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228 relations: Acetic acid, Advance sowing, Agricultural economics, Agricultural lime, Agriculture, Agroecology, Albert Howard, Alfalfa, Algal bloom, Aluminium sulfate, Anthropocentrism, Anthroposophy, Antibiotic use in livestock, Arsenic, Arthropod, Australasia, Autonomy, Azadirachta indica, Azadirachtin, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacteria, Banana, Beetle bank, Betteshanger, Biodiversity, Biodynamic agriculture, Bioherbicide, Biointensive agriculture, Biological pest control, Biotechnology, Bone meal, Bordeaux mixture, Boric acid, Boron, Botany, Bromomethane, Cash crop, Cereal, Certified Naturally Grown, Chemical synthesis, Chrysanthemum, Climate change, Coccinellidae, Community-supported agriculture, Companion planting, Compost, Convertible husbandry, Cooperative, Copper, ..., Copper(II) hydroxide, Copper(II) sulfate, Corn gluten meal, Cotton Patch goose, Cover crop, Cranfield University, Crop diversity, Crop residue, Crop rotation, Cultivator, Dead zone (ecology), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Diesel fuel, Dominican Republic, Eastern Bloc, Economics, Economies of scale, Ecosystem, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Erosion, Essential oil, EU-Eco-regulation, European Union, Eutrophication, Externality, Fabaceae, Fertilizer, Food and Agriculture Organization, Food safety, Food security, Foodservice, Forage, Fossil fuel, French intensive gardening, Fungicide, Fungus, Gabrielle Howard, Genetically modified crops, Genetically modified organism, Geocoris, Germination, Global warming potential, Goa, Green manure, Greenhouse gas, Greensand, Haughley Experiment, Health, Heirloom plant, Herbicide, Holistic management (agriculture), Hormone, Horticultural oil, Horticulture, Humus, Independence, Index of organic food articles, Information asymmetry, Insect trap, Insecticidal soap, Insecticide, Integrated pest management, Intercropping, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) - Organics International, Iron(II) sulfate, Ivermectin, J. I. Rodale, Kerala, Lady Eve Balfour, Landscape fabric, Legume, Lime sulfur, List of agricultural machinery, List of beneficial weeds, List of companion plants, List of pest-repelling plants, Livestock, Magnesium sulfate, Mancozeb, Mantis, Manure, Mechanical weed control, Median lethal dose, Meghalaya, Meta-analysis, Micronutrient, Microorganism, Millennium Development Goals, Mineral, Mite, Mizoram, Mulch, Mycorrhiza, Nanomaterials, National Academy of Sciences, National Organic Program, Natural farming, Nematode, Neuroptera, New Partnership for Africa's Development, Nicotine, Nitrate, Nitrogen, No-till farming, Openness, Opportunity cost, Organic clothing, Organic farming, Organic farming by country, Organic Farming Digest, Organic food, Organic food culture, Organic movement, Orius, Outline of organic gardening and farming, Paddy field, Pamela Ronald, Parasitoid wasp, Pathogen, Permaculture, Pesticide, PH, Phosphorite, Phosphorus, Phytotoxin, Plant hormone, Plough, Polyculture, Potash, Potassium, Potassium bicarbonate, Predation, Principles of Organic Agriculture, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Pyrethrin, Pyrethrum, Rajasthan, Rangeland, Regulation of genetic engineering, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Rhizobia, Rodale, Inc., Rotenone, Row cover, Rudolf Steiner, Self-sustainability, Sikkim, Sludge, Social cost, Sodium bicarbonate, Soil compaction, Soil erosion, Soil fertility, Soil organic matter, Soviet Union, Spinosad, Stale seed bed, Strychnine, Subsidy, Sulfur, Sustainability, Symbiosis, System of Rice Intensification, Technology, The Rodale Institute, Tillage, Transgene, Trichoderma harzianum, Trifolium repens, Umbrella organization, Unintended consequences, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Environment Programme, United States Department of Agriculture, Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne, Weed, Wendell Berry, Windbreak. Expand index (178 more) »
Acetic acid
Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).
