Table of Contents
332 relations: A Counterblaste to Tobacco, Abdomen, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Acetaldehyde, Acrolein, Acute coronary syndrome, Addiction, Adduct, Adolescence, Adrenaline, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Aflatoxin, Alertness, Alkylation, Altitude sickness, Alzheimer's disease, American Journal of Epidemiology, American Lung Association, American Psychologist, American Public Health Association, Amitriptyline, Angiogenesis, Animal testing, Animal testing on rodents, Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany, Antiseptic, Aorta, Aortic aneurysm, Apoptosis, Arteriosclerosis, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Asthma, Atheroma, Atherosclerosis, Attentional control, Austin Bradford Hill, AZGP1, Bacillus anthracis, Bad breath, Basal-cell carcinoma, BBC, Becquerel, Beedi, Benzopyrene, BioMed Central, Bladder cancer, Blood pressure, Blood vessel, Bone fracture, Breast cancer, ... Expand index (282 more) »
A Counterblaste to Tobacco
A Counterblaste to Tobacco is a treatise written by King James VI of Scotland and I of England in 1604, in which he expresses his distaste for tobacco, particularly tobacco smoking.
See Health effects of tobacco and A Counterblaste to Tobacco
Abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.
See Health effects of tobacco and Abdomen
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50% larger than normal.
See Health effects of tobacco and Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde (IUPAC systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3 CHO, sometimes abbreviated as MeCHO.
See Health effects of tobacco and Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrolein (systematic name: propenal) is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde.
See Health effects of tobacco and Acrolein
Acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies.
See Health effects of tobacco and Acute coronary syndrome
Addiction
Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences.
See Health effects of tobacco and Addiction
Adduct
In chemistry, an adduct (alternatively, a contraction of "addition product") is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components.
See Health effects of tobacco and Adduct
Adolescence
Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood (typically corresponding to the age of majority).
See Health effects of tobacco and Adolescence
Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration).
See Health effects of tobacco and Adrenaline
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer originating in the cortex (steroid hormone-producing tissue) of the adrenal gland.
See Health effects of tobacco and Adrenocortical carcinoma
Aflatoxin
Aflatoxins are various poisonous carcinogens and mutagens that are produced by certain molds, particularly Aspergillus species mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
See Health effects of tobacco and Aflatoxin
Alertness
Alertness is a state of active attention characterized by high sensory awareness.
See Health effects of tobacco and Alertness
Alkylation
Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group.
See Health effects of tobacco and Alkylation
Altitude sickness
Altitude sickness, the mildest form being acute mountain sickness (AMS), is a harmful effect of high altitude, caused by rapid exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high elevation.
See Health effects of tobacco and Altitude sickness
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.
See Health effects of tobacco and Alzheimer's disease
American Journal of Epidemiology
The American Journal of Epidemiology (AJE) is a peer-reviewed journal for empirical research findings, opinion pieces, and methodological developments in the field of epidemiological research.
See Health effects of tobacco and American Journal of Epidemiology
American Lung Association
The American Lung Association is a voluntary health organization whose mission is to save lives by improving lung health and preventing lung disease through education, advocacy and research.
See Health effects of tobacco and American Lung Association
American Psychologist
American Psychologist is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association.
See Health effects of tobacco and American Psychologist
American Public Health Association
The American Public Health Association (APHA) is a Washington, D.C.-based professional membership and advocacy organization for public health professionals in the United States.
See Health effects of tobacco and American Public Health Association
Amitriptyline
Amitriptyline, sold under the brand name Elavil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, and a variety of pain syndromes such as neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, migraine and tension headaches.
See Health effects of tobacco and Amitriptyline
Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis.
See Health effects of tobacco and Angiogenesis
Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
See Health effects of tobacco and Animal testing
Animal testing on rodents
Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly mice and rats, but also guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils and others.
See Health effects of tobacco and Animal testing on rodents
Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany
In the early 20th century, German researchers found additional evidence linking smoking to health harms, which strengthened the anti-tobacco movement in the Weimar Republic and led to a state-supported anti-smoking campaign.
See Health effects of tobacco and Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany
Antiseptic
An antiseptic (lit and label) is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of sepsis, infection or putrefaction.
See Health effects of tobacco and Antiseptic
Aorta
The aorta (aortas or aortae) is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, branching upwards immediately after, and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits at the aortic bifurcation into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries).
See Health effects of tobacco and Aorta
Aortic aneurysm
An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement (dilatation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size.
See Health effects of tobacco and Aortic aneurysm
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from falling off) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast.
See Health effects of tobacco and Apoptosis
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis, literally meaning "hardening of the arteries", is an umbrella term for a vascular disorder characterized by abnormal thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries; this process gradually restricts the blood flow to one's organs and tissues and can lead to severe health risks brought on by atherosclerosis, which is a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by the buildup of fatty plaques, cholesterol, and some other substances in and on the artery walls (it can be brought on by smoking, a bad diet, or many genetic factors).
See Health effects of tobacco and Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published on behalf of the American Heart Association by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, an imprint of Wolters Kluwer.
See Health effects of tobacco and Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
Asthma
Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
See Health effects of tobacco and Asthma
Atheroma
An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the inner layer of an arterial wall.
See Health effects of tobacco and Atheroma
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries.
See Health effects of tobacco and Atherosclerosis
Attentional control
Attentional control, colloquially referred to as concentration, refers to an individual's capacity to choose what they pay attention to and what they ignore.
