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356 relations: Ab initio, Ada Yonath, Albert Einstein, Albert W. Hull, Alloy, Aluminium, Ampicillin, Amplitude, Anatase, Annalen der Physik, Annealing (metallurgy), Anode, Anomalous X-ray scattering, Anthracene, Aquaporin, Arnold Sommerfeld, Arthur Compton, Arthur Moritz Schoenflies, Atom, Atomic orbital, ATP synthase, Auguste Bravais, Autocorrelation, Azithromycin, Ångström, Basalt, Beamline, Beevers–Lipson strip, Benzathine benzylpenicillin, Benzene, Benzylpenicillin, Biological membrane, Biological small-angle scattering, Bond order, Bond stretch isomer, Borane, Bragg's law, Bravais lattice, Bremsstrahlung, Brian Kobilka, Brookite, Brucite, Calcite, Calcium fluoride, Cambridge Structural Database, Capsid, CATH database, Cefalexin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, ..., Charge-coupled device, Charles Glover Barkla, Chemical bond, Chemical structure, Chemical vapor deposition, CheMin, Chlorophyll, Cholesterol, Coherent diffraction imaging, Collimator, Compact disc, Complex conjugate, Complex number, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Compton scattering, Copper, Copper(II) sulfate, Cornell University Press, Corrin, Cosmos, Covalent bond, Crookes tube, Crown ether, Cryo bio-crystallography, Crystal, Crystal structure, Crystal twinning, Crystallographic database, Crystallographic defect, Crystallographic disorder, Crystallographic point group, Crystallography, Crystallography Open Database, Curiosity (rover), David Rittenhouse, Debye–Waller factor, Deformation (engineering), Degree (angle), Denaturation (biochemistry), Diamond, Difference density map, Diffraction, Diffraction grating, Direct methods (crystallography), Dislocation, DNA, Dorothy Hodgkin, Doxycycline, Drug design, DVD, Elastic scattering, Electromagnetic radiation, Electron, Electron crystallography, Electron density, Electron diffraction, Electron microscope, Electronics, Energy level, Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction, Englischer Garten, Erythromycin, Euclidean vector, Euler's formula, European Physical Journal H, Evgraf Fedorov, Ewald's sphere, Experiment, Fatty acid, Feldspar, Femtosecond, Ferrocene, Festival of Britain, Fiber diffraction, Forensic science, Fourier transform, Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Francis Crick, Free-electron laser, Fullerene, G protein–coupled receptor, Gamma ray, Garnet, Goniometer, Graphite, Greninger chart, Hartmut Michel, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Heavy water, Helen Megaw, Helium cryogenics, Heme, Hemoglobin, Henderson limit, Herbert A. 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Ab initio
Ab initio is a Latin term meaning "from the beginning" and is derived from the Latin ab ("from") + initio, ablative singular of initium ("beginning").
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Ada Yonath
Ada E. Yonath (עדה יונת.) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
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Albert W. Hull
Albert Wallace Hull (19 April 1880 – 22 January 1966) is an American physicist and electrical engineer who made contributions to the development of vacuum tubes, and invented the magnetron.
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Alloy
An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Ampicillin
Ampicillin is an antibiotic used to prevent and treat a number of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis.
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Amplitude
The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change over a single period (such as time or spatial period).
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Anatase
Anatase is a mineral form of titanium dioxide (TiO2).
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Annalen der Physik
Annalen der Physik (English: Annals of Physics) is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics and has been published since 1799.
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Annealing (metallurgy)
Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable.
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Anode
An anode is an electrode through which the conventional current enters into a polarized electrical device.
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Anomalous X-ray scattering
Anomalous X-ray scattering AXRS or XRAS is a non-destructive determination technique within X-ray diffraction that makes use of the anomalous dispersion that occurs when a wavelength is selected that is in the vicinity of an absorption edge of one of the constituent elements of the sample.
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Anthracene
Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of formula C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings.
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Aquaporin
Aquaporins, also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells.
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Arnold Sommerfeld
Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, (5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and mentored a large number of students for the new era of theoretical physics.
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Arthur Compton
Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his 1923 discovery of the Compton effect, which demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation.
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Arthur Moritz Schoenflies
Arthur Moritz Schoenflies (17 April 1853 – 27 May 1928), sometimes written as Schönflies, was a German mathematician, known for his contributions to the application of group theory to crystallography, and for work in topology.