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Advance sowing
Advance Sowing (also known as "no kill cropping") is an agricultural method developed by Bruce Maynard in 1996 in NSW, Australia that allows the production of annual crops from perennial grasslands.
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Agricultural economics
Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fibre—a discipline known as agricultural economics.
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Agricultural lime
Agricultural lime, also called aglime, agricultural limestone, garden lime or liming, is a soil additive made from pulverized limestone or chalk.
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Agroecology
Agroecology is the study of ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems.
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Albert Howard
Sir Albert Howard CIE (8 December 187320 October 1947) was an English botanist, an organic farming pioneer, and a principal figure in the early organic movement.
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Alfalfa
Alfalfa, Medicago sativa also called lucerne, is a perennial flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world.
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Algal bloom
An algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems, and is recognized by the discoloration in the water from their pigments.
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Aluminium sulfate
Aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound with the formula Al2(SO4)3.
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Anthropocentrism
Anthropocentrism (from Greek ἄνθρωπος, ánthrōpos, "human being"; and κέντρον, kéntron, "center") is the belief that human beings are the most significant entity of the universe.
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Anthroposophy
Anthroposophy is the philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner that postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world, accessible to human experience through inner development.
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Antibiotic use in livestock
Antibiotic use in livestock is the use of antibiotics for any purpose in the husbandry of livestock, which includes treatment when ill (therapeutic), treatment of a batch of animals when at least one is diagnosed as ill (metaphylaxis, similar to the way bacterial meningitis is treated in children), and preventative treatment (prophylaxis) against disease.
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Arthropod
An arthropod (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot") is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.
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Australasia
Australasia, a region of Oceania, comprises Australia, New Zealand, neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean and, sometimes, the island of New Guinea (which is usually considered to be part of Melanesia).
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Autonomy
In development or moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, un-coerced decision.
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Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae.
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Azadirachtin
Azadirachtin, a chemical compound belonging to the limonoid group, is a secondary metabolite present in neem seeds.
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Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.
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Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Banana
A banana is an edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa.
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Beetle bank
A beetle bank, in agriculture and horticulture, is a form of biological pest control.
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Betteshanger
Betteshanger is a village near Deal in East Kent, England.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Biodynamic agriculture
Biodynamic agriculture is a form of alternative agriculture very similar to organic farming, but it includes various esoteric concepts drawn from the ideas of Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925).
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Bioherbicide
Bioherbicides consist of phytotoxins, pathogens, and other microbes used as biological weed control.
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Biointensive agriculture
Biointensive agriculture is an organic agricultural system that focuses on achieving maximum yields from a minimum area of land, while simultaneously increasing biodiversity and sustaining the fertility of the soil.
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Biological pest control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Bone meal
Bone meal is a mixture of finely and coarsely ground animal bones and slaughter-house waste products.
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Bordeaux mixture
Bordeaux mixture (also called Bordo Mix) is a mixture of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) used as a fungicide.
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Boric acid
Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and acidum boricum, is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron, which is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds.
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Boron
Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5.
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Botany
Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
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Bromomethane
Bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br.
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Cash crop
A cash crop or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit.
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Cereal
A cereal is any edible components of the grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis) of cultivated grass, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.
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Certified Naturally Grown
Certified Naturally Grown (CNG), "The Grassroots Alternative to Certified Organic", is a US-based farm assurance program certifying produce, livestock and apiaries for organic producers who sell locally and directly to their customers.
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Chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis is a purposeful execution of chemical reactions to obtain a product, or several products.
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Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae.
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Climate change
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).
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Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03 to 0.71 inches).
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Community-supported agriculture
Community-supported agriculture, commonly referred to as a CSA model, is a system that connects the producer and consumers within the food system more closely by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms.
