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254 relations: Acervulus, Aflatoxin, Algae, Alkaloid, American chestnut, Amoeba, Amorphothecaceae, Anastomosis, Aneuploidy, Antarctic, Antarctica, Antibiotic, Apple scab, Archaeorhizomycetes, Arctic, Arthoniomycetes, Ascocarp, Ascosphaera, Ascospore, Ascus, Aspergillus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus oryzae, Aureobasidium pullulans, Bacteria, Baker's yeast, Bark beetle, Basal (phylogenetics), Basidiomycota, Beer, Beta-glucan, Binomial nomenclature, Biopolymer, Brachymeiosis, Bread, Brie, Camembert, Candida (fungus), Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide, Carcinogen, Carnivorous fungus, Castanea sativa, Cell biology, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cellulose, ..., Chestnut blight, Chitin, Chromosome, Ciclosporin, Cladonia, Cladosporium, Cloning, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Collagen, Commensalism, Conidium, Cyanobacteria, Cytoplasm, Cyttaria, Decomposer, Deer, Desert, Detritivore, Dibotryon morbosum, Digestive enzyme, Dikarya, Discomycetes, DNA, Dothideomycetes, Dutch elm disease, Ecosystem, Embryology, Endophyte, Enzyme, Epidermophyton, Ergot, Ergotism, Ethanol, Eurotiomycetes, Form classification, Fungi imperfecti, Fungus, Fungus-growing ants, Gametangium, Gamete, Gastropoda, Genetic engineering, Genetic recombination, Genetics, Genome, Geoglossaceae, Gibberella zeae, Glomeromycota, Glucose, Gorgonzola, Greek language, Green algae, Growth hormone, Gyromitra esculenta, Heterothallism, Heterotroph, HIV/AIDS, Homologous chromosome, Homothallism, Honey bee, Huangjiu, Hymenium, Hypha, Hyphomycetes, Hypomyces lactifluorum, Immunosuppression, In vitro, In vivo, Infection, Insect, Insulin, Karyogamy, Keratin, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, Lahmiales, Larva, Leaf curl, Leafcutter ant, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, Lichen, Lichinomycetes, Lignin, List of Ascomycota families incertae sedis, List of Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, List of mitosporic Ascomycota, Magnaporthe grisea, Maize, Mammal, Mating, Mating type, Meiosis, Melanin, Miles Joseph Berkeley, Mitosis, Mitotic recombination, Model organism, Mold, Molecular phylogenetics, Monilinia, Monophyly, Morchella, Morphology (biology), Mucoromycotina, Multinucleate, Multiple sclerosis, Mutualism (biology), Mycelium, Mycorrhiza, Mycotoxin, Nematode, Neolecta, Neotyphodium, Neurospora crassa, Nothofagus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Ophiostoma ulmi, Orbiliomycetes, Organ transplantation, Organic compound, Osmotic pressure, Parasexual cycle, Parasitism, Pathogen, Penicillin, Penicillium, Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium roqueforti, Pezizaceae, Pezizomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Phenotypic switching, Phialide, Photosynthesis, Phototroph, Phylogenetics, Phylum, Physiology, Pigment, Plant pathology, Plasmogamy, Pleomorphism (microbiology), Pneumocystidomycetes, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Pneumonia, Powdery mildew, Protist, Pupa, Pycnidium, Rodent, Roquefort, Rotifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycotina, Sake, Sarcoscypha coccinea, Schizosaccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Schizosaccharomycetes, Scolytus multistriatus, Seed dispersal, Sexual reproduction, Sooty mold, Sordariomycetes, Southern Hemisphere, Soy sauce, Sparkling wine, Species, Spindle apparatus, Spore, Sporocarp (fungi), Springtail, Stachybotrys chartarum, Stilton cheese, Subphylum, Sucrose, Symbiosis, Taphrina, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinomycetes, Taphrinomycotina, Tardigrade, Taxon, Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph, Telophase, Termite, Thallus, Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Tolypocladium inflatum, Trichogyne, Trichophyton, Truffle, Uncinula necator, Uninucleate, Vomitoxin, Wild boar, Wine, Xylaria, Yeast, Zygote. Expand index (204 more) »
Acervulus
An acervulus (pl. acervuli) is a small asexual fruiting body that erupts through the epidermis of host plants parasitised by mitosporic fungi of the form order Melanconiales (Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes).
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Aflatoxin
Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains.
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Algae
Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.
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Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
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American chestnut
The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is a large, monoecious deciduous tree of the beech family native to eastern North America.