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
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Atomic orbital
In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.
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ATP synthase
ATP synthase is an enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Auguste Bravais
Auguste Bravais (23 August 1811, Annonay, Ardèche – 30 March 1863, Le Chesnay, France) was a French physicist known for his work in crystallography, the conception of Bravais lattices, and the formulation of Bravais law.
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Autocorrelation
Autocorrelation, also known as serial correlation, is the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself as a function of delay.
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Azithromycin
Azithromycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Ångström
The ångström or angstrom is a unit of length equal to (one ten-billionth of a metre) or 0.1 nanometre.
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Basalt
Basalt is a common extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon.
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Beamline
In accelerator physics, a beamline refers to the trajectory of the beam of accelerated particles, including the overall construction of the path segment (vacuum tube, magnets, diagnostic devices) along a specific path of an accelerator facility.
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Beevers–Lipson strip
Beevers–Lipson strips were a computational aid for early crystallographers in calculating Fourier transforms to determine the structure of crystals from crystallographic data, enabling the creation of models for complex molecules.
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Benzathine benzylpenicillin
Benzathine benzylpenicillin, also known as benzathine penicillin G, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Benzene
Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.
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Benzylpenicillin
Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Biological membrane
A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things.
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Biological small-angle scattering
Biological small-angle scattering is a small-angle scattering method for structure analysis of biological materials.
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Bond order
Bond order is the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms.
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Bond stretch isomer
In chemistry, bond stretch isomerism is a concept of isomerism based on variations of bond length.
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Borane
Borane (systematically named trihydridoboron), also called borine, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.
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Bragg's law
In physics, Bragg's law, or Wulff–Bragg's condition, a special case of Laue diffraction, gives the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice.
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Bravais lattice
In geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice, named after, is an infinite array of discrete points in three dimensional space generated by a set of discrete translation operations described by: where ni are any integers and ai are known as the primitive vectors which lie in different directions and span the lattice.
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Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung, from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation"; i.e., "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation", is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.
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Brian Kobilka
Brian Kent Kobilka (born May 30, 1955) is an American physiologist and a recipient of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Robert Lefkowitz for discoveries that reveal the inner workings of an important family G protein-coupled receptors.
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Brookite
Brookite is the orthorhombic variant of titanium dioxide, TiO2, which occurs in four natural polymorphic forms (minerals with the same composition but different structure).
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Brucite
Brucite is the mineral form of magnesium hydroxide, with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.
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Calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
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Calcium fluoride
Calcium fluoride is the inorganic compound of the elements calcium and fluorine with the formula CaF2.
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Cambridge Structural Database
The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is both a repository and a validated and curated resource for the three-dimensional structural data of molecules generally containing at least carbon and hydrogen, comprising a wide range of organic, metal-organic and organometallic molecules.
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Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus.
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CATH database
The CATH Protein Structure Classification database is a free, publicly available online resource that provides information on the evolutionary relationships of protein domains.
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Cefalexin
Cefalexin, also spelled cephalexin, is an antibiotic that can treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Cefotaxime
Cefotaxime is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Ceftriaxone
Ceftriaxone, sold under the trade name Rocephin, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value.
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Charles Glover Barkla
Charles Glover Barkla FRS FRSE (7 June 1877 – 23 October 1944) was a British physicist, and the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917 for his work in X-ray spectroscopy and related areas in the study of X-rays (Roentgen rays).
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Chemical bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
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Chemical structure
A chemical structure determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid.
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Chemical vapor deposition
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is deposition method used to produce high quality, high-performance, solid materials, typically under vacuum.
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CheMin
CheMin, short for Chemistry and Mineralogy, is an instrument located in the interior of the ''Curiosity'' rover that is exploring the surface of Gale crater on Mars.
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.
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Coherent diffraction imaging
Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a “lensless” technique for 2D or 3D reconstruction of the image of nanoscale structures such as nanotubes, nanocrystals, porous nanocrystalline layers, defects, potentially proteins, and more.
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Collimator
A collimator is a device that narrows a beam of particles or waves.
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Compact disc
Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982.
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Complex conjugate
In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal real part and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
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Complex number
A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form, where and are real numbers, and is a solution of the equation.
