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140 relations: Aerobic organism, Ageing, Alanine, Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), Alexandra of Denmark, Alzheimer's disease, Anaerobic organism, Antonio Rattín, Apoptosis, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, ATP synthase, Base pair, Cambridge Reference Sequence, Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Cell (biology), Chromosomal crossover, Circumstantial evidence, Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase, Coronary artery disease, Cysteine, Cytochrome b, Cytochrome c oxidase, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, D-loop replication, Diabetes mellitus, DNA, Egg cell, Electron transport chain, Energy, Eukaryote, Genetic code, Genetic disorder, Genetics, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Glycolysis, Heavy strand, Heteroplasmy, Histidine, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, Human mitochondrial molecular clock, Humanin, In vitro, Isoleucine, ..., James Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife, Jesse James, Lactic acidosis, Leucine, Lysine, Male infertility, Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark), Mendelian inheritance, Methionine, Missing person, Mitochondrial disease, Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondrial fission, Mitochondrial fusion, Mitochondrion, MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, MT-CYB, MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, MT-ND6, MT-RNR1, MT-RNR2, MT-TA, MT-TC, MT-TD, MT-TE, MT-TF, MT-TG, MT-TH, MT-TI, MT-TK, MT-TL1, MT-TL2, MT-TM, MT-TN, MT-TP, MT-TQ, MT-TR, MT-TS1, MT-TS2, MT-TT, MT-TV (mitochondrial), MT-TW, MT-TY, Myopathy, NADH dehydrogenase, Nicholas II of Russia, Non-coding RNA, Non-Mendelian inheritance, Nuclear DNA, Oocyte, Origin of replication, Osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, Paternal mtDNA transmission, Personalized medicine, Phenylalanine, POLG, POLRMT, Porphyrin, Primer (molecular biology), Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, Prokaryote, Proline, Promoter (genetics), Radical (chemistry), Ribosome, Serine, Stop codon, Stroke, Symbiogenesis, Symbiosis, TFAM, TFB1M, TFB2M, Threonine, Threshold expression, Transfer RNA, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, United States, Valine, Wild type, Zygote. Expand index (90 more) »
Aerobic organism
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.
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Ageing
Ageing or aging (see spelling differences) is the process of becoming older.
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Alanine
Alanine (symbol Ala or A) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)
Alexandra Feodorovna (6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918) was Empress of Russia as the spouse of Nicholas II—the last ruler of the Russian Empire—from their marriage on 26 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.
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Alexandra of Denmark
Alexandra of Denmark (Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia; 1 December 1844 – 20 November 1925) was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Empress of India as the wife of King Edward VII.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Anaerobic organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth.
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Antonio Rattín
Antonio Ubaldo Rattín (born May 16, 1937 in Tigre, Buenos Aires Province) is a former Argentine football player, best known as a Boca Juniors midfielder, and because of an incident in a match at the 1966 FIFA World Cup.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Arginine
Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Asparagine
Asparagine (symbol Asn or N), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; salts known as aspartates), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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ATP synthase
ATP synthase is an enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
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Cambridge Reference Sequence
The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for human mitochondrial DNA was first announced in 1981 leading to the initiation of the human genome project.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Chromosomal crossover
Chromosomal crossover (or crossing over) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction.
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Circumstantial evidence
Circumstantial evidence is evidence that relies on an inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact—like a fingerprint at the scene of a crime.
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Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
The coenzyme Q: cytochrome c – oxidoreductase, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times complex III, is the third complex in the electron transport chain, playing a critical role in biochemical generation of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation).
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Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.
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Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.
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Cytochrome b
Cytochrome b is a protein found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
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Cytochrome c oxidase
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and in eukaryotes in their mitochondria.
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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) also known as mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT-CO1 gene.
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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2, also known as cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide II, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT-CO2 gene.
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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MT-CO3 gene.