See Health effects of tobacco and Attentional control
Austin Bradford Hill
Sir Austin Bradford Hill (8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991) was an English epidemiologist who pioneered the modern randomised clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, demonstrated the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
See Health effects of tobacco and Austin Bradford Hill
AZGP1
Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AZGP1 gene.
See Health effects of tobacco and AZGP1
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium that causes anthrax, a deadly disease to livestock and, occasionally, to humans.
See Health effects of tobacco and Bacillus anthracis
Bad breath
Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present.
See Health effects of tobacco and Bad breath
Basal-cell carcinoma
Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), also known as basal-cell cancer, basalioma or rodent ulcer, is the most common type of skin cancer.
See Health effects of tobacco and Basal-cell carcinoma
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.
See Health effects of tobacco and BBC
Becquerel
The becquerel (symbol: Bq) is the unit of radioactivity in the International System of Units (SI).
See Health effects of tobacco and Becquerel
Beedi
A beedi (also spelled bidi or biri) is a thin cigarette or mini-cigar filled with tobacco flake and commonly wrapped in a tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) or Piliostigma racemosum leaf tied with a string or adhesive at one end.
See Health effects of tobacco and Beedi
Benzopyrene
A benzopyrene is an organic compound with the formula C20H12.
See Health effects of tobacco and Benzopyrene
BioMed Central
BioMed Central (BMC) is a United Kingdom-based, for-profit scientific open access publisher that produces over 250 scientific journals.
See Health effects of tobacco and BioMed Central
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder.
See Health effects of tobacco and Bladder cancer
Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.
See Health effects of tobacco and Blood pressure
Blood vessel
Blood vessels are the structures of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body.
See Health effects of tobacco and Blood vessel
Bone fracture
A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body.
See Health effects of tobacco and Bone fracture
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue.
See Health effects of tobacco and Breast cancer
British Doctors Study
The British Doctors' Study was a prospective cohort study which ran from 1951 to 2001, and in 1956 provided convincing statistical evidence that tobacco smoking increases risk of lung cancer.
See Health effects of tobacco and British Doctors Study
Bronchus
A bronchus (bronchi) is a passage or airway in the lower respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.
See Health effects of tobacco and Bronchus
Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.
See Health effects of tobacco and Caffeine
Calmness
Calmness is the mental state of peace of mind, being free from agitation, excitement, or disturbance.
See Health effects of tobacco and Calmness
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cancer
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention is a peer-reviewed medical journal devoted to research in the field of cancer epidemiology.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cannabis (drug)
Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cannabis (drug)
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air.
See Health effects of tobacco and Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning typically occurs from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels.
See Health effects of tobacco and Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly-related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion.
See Health effects of tobacco and Carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any agent that promotes the development of cancer.
See Health effects of tobacco and Carcinogen
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cardiovascular disease
Case–control study
A case–control study (also known as case–referent study) is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute.
See Health effects of tobacco and Case–control study
Causality
Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause.
See Health effects of tobacco and Causality
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix or in the any layer of the wall of the cervix.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cervical cancer
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
See Health effects of tobacco and Chemical reaction
Chewing tobacco
Chewing tobacco is a type of smokeless tobacco product that is placed between the cheek and lower gum to draw out its flavor.
See Health effects of tobacco and Chewing tobacco
Chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of long-term kidney disease, in which either there is a gradual loss of kidney function occurs over a period of months to years, or abnormal kidney structure (with normal function).
See Health effects of tobacco and Chronic kidney disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation.
See Health effects of tobacco and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cigar
A cigar is a tobacco product made to be smoked.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cigar
Cigarette
A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing a combustible material, typically tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cigarette
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.
See Health effects of tobacco and Circulatory system
Cocaine
Cocaine (from, from, ultimately from Quechua: kúka) is a tropane alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cocaine
Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease (British English) or celiac disease (American English) is a long-term autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine, where individuals develop intolerance to gluten, present in foods such as wheat, rye and barley.
See Health effects of tobacco and Coeliac disease
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).
See Health effects of tobacco and Colorectal cancer
Confounding
In causal inference, a confounder is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association.
See Health effects of tobacco and Confounding
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial ischemia, or simply heart disease, involves the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart.
See Health effects of tobacco and Coronary artery disease
Correlation does not imply causation
The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" refers to the inability to legitimately deduce a cause-and-effect relationship between two events or variables solely on the basis of an observed association or correlation between them.
See Health effects of tobacco and Correlation does not imply causation
Cotinine
Cotinine is an alkaloid found in tobacco and is also the predominant metabolite of nicotine, typically used as a biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cotinine
Cough
A cough is a sudden expulsion of air through the large breathing passages which can help clear them of fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cough
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
See Health effects of tobacco and COVID-19
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract.
See Health effects of tobacco and Crohn's disease
Crotonaldehyde
Crotonaldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula CH3CH.
See Health effects of tobacco and Crotonaldehyde
Curie (unit)
The curie (symbol Ci) is a non-SI unit of radioactivity originally defined in 1910.
See Health effects of tobacco and Curie (unit)
Cyanide
In chemistry, cyanide is a chemical compound that contains a functional group.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cyanide
Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases.
See Health effects of tobacco and Cytochrome P450
Developed country
A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
See Health effects of tobacco and Developed country
Developing country
A developing country is a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.
See Health effects of tobacco and Developing country
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.
See Health effects of tobacco and Diabetes
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy, also known as diabetic kidney disease, is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus.
See Health effects of tobacco and Diabetic nephropathy
Dipping tobacco
Dipping tobacco is a type of finely ground or shredded, moistened smokeless tobacco product.