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Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (English: Proceedings of the Academy of sciences), or simply Comptes rendus, is a French scientific journal which has been published since 1666.
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Compton scattering
Compton scattering, discovered by Arthur Holly Compton, is the scattering of a photon by a charged particle, usually an electron.
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Copper
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.
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Copper(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate, or copper sulphate, is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4(H2O)x, where x can range from 0 to 5.
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Cornell University Press
The Cornell University Press is a division of Cornell University housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.
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Corrin
Corrin is a heterocyclic compound.
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Cosmos
The cosmos is the universe.
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Covalent bond
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
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Crookes tube
A Crookes tube (also Crookes–Hittorf tube) is an early experimental electrical discharge tube, with partial vacuum, invented by English physicist William Crookes and others around 1869-1875, in which cathode rays, streams of electrons, were discovered.
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Crown ether
Crown ethers are cyclic chemical compounds that consist of a ring containing several ether groups.
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Cryo bio-crystallography
Cryo bio-crystallography is the application of crystallography at cryogenic temperatures.
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Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
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Crystal structure
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material.
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Crystal twinning
Crystal twinning occurs when two separate crystals share some of the same crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner.
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Crystallographic database
A crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals.
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Crystallographic defect
Crystalline solids exhibit a periodic crystal structure.
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Crystallographic disorder
In X-ray crystallography, crystallographic disorder describes the cocrystallization of more than one rotamer, conformer, or isomer where the center of mass of each form is identical or unresolvable.
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Crystallographic point group
In crystallography, a crystallographic point group is a set of symmetry operations, like rotations or reflections, that leave a central point fixed while moving other directions and faces of the crystal to the positions of features of the same kind.
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Crystallography
Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids (see crystal structure).
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Crystallography Open Database
The Crystallography Open Database (COD) is a database of crystal structures.
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Curiosity (rover)
Curiosity is a car-sized rover designed to explore Gale Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL).
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David Rittenhouse
David Rittenhouse (April 8, 1732 – June 26, 1796) was an American astronomer, inventor, clockmaker, mathematician, surveyor, scientific instrument craftsman, and public official.
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Debye–Waller factor
The Debye–Waller factor (DWF), named after Peter Debye and Ivar Waller, is used in condensed matter physics to describe the attenuation of x-ray scattering or coherent neutron scattering caused by thermal motion.
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Deformation (engineering)
In materials science, deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an object due to-.
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Degree (angle)
A degree (in full, a degree of arc, arc degree, or arcdegree), usually denoted by ° (the degree symbol), is a measurement of a plane angle, defined so that a full rotation is 360 degrees.
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Denaturation (biochemistry)
Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.
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Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.
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Difference density map
In X-ray crystallography, a difference density map shows the spatial distribution of the difference between the measured electron density of the crystal and the electron density explained by the current model.
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Diffraction
--> Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit.
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Diffraction grating
In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical component with a periodic structure that splits and diffracts light into several beams travelling in different directions.
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Direct methods (crystallography)
In crystallography, direct methods are a family of methods for estimating the phases of the Fourier transform of the scattering density from the corresponding magnitudes.
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Dislocation
In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Dorothy Hodgkin
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a British chemist who developed protein crystallography, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.
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Doxycycline
Doxycycline is an antibiotic that is used in the treatment of a number of types of infections caused by bacteria and protozoa.
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Drug design
Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target.
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DVD
DVD (an abbreviation of "digital video disc" or "digital versatile disc") is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips and Sony in 1995.
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Elastic scattering
Elastic scattering is a form of particle scattering in scattering theory, nuclear physics and particle physics.
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Electromagnetic radiation
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electron crystallography
Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
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Electron density
Electron density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at a specific location.
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Electron diffraction
Electron diffraction refers to the wave nature of electrons.
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Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.
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Electronics
Electronics is the discipline dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.
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Energy level
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy.
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Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction
Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is an analytical technique for characterizing materials.
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Englischer Garten
The Englischer Garten (English Garden) is a large public park in the centre of Munich, Bavaria, stretching from the city centre to the northeastern city limits.
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Erythromycin
Erythromycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Euclidean vector
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector (sometimes called a geometric or spatial vector, or—as here—simply a vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction.
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Euler's formula
Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function.
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European Physical Journal H
The European Physical Journal H: Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Physics (EPJ H) is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal which focuses on the history of modern physics.
