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218 relations: Activated carbon, Activated sludge, Aerobic digestion, Aerobic treatment system, Aeromonas, Agriculture, Algae, Algal bloom, Alum, Aluminium, Ammonia, Anaerobic digestion, Anammox, Animal husbandry, Antimicrobial resistance, Aquatic plant, Arid, Atom, Bacteria, Bar screen, Bathing, Bay, Biochemical oxygen demand, Biofilter, Biome, Biosolids, Blackwater (waste), Brocadia anammoxidans, Calcium nitrate, Carbon, Carcinogen, Centrifugal pump, Cesspit, Chloramine, Chlorine, Chlorophyll a, Cholera, Cholera outbreaks and pandemics, City of Salford, Clarifier, Combined sewer, Compost, Constructed wetland, Continental Europe, Cotton mill, Crete, Croydon, Cyanobacteria, Daphnia, Denitrification, ..., Desalination, Disinfectant, Drinking water, Dumpster, East Kolkata Wetlands, Ecology, Edward Frankland, Edwin Chadwick, Effluent, Electron donor, Endocrine disruptor, Enhanced biological phosphorus removal, Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant, Equalizing basin, European Union, Eutrophication, Exeter, Facultative lagoon, Fat, Fecal coliform, Fecal sludge management, Fertilizer, Flocculation, Gene, Genotoxicity, Gravity, Grease (lubricant), Great Stink, Greece, Greywater, Groundwater recharge, Habitat, Health of Towns Association, Heavy metals, High-density solids pump, History of water supply and sanitation, Hormonal contraception, Hormone, Hydrazine, Hydrodynamic separator, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydrogen sulfide, Incineration, Indigenous (ecology), Indus River, Industrial wastewater treatment, Industrialisation, Infiltration/Inflow, Invertebrate, Iran, Iron, Iron(III) chloride, Irrigation, James Smith (inventor), Joseph Bazalgette, Jurisdiction, Justus von Liebig, Kitchen, Kolkata, Lagoon, Lancashire, Lawrence Experiment Station, Leeds, Leicester, List of wastewater treatment technologies, London, London City Council, Manchester, Mark van Loosdrecht, Massachusetts, Media filter, Medication, Mesopotamia, Methanol, Metropolitan Board of Works, Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, Microfiltration, Microorganism, Middle Ages, Middle East, Moving bed biofilm reactor, Municipal solid waste, Nitrate, Nitrification, Nitro compound, Nitrogen, Nitroso, North America, Odor, Oil, Organic compound, Organic matter, Organisms involved in water purification, Oxygen, Ozone, Pathogen, Phosphorus, Phthalate, Phytoplankton, Piping, Pit latrine, Plankton, Pollutant, Pollution, Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms, Precipitation (chemistry), Protozoa, Pump, Redox, Retention basin, Reverse osmosis, River, River Thames, Roman Empire, Rotating biological contactor, Rotifer, Royal Commission, Salt, Sand filter, Sanitary sewer, Sanitation, Saponification, Secondary treatment, Sediment, Sedimentation (water treatment), Septic tank, Sewage, Sewage sludge, Sewage sludge treatment, Sewage treatment, Sewerage, Sheffield, Shower, Singapore, Sink, Soil, South America, Stormwater, Stormwater detention vault, Stream, Sub-Saharan Africa, Submersible mixer, Sugar, Sulfide, Surveying, Tehran, Toilet, Toxin, Trickling filter, Ultraviolet, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Urban runoff, Urbanization, Venezuela, Virus, Voltage, Waste management, Waste stabilization pond, Wastewater, Wastewater treatment, Water chlorination, Water cycle, Water pollution, Water supply and sanitation in Israel, Wetland, Windhoek, Zooplankton. Expand index (168 more) »
Activated carbon
Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.
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Activated sludge
The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters using aeration and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.
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Aerobic digestion
Aerobic digestion is a process in sewage treatment designed to reduce the volume of sewage sludge and make it suitable for subsequent use.