See Health effects of tobacco and Dipping tobacco
Dizziness
Dizziness is an imprecise term that can refer to a sense of disorientation in space, vertigo, or lightheadedness.
See Health effects of tobacco and Dizziness
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
See Health effects of tobacco and DNA
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells.
See Health effects of tobacco and Dopamine
Dopaminergic
Dopaminergic means "related to dopamine" (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter.
See Health effects of tobacco and Dopaminergic
Dresden
Dresden (Upper Saxon: Dräsdn; Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and it is the second most populous city after Leipzig.
See Health effects of tobacco and Dresden
Drug tolerance
Drug tolerance or drug insensitivity is a pharmacological concept describing subjects' reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use.
See Health effects of tobacco and Drug tolerance
E. Cuyler Hammond
E.
See Health effects of tobacco and E. Cuyler Hammond
Edward Martell
Edward Ambrose Martell (February 23, 1918 – July 12, 1995)U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007 was an American radiochemist for the US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado.
See Health effects of tobacco and Edward Martell
Electronic cigarette
An electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) or vape is a device that simulates tobacco smoking.
See Health effects of tobacco and Electronic cigarette
Electrophile
In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair.
See Health effects of tobacco and Electrophile
Emphysema
Emphysema is any air-filled enlargement in the body's tissues.
See Health effects of tobacco and Emphysema
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a disease in which cells like those in the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grow outside the uterus.
See Health effects of tobacco and Endometriosis
Endometrium
The endometrium is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus.
See Health effects of tobacco and Endometrium
Endothelial dysfunction
In vascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction is a systemic pathological state of the endothelium.
See Health effects of tobacco and Endothelial dysfunction
Endothelium
The endothelium (endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
See Health effects of tobacco and Endothelium
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.
See Health effects of tobacco and Epidemiology
Epithelium
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with little extracellular matrix.
See Health effects of tobacco and Epithelium
Epoxide
In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a cyclic ether, where the ether forms a three-atom ring: two atoms of carbon and one atom of oxygen.
See Health effects of tobacco and Epoxide
Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED), also referred to as impotence, is a form of sexual dysfunction in males characterized by the persistent or recurring inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection with sufficient rigidity and duration for satisfactory sexual activity.
See Health effects of tobacco and Erectile dysfunction
Erythroplakia
Erythroplakia is a clinical term to describe any erythematous (red) area on a mucous membrane, that cannot be attributed to any other pathology.
See Health effects of tobacco and Erythroplakia
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach.
See Health effects of tobacco and Esophageal cancer
Estrogen
Estrogen (oestrogen; see spelling differences) is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
See Health effects of tobacco and Estrogen
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
See Health effects of tobacco and Ethanol
Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
See Health effects of tobacco and Fatty acid
Female infertility
Female infertility refers to infertility in women.
See Health effects of tobacco and Female infertility
Fetus
A fetus or foetus (fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo.
See Health effects of tobacco and Fetus
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) is a glycoprotein complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates.
See Health effects of tobacco and Fibrinogen
Foam cell
Foam cells, also called lipid-laden macrophages, are a type of cell that contain cholesterol.
See Health effects of tobacco and Foam cell
Folliculogenesis
In biology, folliculogenesis is the maturation of the ovarian follicle, a densely packed shell of somatic cells that contains an immature oocyte.
See Health effects of tobacco and Folliculogenesis
Fritz Lickint
Fritz Balduin Lickint (1 October 1898 – 7 July 1960) was a German internist and social democrat, who investigated scientifically health problems and social problems related to alcohol and tobacco, described in the 1920s cancer of the lung from smoking, and the cancer pathway alongside the respiratory and upper digestive tract.
See Health effects of tobacco and Fritz Lickint
Gallbladder cancer
Gallbladder cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer, with an incidence of fewer than 2 cases per 100,000 people per year in the United States.
See Health effects of tobacco and Gallbladder cancer
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
See Health effects of tobacco and Germany
Gideon Lincecum
Gideon Lincecum (22 April 1793 – 28 November 1874) was an American pioneer, historian, physician, philosopher, and naturalist.
See Health effects of tobacco and Gideon Lincecum
Gingival recession
Gingival recession, also known as gum recession and receding gums, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a loss of gum tissue and/or retraction of the gingival margin from the crown of the teeth.
See Health effects of tobacco and Gingival recession
Glycerol
Glycerol, also called glycerine or glycerin, is a simple triol compound.
See Health effects of tobacco and Glycerol
Guanine
Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
See Health effects of tobacco and Guanine
Harmane
Harmane (harman) is a heterocyclic amine found in a variety of foods including coffee, sauces, and cooked meat.
See Health effects of tobacco and Harmane
Head and neck cancer
Head and neck cancer is a general term encompassing multiple cancers that can develop in the head and neck region.
See Health effects of tobacco and Head and neck cancer
Health effects of electronic cigarettes
The health effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) include a range of potential risks such as exposure to toxic chemicals, the possibility of increased likelihood of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and concerns about their possible role in cancer development.
See Health effects of tobacco and Health effects of electronic cigarettes
Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.
See Health effects of tobacco and Heart failure
Hemiaminal
In organic chemistry, a hemiaminal (also carbinolamine) is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has a hydroxyl group and an amine attached to the same carbon atom:.
See Health effects of tobacco and Hemiaminal
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transport of oxygen in red blood cells.
See Health effects of tobacco and Hemoglobin
Heroin
Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the Papaver somniferum plant; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.