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Evgraf Fedorov
Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov (Евгра́ф Степа́нович Фёдоров, – 21 May 1919) was a Russian mathematician, crystallographer and mineralogist.
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Ewald's sphere
The Ewald sphere is a geometric construction used in electron, neutron, and X-ray crystallography which demonstrates the relationship between: It was conceived by Paul Peter Ewald, a German physicist and crystallographer.
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Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
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Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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Feldspar
Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up about 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight.
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Femtosecond
A femtosecond is the SI unit of time equal to 10−15 or 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 of a second; that is, one quadrillionth, or one millionth of one billionth, of a second.
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Ferrocene
Ferrocene is an organometallic compound with the formula Fe(C5H5)2.
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Festival of Britain
The Festival of Britain was a national exhibition and fair that reached millions of visitors throughout the United Kingdom in the summer of 1951.
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Fiber diffraction
Fiber diffraction is a subarea of scattering, an area in which molecular structure is determined from scattering data (usually of X-rays, electrons or neutrons).
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Forensic science
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.
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Fourier transform
The Fourier transform (FT) decomposes a function of time (a signal) into the frequencies that make it up, in a way similar to how a musical chord can be expressed as the frequencies (or pitches) of its constituent notes.
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Francesco Maria Grimaldi
Francesco Maria Grimaldi (2 April 1618 – 28 December 1663) was an Italian Jesuit priest, mathematician and physicist who taught at the Jesuit college in Bologna.
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Francis Crick
Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 with James Watson, work which was based partly on fundamental studies done by Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling and Maurice Wilkins.
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Free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a kind of laser whose lasing medium consists of very-high-speed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron.
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Fullerene
A fullerene is a molecule of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes.
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G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.
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Gamma ray
A gamma ray or gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
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Garnet
Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.
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Goniometer
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position.
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Graphite
Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.
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Greninger chart
In crystallography, a Greninger chart is a chart that allows angular relations between zones and planes in a crystal to be directly read from an x-ray diffraction photograph.
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Hartmut Michel
Hartmut Michel (born 18 July 1948) is a German biochemist, who received the 1988 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, established on August 1, 1916, is an American National Park located in the U.S. state of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii.
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Heavy water
Heavy water (deuterium oxide) is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (or D, also known as heavy hydrogen), rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.
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Helen Megaw
Helen Dick Megaw (1 June 1907 – 26 February 2002) was an Irish crystallographer who was a pioneer in X-ray crystallography.
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Helium cryogenics
In the field of cryogenics, helium is utilized for a variety of reasons.
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Heme
Heme or haem is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands." The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands.
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.
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Henderson limit
The Henderson limit is the X-ray dose (energy per unit mass) a cryo-cooled crystal can absorb before the diffraction pattern decays to half of its original intensity.
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Herbert A. Hauptman
Herbert Aaron Hauptman (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician and Nobel laureate.
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Hexamethylbenzene
Hexamethylbenzene, also known as mellitene, is a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C12H18 and the condensed structural formula C6(CH3)6.
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Hexamethylenetetramine
Hexamethylenetetramine or methenamine is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH2)6N4.
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Hofmeister series
The Hofmeister series or lyotropic series is a classification of ions in order of their ability to salt out or salt in proteins.
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Host–guest chemistry
In supramolecular chemistry, host–guest chemistry describes complexes that are composed of two or more molecules or ions that are held together in unique structural relationships by forces other than those of full covalent bonds.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a partially electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen (H) which is bound to a more electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and another adjacent atom bearing a lone pair of electrons.
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Illinois Institute of Technology
Illinois Institute of Technology (Illinois Tech or IIT) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.
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Indium gallium arsenide phosphide
Indium gallium arsenide phosphide (x1−xy1−y) is a quaternary compound semiconductor material, an alloy of gallium arsenide and indium phosphide.
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Inorganic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry deals with the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds.
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Inorganic compound
An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks C-H bonds, that is, a compound that is not an organic compound, but the distinction is not defined or even of particular interest.
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Inorganic Crystal Structure Database
ICSD (standing for Inorganic Crystal Structure Database) is a database of inorganic crystal structure data.
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Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.
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Integral
In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data.
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Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
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Intensity (physics)
In physics, intensity is the power transferred per unit area, where the area is measured on the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the energy.