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Aerobic treatment system
An aerobic treatment system or ATS, often called (incorrectly) an aerobic septic system, is a small scale sewage treatment system similar to a septic tank system, but which uses an aerobic process for digestion rather than just the anaerobic process used in septic systems.
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Aeromonas
Aeromonas is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that morphologically resemble members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Algae
Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.
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Algal bloom
An algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems, and is recognized by the discoloration in the water from their pigments.
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Alum
An alum is a type of chemical compound, usually a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium with the general formula, where X is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.
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Anammox
Anammox, an abbreviation for anaerobic ammonium oxidation, is a globally important microbial process of the nitrogen cycle that takes place in many natural environments.
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Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products.
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Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.
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Aquatic plant
Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater).
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Arid
A region is arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life.
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bar screen
A bar screen is a mechanical filter used to remove large objects, such as rags and plastics, from wastewater.
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Bathing
Bathing is the washing of the body with a liquid, usually water or an aqueous solution, or the immersion of the body in water.
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Bay
A bay is a recessed, coastal body of water that directly connects to a larger main body of water, such as an ocean, a lake, or another bay.
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Biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.
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Biofilter
Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and biologically degrade pollutants.
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Biome
A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in.
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Biosolids
Biosolids is a term used for several types of treated sewage sludges that can be used as soil conditioner.
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Blackwater (waste)
Blackwater is used to describe wastewater from toilets, which likely contains pathogens.
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Brocadia anammoxidans
"Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans" is a bacterial member of the order Planctomycetes and therefore lacks peptidoglycan in its cell wall, and has a compartmentalized cytoplasm.
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Calcium nitrate
Calcium nitrate, also called Norgessalpeter (Norwegian saltpeter), is an inorganic compound with the formula Ca(NO3)2.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
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Centrifugal pump
Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery.
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Cesspit
A cesspit, or cesspool, is a term with various meanings: it is used to describe either an underground holding tank (sealed at the bottom) or a soak pit (not sealed at the bottom).
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Chloramine
Chloramines are derivatives of ammonia by substitution of one, two or three hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms: monochloramine (chloroamine, NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3).
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Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
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Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It absorbs most energy from wavelengths of violet-blue and orange-red light. It also reflects green-yellow light, and as such contributes to the observed green color of most plants. This photosynthetic pigment is essential for photosynthesis in eukaryotes, cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes because of its role as primary electron donor in the electron transport chain. Chlorophyll a also transfers resonance energy in the antenna complex, ending in the reaction center where specific chlorophylls P680 and P700 are located.
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Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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Cholera outbreaks and pandemics
Seven cholera pandemics have occurred in the past 200 years, with the seventh pandemic originating in Indonesia in 1961.
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City of Salford
The City of Salford is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, named after its largest settlement, Salford, but extending west to include the towns of Eccles, Worsley, Swinton, Walkden and Irlam.
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Clarifier
Clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation.
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Combined sewer
A combined sewer is a sewage collection system of pipes and tunnels designed to also collect surface runoff.
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Compost
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process called composting.
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Constructed wetland
A constructed wetland (CW) is an artificial wetland to treat municipal or industrial wastewater, greywater or stormwater runoff.
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Continental Europe
Continental or mainland Europe is the continuous continent of Europe excluding its surrounding islands.
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Cotton mill
A cotton mill is a factory housing powered spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton, an important product during the Industrial Revolution when the early mills were important in the development of the factory system.
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Crete
Crete (Κρήτη,; Ancient Greek: Κρήτη, Krḗtē) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica.
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Croydon
Croydon is a large town in south London, England, south of Charing Cross.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Daphnia
Daphnia, a genus of small planktonic crustaceans, are in length.
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Denitrification
Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products.
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Desalination
Desalination is a process that extracts mineral components from saline water.
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Disinfectant
Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to the surface of non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.