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Companion planting
Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of a number of different reasons, including pest control, pollination, providing habitat for beneficial creatures, maximizing use of space, and to otherwise increase crop productivity.
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Compost
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process called composting.
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Convertible husbandry
Within agriculture, convertible husbandry, also known as alternate husbandry, ley husbandry or up-and-down husbandry, was a process used during the 16th century through the 19th century by "which a higher proportion of land was used to support increasing numbers of livestock in many parts of England."Broad, John, "Alternate Husbandry and Permanent Pasture in the Midlands, 1650 – 1800", The Agricultural History Review, Vol.
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Cooperative
A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise".
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Copper
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.
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Copper(II) hydroxide
Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2.
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Copper(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate, or copper sulphate, is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4(H2O)x, where x can range from 0 to 5.
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Corn gluten meal
Corn gluten meal (CGM) is a byproduct of corn (maize) processing that has historically been used as an animal feed.
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Cotton Patch goose
The Cotton Patch is a breed of domestic goose originating in the Southern United States.
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Cover crop
A cover crop is a crop planted primarily to manage soil erosion, soil fertility, soil quality, water, weeds, pests, diseases, biodiversity and wildlife in an ''agroecosystem'' (Lu et al. 2000), an ecological system managed and largely shaped by humans across a range of intensities to produce food, feed, or fiber.
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Cranfield University
Cranfield University is a British postgraduate and research-based public university specialising in science, engineering, technology and management.
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Crop diversity
Crop diversity is the variance in genetic and phenotypic characteristics of plants used in agriculture.
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Crop residue
There are two types of agricultural crop residues.
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Crop rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons.
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Cultivator
A cultivator is any of several types of farm implement used for secondary tillage.
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Dead zone (ecology)
Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by "excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water.
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Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is the government department responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Diesel fuel
Diesel fuel in general is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel.
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (República Dominicana) is a sovereign state located in the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region.
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Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
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Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
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Economies of scale
In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation (typically measured by amount of output produced), with cost per unit of output decreasing with increasing scale.
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.
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Ehrenfried Pfeiffer
Ehrenfried Pfeiffer (19 February 1899 in Munich, Germany – 30 November 1961 in Spring Valley, New York, United States) was a German scientist, soil scientist, leading advocate of biodynamic agriculture, anthroposophist and student of Rudolf Steiner.
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Erosion
In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transport it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement).
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Essential oil
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (defined as "the tendency of a substance to vaporize") aroma compounds from plants.
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EU-Eco-regulation
The European Union regulation (EEC) No.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Eutrophication
Eutrophication (from Greek eutrophos, "well-nourished"), or hypertrophication, is when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of plants and algae.
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Externality
In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.
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Fabaceae
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, Article 18.5 states: "The following names, of long usage, are treated as validly published:....Leguminosae (nom. alt.: Fabaceae; type: Faba Mill.);...
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Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
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Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
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Food safety
Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness.
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Food security
Food security is a condition related to the availability of food supply, group of people such as (ethnicities, racial, cultural and religious groups) as well as individuals' access to it.
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Foodservice
Foodservice (US English) or catering industry (British English) defines those businesses, institutions, and companies responsible for any meal prepared outside the home.
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Forage
Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock.
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Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.
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French intensive gardening
French intensive gardening is a method of gardening in which humans work with nature to foster healthy, vibrant plants with smaller space and less water than more traditional gardening.
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Fungicide
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores.
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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Gabrielle Howard
Gabrielle Louise Caroline Howard (née Matthaei; 3 October 1876 – 18 August 1930), usually cited as G. L. C. Matthaei, was a British plant physiologist and economic botanist who advocated organic farming.
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Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods.
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Genetically modified organism
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).
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Geocoris
Geocoris is a genus of insects in the family Geocoridae (although in the past the geocorids were subsumed as a subfamily under the family "Lygaeidae").
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Germination
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure.
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Global warming potential
Global warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere.