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International Union of Crystallography
The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU) and exists to serve the world community of crystallographers.
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International Year of Crystallography
The International Year of Crystallography (abbreviation: IYCr2014) is an event promoted in the year 2014 by the United Nations to celebrate the centenary of the discovery of X-ray crystallography and to emphasise the global importance of crystallography in human life.
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Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
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Ionic compound
In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding.
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Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
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Β-lactam antibiotic
β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures.
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James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.
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James Gregory (mathematician)
James Gregory FRS (November 1638 – October 1675) was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer.
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James Watson
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin.
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Jerome Karle
Jerome Karle (born Jerome Karfunkle; June 18, 1918 – June 6, 2013) was an American physical chemist.
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Joanna Maria Vandenberg
Joanna (Joka) Maria Vandenberg (born 1938) is a Dutch solid state chemist and crystallographer who immigrated to the United States in 1968.
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Johann Deisenhofer
Johann Deisenhofer (born September 30, 1943) is a German biochemist who, along with Hartmut Michel and Robert Huber, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1988 for their determination of the first crystal structure of an integral membrane protein, a membrane-bound complex of proteins and co-factors that is essential to photosynthesis.
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Johann F. C. Hessel
Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel (27 April 1796 – 3 June 1872) was a German physician (MD, University of Würzburg, 1817) and professor of mineralogy (PhD, University of Heidelberg, 1821) at the University of Marburg.
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.
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John Desmond Bernal
John Desmond Bernal (10 May 1901 – 15 September 1971) was an Irish scientist who pioneered the use of X-ray crystallography in molecular biology.
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John E. Walker
Sir John Ernest Walker One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: (born 7 January 1941) is a British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.
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John Kendrew
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, (24 March 1917 – 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist and crystallographer who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz; their group in the Cavendish Laboratory investigated the structure of heme-containing proteins.
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Joseph von Fraunhofer
Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer (6 March 1787 – 7 June 1826) was a Bavarian physicist and optical lens manufacturer.
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Journal of the American Chemical Society
The Journal of the American Chemical Society (also known as JACS) is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1879 by the American Chemical Society.
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Journal of the Chemical Society
The Journal of the Chemical Society was a scientific journal established by the Chemical Society in 1849 as the Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society.
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Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions
The Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published from 1905 until 1998.
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Kaolinite
Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4.
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Kathleen Lonsdale
Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, DBE, FRS (née Yardley; 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was an Irish crystallographer who proved, in 1929, that the benzene ring is flat by using X-ray diffraction methods to elucidate the structure of hexamethylbenzene.
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Kelvin
The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.
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Kilogram
The kilogram or kilogramme (symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK, also known as "Le Grand K" or "Big K"), a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy stored by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Saint-Cloud, France.
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Laser pointer
A laser pointer or laser pen is a small handheld device with a power source (usually a battery) and a laser diode emitting a very narrow coherent low-powered laser beam of visible light, intended to be used to highlight something of interest by illuminating it with a small bright spot of colored light.
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Lattice constant
The lattice constant, or lattice parameter, refers to the physical dimension of unit cells in a crystal lattice.
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Lawrence Bragg
Sir William Lawrence Bragg, (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure.
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Light
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, educator, and husband of American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling.
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Liquid nitrogen
Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature.
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Litre
The litre (SI spelling) or liter (American spelling) (symbols L or l, sometimes abbreviated ltr) is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies a volume of 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek — where it was a unit of weight, not volume — via Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in several subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI,, p. 124. ("Days" and "hours" are examples of other non-SI units that SI accepts.) although not an SI unit — the SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre", a spelling which is shared by almost all English-speaking countries. The spelling "liter" is predominantly used in American English. One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, because the kilogram was originally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice. Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact.
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Locard's exchange principle
In forensic science, Locard's exchange principle holds that the perpetrator of a crime will bring something into the crime scene and leave with something from it, and that both can be used as forensic evidence.
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Macrolide
The macrolides are a class of natural products that consist of a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached.
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Macromolecular assembly
The term macromolecular assembly (MA) refers to massive chemical structures such as viruses and non-biologic nanoparticles, cellular organelles and membranes and ribosomes, etc.
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Magnitude (mathematics)
In mathematics, magnitude is the size of a mathematical object, a property which determines whether the object is larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind.