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Drinking water
Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation.
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Dumpster
A dumpster is a type of mobile garbage bin designed to be brought and taken away by a special truck, or to a bin that a specially designed garbage truck lifts, empties into its hopper, and lowers, on the spot.
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East Kolkata Wetlands
The East Calcutta Wetlands, also known as the East Kolkata Wetlands (22 0 27’ N 88 0 27’ E), are a complex of natural and human-made wetlands lying east of the city of Calcutta (Kolkata), of West Bengal in India.
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Ecology
Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.
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Edward Frankland
Sir Edward Frankland, (18 January 1825 – 9 August 1899) was a British chemist.
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Edwin Chadwick
Sir Edwin Chadwick KCB (24 January 1800 – 6 July 1890) was an English social reformer who is noted for his leadership in reforming the Poor Laws in England and instituting major reforms in urban sanitation and public health.
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Effluent
Effluent is an outflowing of water or gas to natural body of water, or from a manmade structure.
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Electron donor
An electron donor is a chemical entity that donates electrons to another compound.
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Endocrine disruptor
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormone) systems at certain doses.
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Enhanced biological phosphorus removal
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a sewage treatment configuration applied to activated sludge systems for the removal of phosphate.
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Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant
The term Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants (EPPP) was first suggested in the nomination in 2010 of pharmaceuticals and environment as an emerging issue in a Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) by the International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE).
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Equalizing basin
An equalizing basin (Ausgleichsbecken) or equalizing reservoir regulates the flow of water below an intermittently operated hydropower station or peaking power plant.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Eutrophication
Eutrophication (from Greek eutrophos, "well-nourished"), or hypertrophication, is when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of plants and algae.
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Exeter
Exeter is a cathedral city in Devon, England, with a population of 129,800 (mid-2016 EST).
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Facultative lagoon
Facultative lagoons are a type of waste stabilization pond used for biological treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater.
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Fat
Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with carbohydrate and protein.
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Fecal coliform
A fecal coliform (British: faecal coliform) is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium.
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Fecal sludge management
Fecal sludge management (FSM) (or faecal sludge management in British English) is the collection, transport, and treatment of fecal sludge from pit latrines, septic tanks or other onsite sanitation systems.
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Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
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Flocculation
Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process wherein colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Genotoxicity
In genetics, genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer.
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Gravity
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.
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Grease (lubricant)
Grease is a semisolid lubricant.
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Great Stink
The Great Stink was an event in central London in July and August 1858 during which the hot weather exacerbated the smell of untreated human waste and industrial effluent that was present on the banks of the River Thames.
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Greece
No description.
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Greywater
Greywater (also spelled graywater, grey water and gray water) or sullage is all wastewater generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e. all streams except for the wastewater from toilets.
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Groundwater recharge
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater.
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Habitat
In ecology, a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.
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Health of Towns Association
The Health of Towns Association was formed at a meeting in Exeter on 11 December 1844 and was a key organisation in the development of public health in the United Kingdom.
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Heavy metals
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.
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High-density solids pump
High-density solids pumps are hydrostatically operating machines which displace the medium being pumped and thus create a flow.
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History of water supply and sanitation
The history of water supply and sanitation is one of a logistical challenge to provide clean water and sanitation systems since the dawn of civilization.
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Hormonal contraception
Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Hydrazine
Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written), called diamidogen, archaically.
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Hydrodynamic separator
Hydrodynamic separators (HDS) are stormwater management devices that use cyclonic separation to control water pollution.
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Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
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Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the chemical formula H2S.
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Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.
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Indigenous (ecology)
In biogeography, a species is defined as indigenous to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural process, with no human intervention.
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Indus River
The Indus River (also called the Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia.
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Industrial wastewater treatment
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product.
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Industrialisation
Industrialisation or industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.
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Infiltration/Inflow
Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) causes dilution in sanitary sewers.