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Goa
Goa is a state in India within the coastal region known as the Konkan, in Western India.
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Green manure
In agriculture, green manure is created by leaving uprooted or sown crop parts to wither on a field so that they serve as a mulch and soil amendment.
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Greenhouse gas
A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.
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Greensand
Greensand or green sand is a sand or sandstone which has a greenish color.
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Haughley Experiment
The Haughley Experiment was the first comparison of organic farming and conventional chemical-based farming, started in 1939 by Lady Eve Balfour and Alice Debenham, on two adjoining farms in Haughley Green, Suffolk, England.
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Health
Health is the ability of a biological system to acquire, convert, allocate, distribute, and utilize energy with maximum efficiency.
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Heirloom plant
An heirloom plant, heirloom variety, heritage fruit (Australia and New Zealand), or heirloom vegetable (especially in Ireland and the UK) is an old cultivar of a plant used for food that is grown and maintained by gardeners and farmers, particularly in isolated or ethnic minority communities of Western Countries.
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Herbicide
Herbicides, also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants.
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Holistic management (agriculture)
Holistic management (from ὅλος holos, a Greek word meaning all, whole, entire, total) in agriculture is a systems thinking approach to managing resources that was originally developed by Allan Savory for reversing desertification.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Horticultural oil
Horticultural oils or narrow range oils are lightweight oils, either petroleum or vegetable based.
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Horticulture
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants (fruits, vegetables, flowers, and any other cultivar).
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Humus
In soil science, humus (derived in 1790–1800 from the Latin humus for earth, ground) denominates the fraction of soil organic matter that is amorphous and without the "cellular cake structure characteristic of plants, micro-organisms or animals." Humus significantly affects the bulk density of soil and contributes to its retention of moisture and nutrients.
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Independence
Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory.
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Index of organic food articles
This is a list of organic food topics.
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Information asymmetry
In contract theory and economics, information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other.
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Insect trap
Insect traps are used to monitor or directly reduce populations of insects or other arthropods.
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Insecticidal soap
Insecticidal soap is based on potassium fatty acids and is used to control many plant pests.
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Insecticide
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.
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Integrated pest management
Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests.
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Intercropping
Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity.
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International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) - Organics International
The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM - Organics International) is the worldwide umbrella organization for the organic agriculture movement, which represents close to 800 affiliates in 117 countries.
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Iron(II) sulfate
Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula FeSO4·xH2O.
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Ivermectin
Ivermectin is a medication that is effective against many types of parasites.
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J. I. Rodale
Jerome Irving Rodale (surname accented on second syllable, August 16, 1898 – June 8, 1971) was a publisher, editor, author, playwright, and founder of Rodale, Inc. He inadvertently earned a place in network television history by dying on-camera while guesting on a never-aired edition of The Dick Cavett Show.
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Kerala
Kerala is a state in South India on the Malabar Coast.
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Lady Eve Balfour
Lady Evelyn Barbara Balfour, (16 July 1898 – 16 January 1990) was a British farmer, educator, organic farming pioneer, and a founding figure in the organic movement.
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Landscape fabric
Landscape fabric is a textile material used to control weeds by inhibiting their exposure to sunlight.
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Legume
A legume is a plant or its fruit or seed in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae).
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Lime sulfur
In horticulture, lime sulfur (British spelling lime sulphur) is a mixture of calcium polysulfides formed by reacting calcium hydroxide with sulfur, used in pest control.
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List of agricultural machinery
Agricultural equipment is any kind of machinery used on a farm to help with farming.
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List of beneficial weeds
This is a list of undomesticated or feral plants, generally considered weeds, yet having some positive effects or uses, often being ideal as companion plants in gardens.
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List of companion plants
This is a list of companion plants.
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List of pest-repelling plants
This list of pest-repelling plants includes plants believed for their ability to repel insects, nematodes, and other pests.
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Livestock
Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.
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Magnesium sulfate
Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO4(H2O)x where 0≤x≤7.