See Health effects of tobacco and Heroin
High-density lipoprotein
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins.
See Health effects of tobacco and High-density lipoprotein
Hip fracture
A hip fracture is a break that occurs in the upper part of the femur (thigh bone), at the femoral neck or (rarely) the femoral head.
See Health effects of tobacco and Hip fracture
HIV
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans.
See Health effects of tobacco and HIV
Hookah
A hookah (Hindustani: (Nastaleeq), हुक़्क़ा (Devanagari), IPA:; also see other names), shisha, or waterpipe is a single- or multi-stemmed instrument for heating or vaporizing and then smoking either tobacco, flavored tobacco (often muʽassel), or sometimes cannabis, hashish and opium.
See Health effects of tobacco and Hookah
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
See Health effects of tobacco and Hormone
Human musculoskeletal system
The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the human locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems.
See Health effects of tobacco and Human musculoskeletal system
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
See Health effects of tobacco and Hydrophobe
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
See Health effects of tobacco and Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
See Health effects of tobacco and Hypertension
In vitro fertilisation
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass").
See Health effects of tobacco and In vitro fertilisation
Incidence (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, incidence reflects the number of new cases of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.
See Health effects of tobacco and Incidence (epidemiology)
Inflammatory cytokine
An inflammatory cytokine or proinflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation.
See Health effects of tobacco and Inflammatory cytokine
Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus.
See Health effects of tobacco and Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
International Agency for Research on Cancer
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization of the United Nations.
See Health effects of tobacco and International Agency for Research on Cancer
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that was established in 2004 and is published by MDPI.
See Health effects of tobacco and International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Irving Fisher
Irving Fisher (February 27, 1867 – April 29, 1947) was an American economist, statistician, inventor, eugenicist and progressive social campaigner.
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Isaac Adler (physician)
Isaac Adler (c. 1849–1918) was an American physician known for his published descriptions of lung cancer cases in the early 20th century.
See Health effects of tobacco and Isaac Adler (physician)
Isotopes of lead
Lead (82Pb) has four observationally stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb.
See Health effects of tobacco and Isotopes of lead
James VI and I
James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.
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Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is the public health graduate school of Johns Hopkins University, a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland.
See Health effects of tobacco and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Journal of Periodontology
The Journal of Periodontology is the academic journal of the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP).
See Health effects of tobacco and Journal of Periodontology
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
The Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI) is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in oncology that was established in August 1940.
See Health effects of tobacco and Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Judgement
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision.
See Health effects of tobacco and Judgement
Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses on the skin, in lymph nodes, in the mouth, or in other organs.
See Health effects of tobacco and Kaposi's sarcoma
Kidney
In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation.
See Health effects of tobacco and Kidney
Kidney cancer
Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that starts in the kidney.
See Health effects of tobacco and Kidney cancer
Language
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.
See Health effects of tobacco and Language
Laryngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer or throat cancer is a kind of cancer that can develop in any part of the larynx (voice box).
See Health effects of tobacco and Laryngeal cancer
Larynx
The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
See Health effects of tobacco and Larynx
Least developed countries
The least developed countries (LDCs) are developing countries listed by the United Nations that exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development.
See Health effects of tobacco and Least developed countries
Lesion
A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by injury or diseases.
See Health effects of tobacco and Lesion
Leukoplakia
Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder affecting the oral mucosa.
See Health effects of tobacco and Leukoplakia
Lipolysis
Lipolysis is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and free fatty acids.
See Health effects of tobacco and Lipolysis
List of cigarette smoke carcinogens
Commercial tobacco smoke is a mixture of more than 5,000 chemicals.
See Health effects of tobacco and List of cigarette smoke carcinogens
Liver cancer
Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy, is cancer that starts in the liver.
See Health effects of tobacco and Liver cancer
Liver disease
Liver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver.
See Health effects of tobacco and Liver disease
Longitudinal study
A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data).
See Health effects of tobacco and Longitudinal study
Low birth weight
Low birth weight (LBW) is defined by the World Health Organization as a birth weight of an infant of or less, regardless of gestational age.
See Health effects of tobacco and Low birth weight
Low-density lipoprotein
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein that transport all fat molecules around the body in extracellular water.
See Health effects of tobacco and Low-density lipoprotein
Lung cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung.
See Health effects of tobacco and Lung cancer
Lutz Heinemann
Lutz Heinemann (born 1954) is a German biologist whose research is focused on insulin pharmacology and diabetes technology.
See Health effects of tobacco and Lutz Heinemann
Macrophage
Macrophages (abbreviated Mφ, MΦ or MP) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface.
See Health effects of tobacco and Macrophage
Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.
See Health effects of tobacco and Major depressive disorder
Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit American academic medical center focused on integrated health care, education, and research.
See Health effects of tobacco and Mayo Clinic
McGill University
McGill University (French: Université McGill) is an English-language public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
See Health effects of tobacco and McGill University
MDPI
MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) is a publisher of open-access scientific journals.
See Health effects of tobacco and MDPI
Melanoma
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes.
See Health effects of tobacco and Melanoma
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK or MSKCC) is a cancer treatment and research institution in Manhattan in New York City.
See Health effects of tobacco and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis is the statistical combination of the results of multiple studies addressing a similar research question.
See Health effects of tobacco and Meta-analysis
Michael addition reaction
In organic chemistry, the Michael reaction or Michael 1,4 addition is a reaction between a Michael donor (an enolate or other nucleophile) and a Michael acceptor (usually an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl) to produce a Michael adduct by creating a carbon-carbon bond at the acceptor's β-carbon.