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Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury.
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Martian soil
Martian soil is the fine regolith found on the surface of Mars.
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Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
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Maurice Wilkins
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born British physicist and molecular biologist, and Nobel laureate whose research contributed to the scientific understanding of phosphorescence, isotope separation, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and to the development of radar.
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Max Perutz
Max Ferdinand Perutz (19 May 1914 – 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist, who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin.
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Max von Laue
Max Theodor Felix von Laue (9 October 1879 – 24 April 1960) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.
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Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.
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Metal
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.
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Metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.
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Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
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Miller index
Miller indices form a notation system in crystallography for planes in crystal (Bravais) lattices.
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Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.
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Mineralogy
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.
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Molecular replacement
Molecular replacement (or MR) is a method of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Monochrome
Monochrome describes paintings, drawings, design, or photographs in one color or values of one color.
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Mosaicity
In crystallography, mosaicity is a measure of the spread of crystal plane orientations.
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Mother liquor
A mother liquor is the part of a solution that is left over after crystallization.
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Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion
Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (sometimes Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion; abbreviated MAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules (e.g. DNA, drug receptors) via solution of the phase problem.
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Multiple isomorphous replacement
Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) is historically the most common approach to solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography studies of proteins.
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Multipole density formalism
The Multipole Density Formalism (also referred to as Hansen-Coppens Formalism) is an X-ray crystallography method of electron density modelling proposed by Niels K. Hansen and Philip Coppens in 1978.
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Munich
Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.
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Myoglobin
Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals.
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Nanocrystalline material
A nanocrystalline (NC) material is a polycrystalline material with a crystallite size of only a few nanometers.
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Nanometre
The nanometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (m).
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Naphthalene
Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
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Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
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Neutron diffraction
Neutron diffraction or elastic neutron scattering is the application of neutron scattering to the determination of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material.
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Nicolas Steno
Nicolas Steno (Niels Steensen; Latinized to Nicolaus Stenonis or Nicolaus Stenonius; 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686 – Aber, James S. 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2012.) was a Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years.
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.
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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.
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Non-covalent interactions
A non-covalent interaction differs from a covalent bond in that it does not involve the sharing of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or within a molecule.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes.
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Nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.
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Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.
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Nucleic acid double helix
In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.
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Olivine
The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg2+, Fe2+)2SiO4.
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Organometallic chemistry
Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin, as well.
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Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database
Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database provides spatial positions of membrane protein structures with respect to the lipid bilayer.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Oxytetracycline
Oxytetracycline was the second of the broad-spectrum tetracycline group of antibiotics to be discovered.
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Pair production
Pair production is the creation of an elementary particle and its antiparticle from a neutral boson.
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Patterson function
The Patterson function is used to solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography.
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Paul Peter Ewald
Paul Peter Ewald, FRS (January 23, 1888 in Berlin, Germany – August 22, 1985 in Ithaca, New York) was a German crystallographer and physicist, a pioneer of X-ray diffraction methods.
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Paul Scherrer
Paul Hermann Scherrer (3 February 1890 – 25 September 1969) was a Swiss physicist.
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The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
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Penicillin
Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).
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Peter Agre
Peter Agre (born January 30, 1949) is an American physician and molecular biologist, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and director of the.
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Peter Debye
Peter Joseph William Debye (March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
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Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry (or medicine industry) is the commercial industry that discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as different types of medicine and medications.
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Phase (waves)
Phase is the position of a point in time (an instant) on a waveform cycle.
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Phase problem
In physics, the phase problem is the problem of loss of information concerning the phase that can occur when making a physical measurement.
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Photographic film
Photographic film is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals.
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Photographic plate
Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a capture medium in photography.
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Photon
The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).
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Photostimulated luminescence
Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is the release of stored energy within a phosphor by stimulation with visible light, to produce a luminescent signal.
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Photosynthetic reaction centre
A photosynthetic reaction centre is a complex of several proteins, pigments and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis.
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Phthalocyanine
Phthalocyanine (H2Pc) is a large, aromatic, macrocyclic, organic compound with the formula (C8H4N2)4H2 and is of theoretical or specialized interest.
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Picometre
The picometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: pm) or picometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to, or one trillionth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length.
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Plane wave
In the physics of wave propagation, a plane wave (also spelled planewave) is a wave whose wavefronts (surfaces of constant phase) are infinite parallel planes.