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Mancozeb
Mancozeb is a dithiocarbamate non-systemic agricultural fungicide with multi-site, protective action on contact.
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Mantis
Mantises are an order (Mantodea) of insects that contains over 2,400 species in about 430 genera in 15 families.
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Manure
Manure is organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces except in the case of green manure, which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture.
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Mechanical weed control
Mechanical weed control is any physical activity that inhibits unwanted plant growth.
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Median lethal dose
In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is a measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen.
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Meghalaya
Meghalaya is a state in Northeast India.
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Meta-analysis
A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.
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Micronutrient
Micronutrients are essential elements required by organisms in small quantities throughout life to orchestrate a range of physiological functions to maintain health.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
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Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.
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Mite
Mites are small arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida and the subclass Acari (also known as Acarina).
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Mizoram
Mizoram is a state in Northeast India, with Aizawl as its capital city.
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Mulch
A mulch is a layer of material applied to the surface of soil.
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Mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης mýkēs, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular host plant.
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Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 to 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but usually is 1 to 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale).
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National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.
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National Organic Program
The National Organic Program (NOP) is the federal regulatory framework in the United States of America governing organic food.
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Natural farming
Natural farming is an ecological farming approach established by Masanobu Fukuoka (1913–2008), a Japanese farmer and philosopher, introduced in his 1975 book The One-Straw Revolution.
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Nematode
The nematodes or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes).
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Neuroptera
The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives.
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New Partnership for Africa's Development
The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is an economic development program of the African Union.
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Nicotine
Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants.
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Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula and a molecular mass of 62.0049 u.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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No-till farming
No-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage.
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Openness
Openness is an overarching concept or philosophy that is characterized by an emphasis on transparency and free, unrestricted access to knowledge and information, as well as collaborative or cooperative management and decision-making rather than a central authority.
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Opportunity cost
In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost, also known as alternative cost, is the value (not a benefit) of the choice in terms of the best alternative while making a decision.
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Organic clothing
Organic clothing is clothing made from materials raised in or grown in compliance with organic agricultural standards.
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Organic farming
Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices.
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Organic farming by country
Organic farming is practiced around the globe, but the markets for sale are strongest in North America and Europe, while the greatest dedicated area is accounted for by Australia, the greatest number of producers are in India, and the Falkland Islands record the highest share of agricultural land dedicated to organic production.
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Organic Farming Digest
The Organic Farming Digest (1946-1954) was the first organic farming magazine to be published by an agricultural association.
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Organic food
Organic food is food produced by methods that comply with the standards of organic farming.
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Organic food culture
Organic food culture refers to a recent social and cultural trend in which there has been an increased interest in organic food due to the rise of media coverage on health, food safety, and environmental dangers of pesticides.
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Organic movement
The organic movement broadly refers to the organizations and individuals involved worldwide in the promotion of organic farming and other organic products.
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Orius
The genus Orius (commonly called minute pirate bug) consists of omnivorous bugs in the family Anthocoridae (pirate bugs).
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Outline of organic gardening and farming
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to organic gardening and farming: Organic farming – alternative agricultural system that relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost, manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting.
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Paddy field
A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing semiaquatic rice.
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Pamela Ronald
Pamela C. Ronald (born 1961) is an American plant pathologist and geneticist.
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Parasitoid wasp
Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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Permaculture
Permaculture is a system of agricultural and social design principles centered around simulating or directly utilizing the patterns and features observed in natural ecosystems.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phosphorite
Phosphorite, phosphate rock or rock phosphate is a non-detrital sedimentary rock which contains high amounts of phosphate minerals.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.
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Phytotoxin
Phytotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by plants, which function as defensive agents against their predators.
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Plant hormone
Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth.
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Plough
A plough (UK) or plow (US; both) is a tool or farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil.
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Polyculture
Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, providing crop diversity in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture.
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Potash
Potash is some of various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form.
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Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.