See Health effects of tobacco and Michael addition reaction
Miscarriage
Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion, is the death and expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive independently.
See Health effects of tobacco and Miscarriage
Monoamine oxidase B
Monoamine oxidase B, also known as MAO-B, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOB gene.
See Health effects of tobacco and Monoamine oxidase B
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B).
See Health effects of tobacco and Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Motor skill
A motor skill is a function that involves specific movements of the body's muscles to perform a certain task.
See Health effects of tobacco and Motor skill
Mouth
The mouth is the body orifice through which many animals ingest food and vocalize.
See Health effects of tobacco and Mouth
Mustard gas
Mustard gas or sulfur mustard are names commonly used for the organosulfur chemical compound bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species.
See Health effects of tobacco and Mustard gas
Mutagen
In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.
See Health effects of tobacco and Mutagen
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
See Health effects of tobacco and Mutation
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis.
See Health effects of tobacco and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Myeloid leukemia
Myeloid leukemia is a type of leukemia affecting myeloid tissue.
See Health effects of tobacco and Myeloid leukemia
Myocardial infarction
A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle.
See Health effects of tobacco and Myocardial infarction
Myometrium
The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterine wall, consisting mainly of uterine smooth muscle cells (also called uterine myocytes) but also of supporting stromal and vascular tissue.
See Health effects of tobacco and Myometrium
Naomi Oreskes
Naomi Oreskes (born November 25, 1958) is an American historian of science.
See Health effects of tobacco and Naomi Oreskes
National Center for Atmospheric Research
The US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is a US federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) managed by the nonprofit University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).
See Health effects of tobacco and National Center for Atmospheric Research
Nausea
Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nausea
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nazi Germany
Neural tube defect
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spine or cranium remains from early in human development.
See Health effects of tobacco and Neural tube defect
Neuroprotection
Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.
See Health effects of tobacco and Neuroprotection
New York City
New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.
See Health effects of tobacco and New York City
Nicotine
Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nicotine
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Nicotine & Tobacco Research (N&TR) is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research pertaining to tobacco products and nicotine.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Nicotine gum
Nicotine gum is a chewing gum containing the active ingredient nicotine polacrilex.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nicotine gum
Nicotine patch
A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nicotine patch
Nicotine withdrawal
Nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur in the first few weeks after stopping or decreasing use of nicotine.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nicotine withdrawal
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen oxide may refer to a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or a mixture of such compounds.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nitrogen oxide
Nitrosamine
In organic chemistry, nitrosamines (or more formally N-nitrosamines) are organic compounds with the chemical structure, where R is usually an alkyl group.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nitrosamine
NNK
Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) is one of the key tobacco-specific nitrosamines derived from nicotine.
See Health effects of tobacco and NNK
Nucleophilic conjugate addition
Nucleophilic conjugate addition is a type of organic reaction.
See Health effects of tobacco and Nucleophilic conjugate addition
Observational study
In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.
See Health effects of tobacco and Observational study
Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
See Health effects of tobacco and Oncogene
Oral cancer
Oral cancer, also known as oral cavity cancer or mouth cancer, is a cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat.
See Health effects of tobacco and Oral cancer
Ovary
The ovary is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova.
See Health effects of tobacco and Ovary
Ovulation
Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries.
See Health effects of tobacco and Ovulation
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Health effects of tobacco and Oxford University Press
Oxidizing agent
An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the,, or). In other words, an oxidizer is any substance that oxidizes another substance.
See Health effects of tobacco and Oxidizing agent
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
See Health effects of tobacco and Oxygen
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
See Health effects of tobacco and Pakistan
Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
The Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a bimonthly peer-reviewed open access medical journal covering pharmaceutical sciences.
See Health effects of tobacco and Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass.
See Health effects of tobacco and Pancreatic cancer
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
See Health effects of tobacco and Parkinson's disease
Passive smoking
Passive smoking is the inhalation of tobacco smoke, called passive smoke, secondhand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by individuals other than the active smoker.
See Health effects of tobacco and Passive smoking
PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.
See Health effects of tobacco and PBS
Pemphigus
Pemphigus is a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes.
See Health effects of tobacco and Pemphigus
Penile cancer
Penile cancer, or penile carcinoma, is a cancer that develops in the skin or tissues of the penis.
See Health effects of tobacco and Penile cancer
Periodontal disease
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth.
See Health effects of tobacco and Periodontal disease
Periodontology
Periodontology or periodontics (from Ancient Greek, – 'around'; and, – 'tooth', genitive) is the specialty of dentistry that studies supporting structures of teeth, as well as diseases and conditions that affect them.
See Health effects of tobacco and Periodontology
Peripheral artery disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a vascular disorder that causes abnormal narrowing of arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain.
See Health effects of tobacco and Peripheral artery disease
Peter Jennings
Peter Charles Archibald Ewart Jennings (July 29, 1938August 7, 2005) was a Canadian-American television journalist, best known for serving as the sole anchor of ABC World News Tonight from 1983 until his death from lung cancer in 2005.
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Philip Morris International
Philip Morris International Inc. (PMI) is an American multinational tobacco company, with products sold in over 180 countries.
See Health effects of tobacco and Philip Morris International
Pipe smoking
Pipe smoking is the practice of tasting (or, less commonly, inhaling) the smoke produced by burning a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, in a pipe.
See Health effects of tobacco and Pipe smoking
Platelet
Platelets or thrombocytes are a blood component whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.