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Amoeba
An amoeba (rarely spelled amœba, US English spelled ameba; plural am(o)ebas or am(o)ebae), often called amoeboid, is a type of cell or organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.
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Amorphothecaceae
The Amorphothecaceae are a family of fungi in the division Ascomycota.
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Anastomosis
An anastomosis (plural anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams.
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Aneuploidy
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
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Antarctic
The Antarctic (US English, UK English or and or) is a polar region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole.
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Antarctica
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Apple scab
Apple scab is a disease of Malus trees, such as apple trees, caused by the ascomycete fungus Venturia inaequalis.
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Archaeorhizomycetes
Archaeorhizomycetes is an class of fungi in the subdivision Taphrinomycotina of the Ascomycota.
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Arctic
The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth.
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Arthoniomycetes
Arthoniomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
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Ascocarp
An ascocarp, or ascoma (plural: ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus.
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Ascosphaera
Ascosphaera is a genus of fungi in the family Ascosphaeraceae. It was described in 1955 by mycologists Charles F. Splitoir and Lindsay S. Olive. Members of the genus are insect pathogens. The type species, A. apis, causes chalkbrood disease in honey bees. The reproductive ascospores of the fungus are produced within a unique structure, the spore cyst, or sporocyst.
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Ascospore
An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus.
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Ascus
An ascus (plural asci; from Greek ἀσκός 'skin bag') is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi.
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Aspergillus
Aspergillus is a genus consisting of a few hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.
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Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.
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Aspergillus nidulans
Aspergillus nidulans (also called Emericella nidulans when referring to its sexual form, or teleomorph) is one of many species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.
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Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus oryzae, known in English as, is a filamentous fungus (a mold) used in Chinese and other East Asian cuisines to ferment soybeans for making soy sauce and fermented bean paste, and also to saccharify rice, other grains, and potatoes in the making of alcoholic beverages such as huangjiu, sake, makgeolli, and shōchū.
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Aureobasidium pullulans
Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous black, yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments (e.g. soil, water, air and limestone).
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Baker's yeast
Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used as a leavening agent in baking bread and bakery products, where it converts the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol.
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Bark beetle
A bark beetle is one of about 220 genera with 6,000 species of beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae.
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Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
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Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi.
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Beer
Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea.
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Beta-glucan
β-Glucans (beta-glucans) comprise a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source.
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Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system") also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.
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Biopolymer
Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules.
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Brachymeiosis
Brachymeiosis was a hypothesized irregularity in the sexual reproduction of ascomycete fungi, a variant of meiosis following an "extra" karyogamy (nuclear fusion) step.
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Bread
Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking.
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Brie
Brie is a soft cow's-milk cheese named after Brie, the French region from which it originated (roughly corresponding to the modern département of Seine-et-Marne).
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Camembert
Camembert is a moist, soft, creamy, surface-ripened cow's milk cheese.
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Candida (fungus)
Candida is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide.
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.
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Candidiasis
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida (a type of yeast).
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Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
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Carnivorous fungus
Carnivorous fungi or predaceous fungi are fungi that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and eating microscopic or other minute animals.
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Castanea sativa
Castanea sativa, or sweet chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.
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Cell biology
Cell biology (also called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, the basic unit of life.
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
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Chestnut blight
The pathogenic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (formerly Endothia parasitica) is a member of the Ascomycota (sac fungi) taxon.
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Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n, a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, is a derivative of glucose.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Ciclosporin
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is an immunosuppressant medication and natural product.
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Cladonia
Cladonia (cup lichen) is a genus of moss-like lichens in the family Cladoniaceae.
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Cladosporium
Cladosporium is a genus of fungi including some of the most common indoor and outdoor molds.
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Cloning
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially.
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Cochliobolus heterostrophus
Cochliobolus heterostrophus is a fungal plant pathogen.
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Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.
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Commensalism
Commensalism is a long term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species are neither benefited nor harmed.
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Conidium
A conidium (plural conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (plural chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Cyttaria
Cyttaria is a genus of ascomycete fungi.
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Decomposer
Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so, they carry out the natural process of decomposition.
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Deer
Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.
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Desert
A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.
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Detritivore
Detritivores, also known as detrivores, detritophages, detritus feeders, or detritus eaters, are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces).
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Dibotryon morbosum
Dibotryon morbosum or Apiosporina morbosa is a plant pathogen, which is the causal agent of black knot.
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Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body.
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Dikarya
Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce dikaryons, may be filamentous or unicellular, but are always without flagella.
