Poultry
Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers.
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Precursor (chemistry)
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
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Prenylation
Prenylation (also known as isoprenylation or lipidation) is the addition of hydrophobic molecules to a protein or chemical compound.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein disulfide-isomerase
Protein disulfide isomerase, or PDI, is an enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes and the periplasm of bacteria that catalyzes the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues within proteins as they fold.
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Proteinogenic amino acid
Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation.
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Rat
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents in the superfamily Muroidea.
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Reducing atmosphere
A reducing atmosphere is an atmospheric condition in which oxidation is prevented by removal of oxygen and other oxidizing gases or vapours, and which may contain actively reducing gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and gases such as hydrogen sulphide that would be oxidized by any present oxygen.
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S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl methionineSAM-e, SAMe, SAM, S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, AdoMet, ademetionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.
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Selenium
Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.
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Selenocysteine
Selenocysteine (symbol Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys) is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid.
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Sheep
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock.
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Site-directed spin labeling
Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) is a technique for investigating the structure and local dynamics of proteins using electron spin resonance.
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Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product.
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Sulfide
Sulfide (systematically named sulfanediide, and sulfide(2−)) (British English sulphide) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.
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Sulfinic acid
Sulfinic acids are oxoacids of sulfur with the structure RSO(OH).
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Sulfonic acid
A sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Sullivan reaction
The Sullivan reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of cysteine or cystine in proteins.
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Syndrome
A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms that are correlated with each other and, often, with a particular disease or disorder.
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Thiamine
Thiamine, also known as thiamin or vitamin B1, is a vitamin found in food, and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication.
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Thiazoline
Thiazolines (or dihydrothiazoles) are a group of isomeric 5-membered heterocyclic compounds containing both sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.
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Thiol
Thiol is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (R–SH) group (where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent).
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Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Transgene
A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small (8.5 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e. it occurs ''ubiquitously''.
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Zinc finger
A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) in order to stabilize the fold.
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C3H7NO2S, Cys, Cystein, Cysteine biosynthetic pathway, Cysteine endopeptidases, Cysteine hydrochloride, Cysteinyl, E910, E920, L-Cysteine, L-cysteine, L-cysteine hydrochloride, L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine