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Invertebrate
Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Iron(III) chloride
Iron(III) chloride, also called ferric chloride, is an industrial scale commodity chemical compound, with the formula FeCl3 and with iron in the +3 oxidation state.
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Irrigation
Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals.
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James Smith (inventor)
James Smith (3 January 1789, Glasgow – 10 June 1850, Kingencleuch near Mauchline, age 61)Obituary, Gentleman's Magazine, 1850, pp.
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Joseph Bazalgette
Sir Joseph William Bazalgette, CB (28 March 181915 March 1891) was a 19th-century English civil engineer.
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Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction (from the Latin ius, iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined field of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law.
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Justus von Liebig
Justus Freiherr von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and was considered the founder of organic chemistry.
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Kitchen
A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation in a dwelling or in a commercial establishment.
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Kolkata
Kolkata (also known as Calcutta, the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal.
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Lagoon
A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs.
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Lancashire
Lancashire (abbreviated Lancs.) is a county in north west England.
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Lawrence Experiment Station
The Lawrence Experiment Station, now known as the Senator William X. Wall Experiment Station, was the world's first trial station for drinking water purification and sewage treatment.
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Leeds
Leeds is a city in the metropolitan borough of Leeds, in the county of West Yorkshire, England.
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Leicester
Leicester ("Lester") is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire.
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List of wastewater treatment technologies
This page consists of a list of wastewater treatment technologies.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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London City Council
London City Council is the governing body of the city of London, Ontario, Canada.
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Manchester
Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 530,300.
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Mark van Loosdrecht
Mark van Loosdrecht (born 1959) is a Dutch professor of Environmental Biotechnology and Wastewater Engineering at Delft University of Technology.
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Media filter
A media filter is a type of filter that uses a bed of sand, peat, shredded tires, foam, crushed glass, geo-textile fabric, anthracite, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management, oil & gas operations, and other applications.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.
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Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).
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Metropolitan Board of Works
The Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) was the principal instrument of London-wide government from December 1855 until the establishment of the London County Council in March 1889.
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Metropolitan Commission of Sewers
The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers was one of London's first steps towards bringing its sewer and drainage infrastructure under the control of a single public body.
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Microfiltration
Microfiltration (commonly abbreviated to MF) is a type of physical filtration process where a contaminated fluid is passed through a special pore-sized membrane to separate microorganisms and suspended particles from process liquid.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Middle East
The Middle Easttranslit-std; translit; Orta Şərq; Central Kurdish: ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین, Rojhelatî Nawîn; Moyen-Orient; translit; translit; translit; Rojhilata Navîn; translit; Bariga Dhexe; Orta Doğu; translit is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa).
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Moving bed biofilm reactor
Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is a type of wastewater treatment process that was first invented by Prof.
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Municipal solid waste
Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public.
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Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula and a molecular mass of 62.0049 u.
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Nitrification
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate.
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Nitro compound
Nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (−2).
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Nitroso
Nitroso refers to a functional group in organic chemistry which has the NO group attached to an organic moiety.
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North America
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.
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Odor
An odor, odour or fragrance is always caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds.
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Oil
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving").
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Organic matter
Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter (NOM) refers to the large pool of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments.
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Organisms involved in water purification
Most organisms involved in water purification originate from the waste, wastewater or water stream itself or arrive as resting spore of some form from the atmosphere.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Ozone
Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.
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Phthalate
Phthalates, or phthalate esters, are esters of phthalic acid.
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Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems.
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Piping
Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another.
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Pit latrine
A pit latrine or pit toilet is a type of toilet that collects human feces in a hole in the ground.
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Plankton
Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current.
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Pollutant
A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource.
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Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.
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Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms
Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) are a group of bacteria that, under certain conditions, facilitate the removal of large amounts of phosphorus from wastewater in a process, called enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR).
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Precipitation (chemistry)
Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution.
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Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
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Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Retention basin
A retention basin, sometimes called a wet pond, wet detention basin or stormwater management pond, is an artificial lake with vegetation around the perimeter, and includes a permanent pool of water in its design.