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Discomycetes
Discomycetes is a former taxonomic class of Ascomycete fungi which contains all of the cup, sponge, brain, and some club-like fungi.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Dothideomycetes
Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi.
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Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles.
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.
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Embryology
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.
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Endophyte
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Epidermophyton
Epidermophyton is a genus of fungus causing superficial and cutaneous mycoses, including E. floccosum, and causes tinea corporis (ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), and tinea unguium (fungal infection of the nail bed).
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Ergot
Ergot (pron.) or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.
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Ergotism
Ergotism (pron.) is the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, traditionally due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus that infects rye and other cereals, and more recently by the action of a number of ergoline-based drugs.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Eurotiomycetes
The Eurotiomycetes are a class of ascomycetes within the subphylum Pezizomycotina.
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Form classification
Form classification is the classification of organisms based on their morphology, which does not necessarily reflect their biological relationships.
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Fungi imperfecti
The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi, also known as Deuteromycota, are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed.
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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Fungus-growing ants
Fungus-growing ants (tribe Attini) comprise all the known fungus-growing ant species participating in ant-fungus mutualism.
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Gametangium
A gametangium (plural: gametangia) is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants.
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Gamete
A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμετή gamete from gamein "to marry") is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce.
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Gastropoda
The gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca, called Gastropoda.
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Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
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Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination (aka genetic reshuffling) is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Geoglossaceae
Geoglossaceae is a family of fungi in the order Geoglossales, class Geoglossomycetes.
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Gibberella zeae
Gibberella zeae, also known by the name of its anamorph Fusarium graminearum, is a plant pathogen which causes fusarium head blight, a devastating disease on wheat and barley.
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Glomeromycota
Glomeromycota (informally glomeromycetes) is one of eight currently recognized divisions within the kingdom Fungi, with approximately 230 described species.
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Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
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Gorgonzola
Gorgonzola is a veined Italian blue cheese, made from unskimmed cow's milk.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia.
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Growth hormone
Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.
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Gyromitra esculenta
Gyromitra esculenta, is an ascomycete fungus from the genus Gyromitra, widely distributed across Europe and North America.
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Heterothallism
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals.
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Heterotroph
A heterotroph (Ancient Greek ἕτερος héteros.
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Homologous chromosome
A couple of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis.
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Homothallism
Homothallic refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually; i.e., having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus.
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Honey bee
A honey bee (or honeybee) is any member of the genus Apis, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax.
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Huangjiu
Huangjiu, often translated as yellow wine, is a type of Chinese alcoholic beverage made from water, cereal grains such as rice, sorghum, millet, or wheat, and a jiuqu starter culture.
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Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores.
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Hypha
A hypha (plural hyphae, from Greek ὑφή, huphḗ, "web") is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.
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Hyphomycetes
Hyphomycetes are a form classification of Fungi, part of what has often been referred to as Fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi.
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Hypomyces lactifluorum
The Lobster mushroom, Hypomyces lactifluorum, contrary to its common name, is not a mushroom, but rather a parasitic ascomycete fungus that grows on certain species of mushrooms, turning them a reddish orange color that resembles the outer shell of a cooked lobster.
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Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Insect
Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.
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Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.
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Karyogamy
Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei.
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Keratin
Keratin is one of a family of fibrous structural proteins.
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Laboulbeniales
The Laboulbeniales is an order of Fungi within the class Laboulbeniomycetes.
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Laboulbeniomycetes
The Laboulbeniomycetes are a unique group of fungi that are apparent external parasites of insects and other arthropods, both terrestrial and aquatic.
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Lahmiales
The Lahmiales are an order of fungi in the Ascomycota, or sac fungi.
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Larva
A larva (plural: larvae) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults.
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Leaf curl
Leaf curl is a plant disease characterized by curling of leaves, and caused by a fungus, genus Taphrina, or virus, especially genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae.
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Leafcutter ant
Leafcutter ants, a non-generic name, are any of 47 species of leaf-chewing ants belonging to the two genera Atta and Acromyrmex.
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Lecanoromycetes
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi.
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Leotiomycetes
The Leotiomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
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Lichen
A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.
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Lichinomycetes
Lichinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
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Lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form important structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linked phenolic polymers.
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List of Ascomycota families incertae sedis
The following fungal families have not been taxonomically classified in any of the classes or orders accepted in the current classification of the Ascomycota with a high degree of probability (incertae sedis).