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D-loop replication
D-loop replication is a proposed process by which circular DNA like chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate their genetic material.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Egg cell
The egg cell, or ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive cell (gamete) in oogamous organisms.
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Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
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Energy
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.
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Genetic disorder
A genetic disorder is a genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Glutamine
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
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Heavy strand
Circular molecules of DNA, such as plasmids and typical mitochondrial genomes, consist of two strands of DNA called the heavy strand (or H-strand) and the light strand (or L-strand).
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Heteroplasmy
Heteroplasmy is the presence of more than one type of organellar genome (mitochondrial DNA or plastid DNA) within a cell or individual.
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Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA.
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Human mitochondrial molecular clock
The human mitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the mitochondrial genome of hominids during the course of human evolution.
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Humanin
Humanin is a peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome by the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, MT-RNR2.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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Isoleucine
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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James Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife
James George Alexander Bannerman Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife (23 September 1929 – 22 June 2015) was a British landowner, farmer and peer.
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Jesse James
Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw, bank and train robber, guerrilla, and leader of the James–Younger Gang.
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Lactic acidosis
Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate (especially L-lactate) in the body, which results in an excessively low pH in the bloodstream.
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Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Male infertility
Male infertility refers to a male's inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female.
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Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
Maria Feodorovna (26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928), known before her marriage as Princess Dagmar of Denmark, was a Danish princess and Empress of Russia as spouse of Emperor Alexander III (reigned 1881–1894).
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Mendelian inheritance
Mendelian inheritance is a type of biological inheritance that follows the laws originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900.
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Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
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Missing person
A missing person is a person who has disappeared and whose status as alive or dead cannot be confirmed as his or her location and fate are not known.
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Mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, the organelles that generate energy for the cell.
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Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Mitochondrial fission
Although commonly depicted singular oval-shaped structures, mitochondria form a highly dynamic network within most cells where they constantly undergo fission and fusion.
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Mitochondrial fusion
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with the ability to fuse (fusion) and divide (fission), forming constantly changing tubular networks in most eukaryotic cells.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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MT-ATP6
MT-ATP6 (or ATP6) is a mitochondrial gene encoding the ATP synthase Fo subunit 6 (or subunit/chain A).
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MT-ATP8
ATP synthase protein 8 is a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase.
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MT-CYB
Cytochrome b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT-CYB gene.
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MT-ND1
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial gene MT-ND1.
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MT-ND2
Mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 2 is protein that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial gene MT-ND2 gene.
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MT-ND3
Mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial gene MT-ND3.
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MT-ND4
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial gene MT-ND4.
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MT-ND4L
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial gene MT-ND4L.
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MT-ND5
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial gene MT-ND5.
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MT-ND6
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-ND6 gene.
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MT-RNR1
Mitochondrially encoded 12S ribosomal RNA (often abbreviated as 12S or 12S rRNA) is a component of the small subunit (SSU) of the mitochondrial ribosome.
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MT-RNR2
Mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA (often abbreviated as 16S) is a mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that in humans is encoded by the MT-RNR2 gene.
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MT-TA
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA alanine also known as MT-TA is a transfer RNA, which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TA gene.
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MT-TC
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA cysteine also known as MT-TC is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TC gene.
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MT-TD
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA aspartic acid also known as MT-TD is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TD gene.
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MT-TE
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA glutamic acid also known as MT-TE is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TE gene.
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MT-TF
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA phenylalanine also known as MT-TF is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TF gene.
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MT-TG
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA glycine also known as MT-TG is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TG gene.
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MT-TH
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA histidine, also known as MT-TH, is a transfer RNA which, in humans, is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TH gene.
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MT-TI
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA isoleucine also known as MT-TI is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TI gene.
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MT-TK
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA lysine also known as MT-TK is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TK gene.
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MT-TL1
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA leucine 1 (UUA/G) also known as MT-TL1 is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TL1 gene.
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MT-TL2
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA leucine 2 (CUN) also known as MT-TL2 is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TL2 gene.