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Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from drinking water.
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River
A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river.
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River Thames
The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
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Rotating biological contactor
A rotating biological contactor or RBC is a biological treatment process used in the treatment of wastewater following primary treatment.
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Rotifer
The rotifers (Rotifera, commonly called wheel animals) make up a phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.
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Royal Commission
A Royal Commission is a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue in some monarchies.
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Salt
Salt, table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.
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Sand filter
Sand filters are used as a step in the water treatment process of water purification.
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Sanitary sewer
A sanitary sewer or "foul sewer" is an underground carriage system specifically for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings through pipes to treatment facilities or disposal.
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Sanitation
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.
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Saponification
Saponification is a process that produces soap.
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Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment is a treatment process for wastewater (or sewage) to achieve a certain degree of effluent quality by using a sewage treatment plant with physical phase separation to remove settleable solids and a biological process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds.
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Sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles.
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Sedimentation (water treatment)
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water.
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Septic tank
A septic tank is a chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, PVC or plastic, through which domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for primary treatment.
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Sewage
Sewage (or domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced from a community of people.
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Sewage sludge
Sewage sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater.
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Sewage sludge treatment
Sewage sludge treatment describes the processes used to manage and dispose of sewage sludge produced during sewage treatment.
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Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage.
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Sewerage
Sewerage is the infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff (stormwater, meltwater, rainwater) using sewers.
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Sheffield
Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England.
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Shower
A shower is a place in which a person bathes under a spray of typically warm or hot water.
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Singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.
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Sink
A sink — also known by other names including sinker, washbowl, hand basin and wash basin—is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes.
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Soil
Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.
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South America
South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Stormwater
Stormwater, also spelled storm water, is water that originates during precipitation events and snow/ice melt.
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Stormwater detention vault
A stormwater detention vault is an underground structure designed to manage excess stormwater runoff on a developed site, often in an urban setting.
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Stream
A stream is a body of water with surface water flowing within the bed and banks of a channel.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara.
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Submersible mixer
A submersible mixer is a mechanical device that is used to mix sludge tanks and other liquid volumes.
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Sugar
Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.
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Sulfide
Sulfide (systematically named sulfanediide, and sulfide(2−)) (British English sulphide) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.
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Surveying
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them.
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Tehran
Tehran (تهران) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province.
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Toilet
A toilet is a piece of hardware used for the collection or disposal of human urine and feces.
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Toxin
A toxin (from toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded.
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Trickling filter
A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system first used by Dibden and Clowes It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network.
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United Nations Human Settlements Programme
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN–Habitat) is the United Nations agency for human settlements and sustainable urban development.
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Urban runoff
Urban runoff is surface runoff of rainwater created by urbanization.
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Urbanization
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change.
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Venezuela
Venezuela, officially denominated Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela),Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again República de Venezuela (1953–1999).
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Voltage
Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension (formally denoted or, but more often simply as V or U, for instance in the context of Ohm's or Kirchhoff's circuit laws) is the difference in electric potential between two points.
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Waste management
Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.
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Waste stabilization pond
Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs or stabilization ponds or waste stabilization lagoons) are ponds designed and built for wastewater treatment to reduce the organic content and remove pathogens from wastewater.
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Wastewater
Wastewater (or waste water) is any water that has been affected by human use.
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Wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater into an effluent (outflowing of water to a receiving body of water) that can be returned to the water cycle with minimal impact on the environment or directly reused.
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Water chlorination
Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or hypochlorite to water.
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Water cycle
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
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Water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities.
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Water supply and sanitation in Israel
Water supply and sanitation in Israel are intricately linked to the historical development of Israel.
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Wetland
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.
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Windhoek
Windhoek (Windhuk; ǀAiǁgams; Otjomuise) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia.
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Zooplankton
Zooplankton are heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment