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List of Ascomycota genera incertae sedis
This is a list of genera in the Ascomycota phylum of fungi with uncertain taxonomic placement (incertae sedis).
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List of mitosporic Ascomycota
The mitosporic Ascomycota are a heterogeneous group of ascomycotic fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state; many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.
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Magnaporthe grisea
Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, and Johnson spot, is a plant-pathogenic fungus that causes a serious disease affecting rice.
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Mating
In biology, mating (or mateing in British English) is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms, usually for the purposes of sexual reproduction.
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Mating type
Mating types are molecular mechanisms that regulate compatibility in sexually reproducing eukaryotes.
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Meiosis
Meiosis (from Greek μείωσις, meiosis, which means lessening) is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.
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Melanin
Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.
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Miles Joseph Berkeley
Miles Joseph Berkeley (1 April 1803 – 30 July 1889) was an English cryptogamist and clergyman, and one of the founders of the science of plant pathology.
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Mitosis
In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
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Mitotic recombination
Mitotic recombination is a type of genetic recombination that may occur in somatic cells during their preparation for mitosis in both sexual and asexual organisms.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Mold
A mold or mould (is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.
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Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominately in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.
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Monilinia
Monilinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Morchella
Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi in the order Pezizales (division Ascomycota).
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Morphology (biology)
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
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Mucoromycotina
Mucoromycotina is a subdivision of Fungi of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
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Multinucleate
Multinucleate cells (also called multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm.
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Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
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Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism or interspecific cooperation is the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other.
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Mycelium
Fungal mycelium Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.
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Mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης mýkēs, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular host plant.
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Mycotoxin
A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικόν toxikon, "poison") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.
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Nematode
The nematodes or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes).
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Neolecta
Neolecta is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that have fruiting bodies in the shape of unbranched to lobed bright yellowish, orangish to pale yellow-green colored, club-shaped, smooth, fleshy columns up to about 7 cm tall.
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Neotyphodium
Neotyphodium is a genus of endophytic fungi symbiotic with grasses.
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Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota.
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Nothofagus
Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and New Caledonia).
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Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (formerly known as Cordyceps sinensis) is an entomopathogenic fungus (a fungus that grows on insects) found in mountainous regions of Nepal and Tibet.
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Ophiostoma ulmi
Ophiostoma ulmi is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae.
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Orbiliomycetes
Orbiliomycetes are a class of fungi in the Ascomycota.
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Organ transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane.
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Parasexual cycle
The parasexual cycle, a process peculiar to fungi and single-celled organisms, is a nonsexual mechanism of parasexuality for transferring genetic material without meiosis or the development of sexual structures.
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Parasitism
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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Penicillin
Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).
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Penicillium
Penicillium ascomycetous fungi are of major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production.
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Penicillium camemberti
Penicillium camemberti is a species of fungus in the family Trichocomaceae.
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Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum or P. notatum (formerly) is a species of fungus in the family Trichocomaceae.
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Penicillium italicum
Penicillium italicum is a plant pathogen.
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Penicillium roqueforti
Penicillium roqueforti is a common saprotrophic fungus from the family Trichocomaceae.
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Pezizaceae
The Pezizaceae (commonly referred to as cup fungi) are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota which produce mushrooms that tends to grow in the shape of a "cup".
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Pezizomycetes
Pezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the division Ascomycota.
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Pezizomycotina
Pezizomycotina make up majority of the Ascomycota fungi and includes most lichenized fungi too.
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Phenotypic switching
Phenotypic switching is switching between multiple cellular morphologies.
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Phialide
The phialide (phialis, diminutive of phiale, a broad, flat vessel) is a flask-shaped projection from the vesicle (dilated part of the top of conidiophore) of certain fungi.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Phototroph
Phototrophs (Gr: φῶς, φωτός.
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Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.
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Phylum
In biology, a phylum (plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Class.
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Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
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Pigment
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.
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Plant pathology
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
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Plasmogamy
Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.
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Pleomorphism (microbiology)
In microbiology, pleomorphism (from greek πλέω- more, and -μορφή form) is the ability of some micro-organisms to alter their shape or size in response to environmental conditions.
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Pneumocystidomycetes
The Pneumocystidomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
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Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumocystis jirovecii (previously P. carinii) is a yeast-like fungus of the genus Pneumocystis.
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.
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Powdery mildew
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants.
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Protist
A protist is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungus.
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Pupa
A pupa (pūpa, "doll"; plural: pūpae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages.
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Pycnidium
A pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is an asexual fruiting body produced by mitosporic fungi in the form order Sphaeropsidales (Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes).