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Polarization (waves)
Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations.
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Polyethylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
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Polymorphism (materials science)
In materials science, polymorphism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure.
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Porphyrin
Porphyrins (/phɔɹfɚɪn/ ''POUR-fer-in'') are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (.
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Powder diffraction
Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials.
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Procaine benzylpenicillin
Procaine benzylpenicillin also known as penicillin G procaine, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Proceedings of the Royal Society
Proceedings of the Royal Society is the parent title of two scientific journals published by the Royal Society.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein Data Bank
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a crystallographic database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
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Ptychography
Ptychography (πτυχο-γραφία, from πτυχή.
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Pyrite
The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron(II) disulfide).
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Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere.
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Pyroxene
The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated to Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
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Quality control
Quality control, or QC for short, is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production.
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R-factor (crystallography)
In crystallography, the R-factor (sometimes called residual factor or reliability factor or the R-value or RWork) is a measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the experimental X-ray diffraction data.
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Radiation damage
This article deals with Radiation damage due to the effects of ionizing radiation on physical objects.
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Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff
Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, Sr. (born August 9, 1897 in Geneva, New York; died November 3, 1994 in Tucson, Arizona) was an American scientist and pioneer of X-ray crystallography.
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Real number
In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Reciprocal lattice
In physics, the reciprocal lattice represents the Fourier transform of another lattice (usually a Bravais lattice).
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Recrystallization (chemistry)
In chemistry, recrystallization is a technique used to purify chemicals.
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René Just Haüy
René Just Haüy FRS MWS FRSE (28 February 1743 – 3 June 1822) was a French priest and mineralogist, commonly styled the Abbé Haüy after he was made an honorary canon of Notre Dame.
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Resonance (chemistry)
In chemistry, resonance or mesomerism is a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the bonding cannot be expressed by one single Lewis structure.
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Ribonuclease
Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components.
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Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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Robert Huber
Robert Huber (born 20 February 1937) is a German biochemist and Nobel laureate.
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Rocknest (Mars)
Rocknest is a sand patch on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), in Gale crater on the planet Mars.
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Roderick MacKinnon
Roderick MacKinnon (born 19 February 1956) is a professor of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Peter Agre in 2003 for his work on the structure and operation of ion channels.
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Roger D. Kornberg
Roger David Kornberg (born April 24, 1947) is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine.
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Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite.
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Royal Institution
The Royal Institution of Great Britain (often abbreviated as the Royal Institution or Ri) is an organisation devoted to scientific education and research, based in London.
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Rutile
Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide (TiO2).
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Salt (chemistry)
In chemistry, a salt is an ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
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Sandwich compound
In organometallic chemistry, a sandwich compound is a chemical compound featuring a metal bound by haptic covalent bonds to two arene ligands.
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Scherrer equation
The Scherrer equation, in X-ray diffraction and crystallography, is a formula that relates the size of sub-micrometre particles, or crystallites, in a solid to the broadening of a peak in a diffraction pattern.
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Selenium
Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.
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Semiconductor
A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor – such as copper, gold etc.
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Siegbahn notation
The Siegbahn notation is used in X-ray spectroscopy to name the spectral lines that are characteristic to elements.
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Silicate
In chemistry, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where 0 ≤ x Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures, including chains and rings (as in polymeric metasilicate), double chains (as in, and sheets (as in. In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to mean silicate minerals, ionic solids with silicate anions; as well as rock types that consist predominantly of such minerals. In that context, the term also includes the non-ionic compound silicon dioxide (silica, quartz), which would correspond to x.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Single-wavelength anomalous dispersion
Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the structure of proteins or other biological macromolecules by allowing the solution of the phase problem.
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Small-angle X-ray scattering
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a small-angle scattering technique by which nanoscale density differences in a sample can be quantified.
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Snow
Snow refers to forms of ice crystals that precipitate from the atmosphere (usually from clouds) and undergo changes on the Earth's surface.
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Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride, also known as salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions.
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Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO3.
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Space group
In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of a configuration in space, usually in three dimensions.
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Spallation
Spallation is a process in which fragments of material (spall) are ejected from a body due to impact or stress.
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Spectral line
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.
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Sperm whale
The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) or cachalot is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.