See Health effects of tobacco and Platelet
PLOS Medicine
PLOS Medicine (formerly styled PLoS Medicine) is a peer-reviewed weekly medical journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences.
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli.
See Health effects of tobacco and Pneumonia
Polonium-210
Polonium-210 (210Po, Po-210, historically radium F) is an isotope of polonium.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple aromatic rings.
See Health effects of tobacco and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops (gestates) inside a woman's uterus (womb).
See Health effects of tobacco and Pregnancy
Preterm birth
Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks.
See Health effects of tobacco and Preterm birth
Preventable causes of death
Preventable causes of death are causes of death related to risk factors which could have been avoided.
See Health effects of tobacco and Preventable causes of death
Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases.
See Health effects of tobacco and Preventive healthcare
Prodrome
In medicine, a prodrome is an early sign or symptom (or set of signs and symptoms, referred to as prodromal symptoms) that often indicates the onset of a disease before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop.
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Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy.
See Health effects of tobacco and Programmed cell death
Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol) is a viscous, colorless liquid.
See Health effects of tobacco and Propylene glycol
Prospective cohort study
A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.
See Health effects of tobacco and Prospective cohort study
Psychoactive drug
A psychoactive drug, mind-altering drug, or consciousness-altering drug is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.
See Health effects of tobacco and Psychoactive drug
Psychological dependence
Psychological dependence is a cognitive disorder that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms – such as anxiety or anhedonia – upon cessation of prolonged drug abuse or certain repetitive behaviors.
See Health effects of tobacco and Psychological dependence
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
See Health effects of tobacco and Psychology
Pulmonary alveolus
A pulmonary alveolus (alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity"), also known as an air sac or air space, is one of millions of hollow, distensible cup-shaped cavities in the lungs where pulmonary gas exchange takes place.
See Health effects of tobacco and Pulmonary alveolus
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the process of thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures, often in an inert atmosphere.
See Health effects of tobacco and Pyrolysis
Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
See Health effects of tobacco and Radical (chemistry)
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
See Health effects of tobacco and Radioactive decay
Radiochemistry
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable).
See Health effects of tobacco and Radiochemistry
Raven's Progressive Matrices
Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a non-verbal test typically used to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence.
See Health effects of tobacco and Raven's Progressive Matrices
Reader's Digest
Reader's Digest is an American general-interest family magazine, published ten times a year.
See Health effects of tobacco and Reader's Digest
Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime.
See Health effects of tobacco and Recreational drug use
Relaxation (psychology)
In psychology, relaxation is the emotional state of low tension, in which there is an absence of arousal, particularly from negative sources such as anger, anxiety, or fear.
See Health effects of tobacco and Relaxation (psychology)
Respiratory disease
Respiratory diseases, or lung diseases, are pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in air-breathing animals.
See Health effects of tobacco and Respiratory disease
Respiratory system
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.
See Health effects of tobacco and Respiratory system
Respiratory tract infection
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract.
See Health effects of tobacco and Respiratory tract infection
Richard Doll
Sir William Richard Shaboe Doll (28 October 1912 – 24 July 2005) was a British physician who became an epidemiologist in the mid-20th century and made important contributions to that discipline.
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Risk
In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening.
See Health effects of tobacco and Risk
Risk aversion (psychology)
Risk aversion is a preference for a sure outcome over a gamble with higher or equal expected value.
See Health effects of tobacco and Risk aversion (psychology)
Risk factor
In epidemiology, a risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.
See Health effects of tobacco and Risk factor
Ross Prentice
Ross L. Prentice (born October 16, 1946) is a Canadian statistician known particularly for his contributions to survival analysis and statistical methods for epidemiology.
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.
See Health effects of tobacco and Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking
Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking have been historically associated.
See Health effects of tobacco and Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
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Sensitization
Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response.
See Health effects of tobacco and Sensitization
Serratia marcescens
Serratia marcescens is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae.
See Health effects of tobacco and Serratia marcescens
SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sometimes known as cot death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age.
See Health effects of tobacco and SIDS
Sievert
The sievert (symbol: SvPlease note there are two non-SI units that use the same Sv abbreviation: the sverdrup and svedberg.) is a unit in the International System of Units (SI) intended to represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, which is defined as the probability of causing radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage.
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Small intestine cancer
Small intestine cancer starts when cells in the small intestine start to grow out of control.
See Health effects of tobacco and Small intestine cancer
Small-cell carcinoma
Small-cell carcinoma is a type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung, although it can occasionally arise in other body sites, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract.
See Health effects of tobacco and Small-cell carcinoma
Smokeless tobacco
Smokeless tobacco is a tobacco product that is used by means other than smoking.
See Health effects of tobacco and Smokeless tobacco
Smoking and Health
Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service was a landmark report published on January 11, 1964, by the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, chaired by Luther Terry, Surgeon General of the United States.
See Health effects of tobacco and Smoking and Health
Smoking and pregnancy
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.
See Health effects of tobacco and Smoking and pregnancy
Smoking ban
Smoking bans, or smoke-free laws, are public policies, including criminal laws and occupational safety and health regulations, that prohibit tobacco smoking in certain spaces.
See Health effects of tobacco and Smoking ban
Smoking cessation
Smoking cessation, usually called quitting smoking or stopping smoking, is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking.
See Health effects of tobacco and Smoking cessation
Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
The Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) is an international nonprofit organization and professional association that studies and shares research on nicotine and tobacco use from a public health and scientific perspective.
See Health effects of tobacco and Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Sputum
Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (the trachea and bronchi).
See Health effects of tobacco and Sputum
Squamous-cell carcinoma
The term squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), also known as epidermoid carcinoma, comprises a number of different types of cancer that begin in squamous cells.
See Health effects of tobacco and Squamous-cell carcinoma
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.
See Health effects of tobacco and Staphylococcus aureus
Stimulant
Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase the activity of the brain.
See Health effects of tobacco and Stimulant
Stochastic
Stochastic refers to the property of being well-described by a random probability distribution.
See Health effects of tobacco and Stochastic
Stomach cancer
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach.
See Health effects of tobacco and Stomach cancer
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic member of the genus Streptococcus.
See Health effects of tobacco and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Stroke
Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death.
See Health effects of tobacco and Stroke
Surgeon General of the United States
The surgeon general of the United States is the operational head of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the federal government of the United States.
See Health effects of tobacco and Surgeon General of the United States
Survival analysis
Survival analysis is a branch of statistics for analyzing the expected duration of time until one event occurs, such as death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems.
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Systematic review
A systematic review is a scholarly synthesis of the evidence on a clearly presented topic using critical methods to identify, define and assess research on the topic.
See Health effects of tobacco and Systematic review
Systemic disease
A systemic disease is one that affects a number of organs and tissues, or affects the body as a whole.
See Health effects of tobacco and Systemic disease
Tachycardia
Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tachycardia
Tar (tobacco residue)
Tar is the name for the resinous, combusted particulate matter made by the burning of tobacco and other plant material in the act of smoking.
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The Australian
The Australian, with its Saturday edition The Weekend Australian, is a broadsheet newspaper published by News Corp Australia since 14 July 1964.
See Health effects of tobacco and The Australian
The Independent Florida Alligator
The Independent Florida Alligator is the student newspaper of the University of Florida.
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The New Humanitarian
The New Humanitarian, previously known as IRIN News, or Integrated Regional Information Networks News, is an independent, non-profit news agency.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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Thromboangiitis obliterans
Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger disease (English) or Winiwarter-Buerger disease, is a recurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of small and medium arteries and veins of the hands and feet.
See Health effects of tobacco and Thromboangiitis obliterans
Timbuktu Manuscripts
Timbuktu Manuscripts, or Tombouctou Manuscripts, is a blanket term for the large number of historically significant manuscripts that have been preserved for centuries in private households in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali.
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Titration
Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed).
See Health effects of tobacco and Titration
Tobacco
Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus Nicotiana of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tobacco
Tobacco control
Tobacco control is a field of international public health science, policy and practice dedicated to addressing tobacco use and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality it causes.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tobacco control
Tobacco Control (journal)
Tobacco Control is an international peer-reviewed journal covering the nature and consequences of tobacco use worldwide; tobacco's effects on population health, the economy, the environment, and society; efforts to prevent and control the global tobacco epidemic through population-level education and policy changes; the ethical dimensions of tobacco control policies; and the activities of the tobacco industry and its allies.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tobacco Control (journal)
Tobacco packaging warning messages
Tobacco package warning messages are warning messages that appear on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products concerning their health effects.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tobacco packaging warning messages
Tobacco pipe
A tobacco pipe, often called simply a pipe, is a device specifically made to smoke tobacco.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tobacco pipe
Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the resulting smoke.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tobacco smoking
Tobacco use in Nepal
Tobacco use in Nepal is a common practice.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tobacco use in Nepal
Toxication
Toxication, toxification or toxicity exaltation is the conversion of a chemical compound into a more toxic form in living organisms or in substrates such as soil or water.
See Health effects of tobacco and Toxication
Tumor suppressor gene
A tumor suppressor gene (TSG), or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication.
See Health effects of tobacco and Tumor suppressor gene
Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the two types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with the other type being Crohn's disease.
See Health effects of tobacco and Ulcerative colitis
United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a cabinet-level executive branch department of the U.S. federal government created to protect the health of the U.S. people and providing essential human services.
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University of Pisa
The University of Pisa (Università di Pisa, UniPi) is a public research university in Pisa, Italy.
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USA Today
USA Today (often stylized in all caps) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company.
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Uterine fibroid
Uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas or fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus, part of the female reproductive system.
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Uterus
The uterus (from Latin uterus,: uteri) or womb is the organ in the reproductive system of most female mammals, including humans, that accommodates the embryonic and fetal development of one or more embryos until birth.
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Valproate
Valproate (valproic acid, VPA, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms) are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and prevent migraine headaches.
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Vaporizer (inhalation device)
A vaporizer or vaporiser, colloquially known as a vape, is a device used to vaporize substances for inhalation.
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Vascular dementia
Vascular dementia is dementia caused by a series of strokes.
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Vascular disease
Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the vessels of the circulatory system in the body, including blood vessels – the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels.
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits, berries and vegetables.
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Wide-body aircraft
Emirates A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft and in the largest cases as a jumbo jet, is an airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
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World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
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Wound healing
Wound healing refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue.
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Xerostomia
Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth, is a subjective complaint of dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of saliva, or reduced salivary flow, or have no identifiable cause.
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Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.
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1950 Wynder and Graham Study
The 1950 Wynder and Graham Study was conducted by Ernest Wynder and Evarts Graham and was entitled "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of Six Hundred and Eighty-Four Proved Cases".