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Rodent
Rodents (from Latin rodere, "to gnaw") are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.
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Roquefort
Roquefort (or;; from Occitan ròcafòrt) is a sheep milk cheese from the south of France, and together with Bleu d'Auvergne, Stilton, and Gorgonzola is one of the world's best known blue cheeses.
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Rotifer
The rotifers (Rotifera, commonly called wheel animals) make up a phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.
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Saccharomycetes
Saccharomycetes belongs to the kingdom of Fungi and the division Ascomycota.
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Saccharomycotina
Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the Kingdom Fungi.
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Sake
, also spelled saké, also referred to as a Japanese rice wine, is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran.
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Sarcoscypha coccinea
Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, scarlet elf cap, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales.
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Schizosaccharomyces
Schizosaccharomyces is a genus of fission yeasts.
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Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology.
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Schizosaccharomycetes
Schizosaccharomycetes is a class in the kingdom of fungi.
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Scolytus multistriatus
Scolytus multistriatus, the European elm bark beetle or smaller European elm bark beetle, is a bark beetle species in the genus Scolytus.
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Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant.
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm.
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Sooty mold
Sooty mold is a collective term for different Ascomycete fungi, which includes many genera, commonly Cladosporium and Alternaria.
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Sordariomycetes
Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota), consisting of 28 orders, 90 families, 1344 genera.
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Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the Equator.
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Soy sauce
Soy sauce (also called soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds.
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Sparkling wine
Sparkling wine is a wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide in it, making it fizzy.
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.
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Spindle apparatus
In cell biology, the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle) refers to the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.
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Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.
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Sporocarp (fungi)
In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne.
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Springtail
Springtails (Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura).
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Stachybotrys chartarum
Stachybotrys chartarum, also called Stachybotrys atra, Stachybotrys alternans or Stilbospora chartarum, is a black mold that produces its conidia in slime heads.
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Stilton cheese
Stilton is an English cheese, produced in two varieties: Blue, known for its characteristic strong smell and taste, and the lesser-known White.
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Subphylum
In zoological nomenclature, a subphylum is a taxonomic rank below the rank of phylum.
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Sucrose
Sucrose is common table sugar.
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Symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
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Taphrina
Taphrina is a fungal genus within the Ascomycota that causes leaf and catkin curl diseases and witch's brooms of certain flowering plants.
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Taphrina deformans
Taphrina deformans is a fungus and plant pathogen, and a causal agent of peach leaf curl.
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Taphrinomycetes
The Taphrinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi belonging to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina.
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Taphrinomycotina
The Taphrinomycotina are one of three subdivisions constituting the Ascomycota (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus) and is more or less synonymous with the slightly older invalid name Archiascomycetes (sometimes spelled Archaeascomycetes; archea.
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Tardigrade
Tardigrades (also known colloquially as water bears, or moss piglets) are water-dwelling, eight-legged, segmented micro-animals.
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Taxon
In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from taxonomy) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
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Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
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Telophase
Telophase (from the Greek τέλος (télos), "end" and φάσις (phásis), "stage") is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell.
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Termite
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea.
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Thallus
Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek θαλλός (thallos), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the undifferentiated vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria.
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Thomas Cavalier-Smith
Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow (born 21 October 1942), is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford.
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Tolypocladium inflatum
Tolypocladium inflatum is an ascomycete fungus originally isolated from a Norwegian soil sample that, under certain conditions, produces the immunosuppressant drug ciclosporin.
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Trichogyne
;NOTE This is about the plant genus.
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Trichophyton
Trichophyton is a genus of fungi, which includes the parasitic varieties that cause tinea, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp.
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Truffle
A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean Ascomycete fungus, predominantly one of the many species of the genus Tuber.
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Uncinula necator
Uncinula necator (syn. Erysiphe necator) is a fungus that causes powdery mildew of grape.
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Uninucleate
No description.
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Vomitoxin
Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpenoid.
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Wild boar
The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine,Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988), Volume I, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, pp.
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Wine
Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients.
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Xylaria
Xylaria is a genus of ascomycetous fungi commonly found growing on dead wood.
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Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
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Zygote
A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zygōtos "joined" or "yoked", from ζυγοῦν zygoun "to join" or "to yoke") is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.
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Ascomycetae, Ascomycete, Ascomycetes, Ascomycetous, Ascomycotina, Hormoconis resinae, Sac Fungi, Sac fungi, Sac fungus.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota