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MT-TM
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA methionine also known as MT-TM is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TM gene.
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MT-TN
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA asparagine also known as MT-TN is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TN gene.
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MT-TP
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA proline also known as MT-TP is a transfer RNA that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TP gene.
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MT-TQ
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA glutamine also known as MT-TQ is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TQ gene.
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MT-TR
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA arginine also known as MT-TR is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TR gene.
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MT-TS1
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA serine 1 (UCN) also known as MT-TS1 is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TS1 gene.
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MT-TS2
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA serine 2 (AGU/C) also known as MT-TS2 is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TS2 gene.
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MT-TT
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA threonine also known as MT-TT is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TT gene.
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MT-TV (mitochondrial)
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA valine also known as MT-TV is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TV gene.
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MT-TW
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA tryptophan also known as MT-TW is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TW gene.
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MT-TY
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA tyrosine also known as MT-TY is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TY gene.
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Myopathy
Myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly.
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NADH dehydrogenase
NADH dehydrogenase (cytochrome c reductase, type 1 dehydrogenase, beta-NADH dehydrogenase dinucleotide, diaphorase, dihydrocodehydrogenase I dehydrogenase, dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, diphosphopyridine diaphorase, DPNH diaphorase, NADH diaphorase, NADH hydrogenase, NADH oxidoreductase, NADH-menadione oxidoreductase, reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase) is an enzyme with systematic name NADH:acceptor oxidoreductase.
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Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II or Nikolai II (r; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.
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Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.
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Non-Mendelian inheritance
Non-Mendelian inheritance is a general term that refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws.
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Nuclear DNA
Nuclear DNA, or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA), is the DNA contained within the nucleus of a eukaryotic organism.
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Oocyte
An oocyte, oöcyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.
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Origin of replication
The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Paternal mtDNA transmission
In genetics, paternal mtDNA transmission and paternal mtDNA inheritance refer to the incidence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) being passed from a father to his offspring.
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Personalized medicine
Personalized medicine, also termed precision medicine, is a medical procedure that separates patients into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease.
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Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.
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POLG
DNA polymerase subunit gamma is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLG gene.
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POLRMT
DNA-directed RNA polymerase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLRMT gene.
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Porphyrin
Porphyrins (/phɔɹfɚɪn/ ''POUR-fer-in'') are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (.
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Primer (molecular biology)
A primer is a short strand of RNA or DNA (generally about 18-22 bases) that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
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Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, 10 June 1921) is the husband and consort of Queen Elizabeth II.
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Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, later Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven (Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie; 5 April 1863 – 24 September 1950) was the eldest daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892), and his first wife Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843–1878), daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
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Prokaryote
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
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Proline
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is a proteinogenic amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
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Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
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Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Stop codon
In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Symbiogenesis
Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.
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Symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
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TFAM
Mitochondrial transcription factor A, abbreviated as TFAM or mtTFA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFAM gene.
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TFB1M
Dimethyladenosine transferase 1, mitochondrial; Transcription factor B1, mitochondrial is a mitochondrial enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TFB1M gene.
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TFB2M
Dimethyladenosine transferase 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TFB2M gene.
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Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Threshold expression
Threshold expression is a phenomenon in which phenotypic expression of a mitochondrial disease within an organ system occurs when the severity of the mutation, relative number of mutant mtDNA, and reliance of the organ system on oxidative phosphorylation combine in such a way that ATP production of the tissue falls below the level required by the tissue.
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Transfer RNA
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Wild type
Wild type (WT) refers to the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature.
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Zygote
A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zygōtos "joined" or "yoked", from ζυγοῦν zygoun "to join" or "to yoke") is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.
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Redirects here:
Human mitochondrial DNA, Human mitochondrial genome, Human mitogenome, Human mtDNA, Mitochondrial DNA (human), Mitochondrial genetic, Mitochondrial genetics.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics