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References
Also known as Benefits of smoking, Cigarettes and health, Dangers of smoking, Dangers of tobacco use, Harms of smoking, Health and smoking, Health effect of tobacco smoking, Health effects of smoking, Health effects of tabagism, Health effects of tobacco chewing, Health effects of tobacco smoking, Health issues and the effects of tobacco, Health problems of smoking, Health risks of smoking, List of risks of Tobacco, Negative effects of smoking, Risks from Smoking, Risks of smoking, Smoker's Paradox, Smoking and cancer, Smoking and disease, Smoking and health, Smoking and impotence, Smoking and mental health, Smoking effects, Tabagism health effects, Tobacco abuse, Tobacco and cancer, Tobacco and cardiovascular disease, Tobacco and health, Tobacco and lung cancer.
, British Doctors Study, Bronchus, Caffeine, Calmness, Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Cannabis (drug), Carbon monoxide, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Carcinoembryonic antigen, Carcinogen, Cardiovascular disease, Case–control study, Causality, Cervical cancer, Chemical reaction, Chewing tobacco, Chronic kidney disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cigar, Cigarette, Circulatory system, Cocaine, Coeliac disease, Colorectal cancer, Confounding, Coronary artery disease, Correlation does not imply causation, Cotinine, Cough, COVID-19, Crohn's disease, Crotonaldehyde, Curie (unit), Cyanide, Cytochrome P450, Developed country, Developing country, Diabetes, Diabetic nephropathy, Dipping tobacco, Dizziness, DNA, Dopamine, Dopaminergic, Dresden, Drug tolerance, E. Cuyler Hammond, Edward Martell, Electronic cigarette, Electrophile, Emphysema, Endometriosis, Endometrium, Endothelial dysfunction, Endothelium, Epidemiology, Epithelium, Epoxide, Erectile dysfunction, Erythroplakia, Esophageal cancer, Estrogen, Ethanol, Fatty acid, Female infertility, Fetus, Fibrinogen, Foam cell, Folliculogenesis, Fritz Lickint, Gallbladder cancer, Germany, Gideon Lincecum, Gingival recession, Glycerol, Guanine, Harmane, Head and neck cancer, Health effects of electronic cigarettes, Heart failure, Hemiaminal, Hemoglobin, Heroin, High-density lipoprotein, Hip fracture, HIV, Hookah, Hormone, Human musculoskeletal system, Hydrophobe, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, In vitro fertilisation, Incidence (epidemiology), Inflammatory cytokine, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1, International Agency for Research on Cancer, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Irving Fisher, Isaac Adler (physician), Isotopes of lead, James VI and I, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Journal of Periodontology, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Judgement, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kidney, Kidney cancer, Language, Laryngeal cancer, Larynx, Least developed countries, Lesion, Leukoplakia, Lipolysis, List of cigarette smoke carcinogens, Liver cancer, Liver disease, Longitudinal study, Low birth weight, Low-density lipoprotein, Lung cancer, Lutz Heinemann, Macrophage, Major depressive disorder, Mayo Clinic, McGill University, MDPI, Melanoma, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Meta-analysis, Michael addition reaction, Miscarriage, Monoamine oxidase B, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Motor skill, Mouth, Mustard gas, Mutagen, Mutation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Myeloid leukemia, Myocardial infarction, Myometrium, Naomi Oreskes, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Nausea, Nazi Germany, Neural tube defect, Neuroprotection, New York City, Nicotine, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Nicotine gum, Nicotine patch, Nicotine withdrawal, Nitrogen oxide, Nitrosamine, NNK, Nucleophilic conjugate addition, Observational study, Oncogene, Oral cancer, Ovary, Ovulation, Oxford University Press, Oxidizing agent, Oxygen, Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pancreatic cancer, Parkinson's disease, Passive smoking, PBS, Pemphigus, Penile cancer, Periodontal disease, Periodontology, Peripheral artery disease, Peter Jennings, Philip Morris International, Pipe smoking, Platelet, PLOS Medicine, Pneumonia, Polonium-210, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Pregnancy, Preterm birth, Preventable causes of death, Preventive healthcare, Prodrome, Programmed cell death, Propylene glycol, Prospective cohort study, Psychoactive drug, Psychological dependence, Psychology, Pulmonary alveolus, Pyrolysis, Radical (chemistry), Radioactive decay, Radiochemistry, Raven's Progressive Matrices, Reader's Digest, Recreational drug use, Relaxation (psychology), Respiratory disease, Respiratory system, Respiratory tract infection, Richard Doll, Risk, Risk aversion (psychology), Risk factor, Ross Prentice, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking, Science (journal), Scientific American, Sensitization, Serratia marcescens, SIDS, Sievert, Small intestine cancer, Small-cell carcinoma, Smokeless tobacco, Smoking and Health, Smoking and pregnancy, Smoking ban, Smoking cessation, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Sputum, Squamous-cell carcinoma, Staphylococcus aureus, Stimulant, Stochastic, Stomach cancer, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Stroke, Surgeon General of the United States, Survival analysis, Systematic review, Systemic disease, Tachycardia, Tar (tobacco residue), The Australian, The Independent Florida Alligator, The New Humanitarian, The New York Times, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Timbuktu Manuscripts, Titration, Tobacco, Tobacco control, Tobacco Control (journal), Tobacco packaging warning messages, Tobacco pipe, Tobacco smoking, Tobacco use in Nepal, Toxication, Tumor suppressor gene, Ulcerative colitis, United States Army, United States Department of Health and Human Services, University of Pisa, USA Today, Uterine fibroid, Uterus, Valproate, Vaporizer (inhalation device), Vascular dementia, Vascular disease, Vitamin C, Wide-body aircraft, World Health Organization, World War I, Wound healing, Xerostomia, Yellow fever, 1950 Wynder and Graham Study.