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Spinel
Spinel is the magnesium aluminium member of the larger spinel group of minerals.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Stanford Moore
Stanford Moore (September 4, 1913 – August 23, 1982) was an American biochemist.
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Structural Classification of Proteins database
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a largely manual classification of protein structural domains based on similarities of their structures and amino acid sequences.
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Structure factor
In condensed matter physics and crystallography, the static structure factor (or structure factor for short) is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation.
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Subatomic particle
In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are particles much smaller than atoms.
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Supramolecular chemistry
file:Supramolecular Assembly Lehn.jpg |Self-Assembly of a Circular Double Helicate Cucurbituril gyroscope AngewChemIntEd 2002 v41 p275 hires.png|Host-guest complex within another host (cucurbit10uril) Rotaxane Crystal Structure EurJOrgChem page2565 year1998.png| Category:Chemistry.
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Synchrotron
A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path.
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Synchrotron radiation
Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung radiation) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially, i.e., when they are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity.
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Tetracycline
Tetracycline, sold under the brand name Sumycin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of infections.
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Tetracycline antibiotics
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics whose general usefulness has been reduced with the onset of antibiotic resistance.
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Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity (often denoted k, λ, or κ) is the property of a material to conduct heat.
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Thin film
A thin film is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer (monolayer) to several micrometers in thickness.
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Thomas A. Steitz
Thomas Arthur Steitz (born August 23, 1940) is a biochemist, a Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University, and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, best known for his pioneering work on the ribosome.
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Thomson scattering
Thomson scattering is the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism.
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Time resolved crystallography
Time resolved crystallography utilizes X-ray crystallography imaging to visualize reactions in four dimensions (x, y, z and time).
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Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Ultrafast x-ray
Ultrafast x-rays or ultrashort X-ray pulses are femtosecond x-ray pulses with wavelengths occurring at interatomic distances.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Unified atomic mass unit
The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).
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Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
Venkatraman "Venki" Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is an American and British structural biologist of Indian origin.
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Victor Goldschmidt
Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (Zürich, January 27, 1888 – March 20, 1947, Oslo) was a Norwegian mineralogist considered (together with Vladimir Vernadsky) to be the founder of modern geochemistry and crystal chemistry, developer of the Goldschmidt Classification of elements.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Vitamin
A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) which is an essential micronutrient - that is, a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism - but cannot synthesize it (either at all, or in sufficient quantities), and therefore it must be obtained through the diet.
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Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body: it is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
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Volt
The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.
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Wave
In physics, a wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space, with little or no associated mass transport.
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Wave interference
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude.
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Wave vector
In physics, a wave vector (also spelled wavevector) is a vector which helps describe a wave.
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Wavelength
In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
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Wide-angle X-ray scattering
Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) or wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) is an X-ray-diffraction technique that is often used to determine the crystalline structure of polymers.
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Wikisource
Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.
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Wilhelm Röntgen
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
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William Barlow (geologist)
William Barlow FRS (8 August 1845 – 28 February 1934) was an English amateur geologist specialising in crystallography.
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William Hallowes Miller
Prof William Hallowes Miller FRS HFRSE LLD DCL (6 April 1801 – 20 May 1880) was a Welsh mineralogist and laid the foundations of modern crystallography.
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William Henry Bragg
Sir William Henry Bragg (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquelyThis is still a unique accomplishment, because no other parent-child combination has yet shared a Nobel Prize (in any field).
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William Howard Stein
William Howard Stein (June 25, 1911 – February 2, 1980) was an American biochemist.
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William Lipscomb
William Nunn Lipscomb Jr. (December 9, 1919April 14, 2011) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist working in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry.
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Wurtzite
Wurtzite is a zinc iron sulfide mineral ((Zn,Fe)S) a less frequently encountered mineral form of sphalerite.
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X-ray
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
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X-ray filter
An X-ray filter is a material placed in front of an X-ray source in order to reduce the intensity of particular wavelengths from its spectrum and selectively alter the distribution of X-ray wavelengths within a given beam.
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X-ray spectroscopy
X-ray spectroscopy is a gathering name for several spectroscopic techniques for characterization of materials by using x-ray excitation.
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X-ray tube
An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into X-rays.
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Zeise's salt
Zeise's salt, potassium trichloro(ethene)platinate(II), is the chemical compound with the formula K·H2O.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography