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Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate (also known as potassium hydrogen carbonate or potassium acid carbonate) is a colorless, odorless, slightly basic, salty substance.
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Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunting animal) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked).
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Principles of Organic Agriculture
The Principles of Organic Agriculture were established by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) in September, 2005.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.
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Pyrethrin
The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects.
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Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum (e.g., C. coccineum) which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads.
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Rajasthan
Rajasthan (literally, "Land of Kings") is India's largest state by area (or 10.4% of India's total area).
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Rangeland
Rangelands are grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts that are grazed by domestic livestock or wild animals.
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Regulation of genetic engineering
The regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country.
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Research Institute of Organic Agriculture
The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (German: Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau, in short: FiBL), is one of the world's leading organic farming information and research centres.
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Rhizobia
Rhizobia are bacteria that fix nitrogen (diazotrophs) after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae).
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Rodale, Inc.
Rodale, Inc. was an American publisher of health and wellness magazines, books, and digital properties.
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Rotenone
Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide.
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Row cover
In agriculture and gardening, row cover is any transparent or semi-transparent, flexible material, like fabric or plastic sheeting, used as a protective covering to shield plants, usually vegetables, primarily from the undesirable effects of cold and wind, and also from insect damage.
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Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 (or 25) February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect and esotericist.
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Self-sustainability
Self-sustainability (also called self-sufficiency) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction for survival; it is a type of personal or collective autonomy.
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Sikkim
Sikkim is a state in Northeast India.
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Sludge
Sludge is a semi-solid slurry and can be produced as sewage sludge from wastewater treatment processes or as a settled suspension obtained from conventional drinking water treatment and numerous other industrial processes.
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Social cost
Social cost in economics is the sum of the private costs resulting from a transaction and the costs imposed on the consumers as a consequence of being exposed to the md's transaction for which they are not compensated or charged.
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Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3.
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Soil compaction
In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which a stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains.
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Soil erosion
Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, one form of soil degradation.
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Soil fertility
Soil fertility refers to the ability of a soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality.
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Soil organic matter
Soil organic matter (SOM) is the organic matter component of soil, consisting of plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, and substances synthesized by soil organisms.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Spinosad
Spinosad is an insecticide based on chemical compounds found in the bacterial species Saccharopolyspora spinosa.
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Stale seed bed
A false or stale seed bed is a useful weed control technique which involves creating a seedbed some weeks before seed is due to be sown.
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Strychnine
Strychnine (also or) is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents.
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Subsidy
A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Sustainability
Sustainability is the process of change, in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.
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Symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
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System of Rice Intensification
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a methodology aimed at increasing the yield of rice produced in farming.
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Technology
Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".
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The Rodale Institute
Rodale Institute is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit that supports research into organic farming.
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Tillage
Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning.
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Transgene
A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.
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Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus that is also used as a fungicide.
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Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens, the white clover (also known as Dutch clover, Ladino clover, or Ladino), is a herbaceous perennial plant in the bean family Fabaceae (previously referred to as Leguminosae).
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Umbrella organization
An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions, who work together formally to coordinate activities or pool resources.
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Unintended consequences
In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences) are outcomes that are not the ones foreseen and intended by a purposeful action.
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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body.
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United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is an agency of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.
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United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), also known as the Agriculture Department, is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food.
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Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne
Walter Ernest Christopher James, 4th Baron Northbourne (18 January 1896 – 17 June 1982), was an English agriculturalist, author and rower who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.
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Weed
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place".
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Wendell Berry
Wendell Erdman Berry (born August 5, 1934) is an American novelist, poet, environmental activist, cultural critic, and farmer.
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Windbreak
A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a plantation usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion.
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Bio-Mineral Farming, Economics of organic farming, Motivations for organic agriculture, Organic Agriculture, Organic Farming, Organic agriculture, Organic farm, Organic farmer, Organic farming methods, Organic farms, Organic production, Organically grown.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming
