Communication

589 relations: Academic Ranking of World Universities, Accident, Acute radiation syndrome, Aerospace, Aframax, Agricultural land, Aid, Airport, Alcohol and cancer, Alcoholic liver disease, Aliteracy, Ammonia, Animals in space, Annual cannabis use by country, Anousheh Ansari, Arable land, Arms trafficking, Asphalt, Automotive industry, Automotive industry in Iran, Azadi Stadium, Bagasse, Bahá'í Faith by continent, Bank Melli Iran, Banking and insurance in Iran, Barrel of oil equivalent, Battle of Karnal, Biochemical oxygen demand, Birth defect, Black market, Blast furnace gas, Blowout (well drilling), BP, Breastfeeding, Bribery, British Geological Survey, British thermal unit, Business incubator, Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran, Cancer, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide equivalent, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Cardiovascular disease, Carpet, Carpet Museum of Iran, Caspian Sea, Catholic Church by country, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Cereal, ..., Charities Aid Foundation, Charity (practice), Chemical & Engineering News, Chemical industry, Chemistry, Child Development Index, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CITES, CNBC, CNN, Coffee, Cognitive science, Columbia University, Communications in Iran, Compressed natural gas, Computer science, Construction industry of Iran, Contraceptive security, Conventional warfare, Copper, Copyright infringement, Coral reef, Coronary artery disease, Corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, Cost-of-living index, Creativity, Crime in Iran, Cutaneous condition, Cyberinfrastructure, Dam, Dashboard of Sustainability, Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut, Data-rate units, Debt-to-GDP ratio, Democracy Index, Demographics of Iran, Diabetes mellitus, Diarrhea, Diffusion of innovations, Digital television, Digitization, Disability-adjusted life year, Divorce demography, E-government, E-readiness, Earth Watchers Center, Earthquake, Ease of doing business index, Economic Complexity Index, Economic surplus, Economist Intelligence Unit, Education Index, Emerging technologies, Energy economics, Energy in Iran, Environmental Performance Index, Epidemiology of malnutrition, Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions, Estimated number of guns per capita by country, European Union, Extreme points of Earth, Far-left politics, Far-right politics, Federal government of the United States, Financial Times, Fine motor skill, Firepower, Fluorocarbon, Food and Agriculture Organization, Food energy, Foreign direct investment in Iran, Foreign relations of Iran, Forest, Freedom House, Freedom of the Press (report), Fuel dispenser, Functional illiteracy, Fund for Peace, Gastrointestinal disease, Gemstone, Gender Development Index, Gender Empowerment Measure, Gini coefficient, Global Competitiveness Report, Global Gender Gap Report, Global Peace Index, Gonabad, Google, Government budget, Government debt, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Great Wall of China, Great Wall of Gorgan, Greenland, Greenwich Mean Time, Gross domestic product, Gross national income, Groundwater recharge, Hamadan, Happiness economics, Happy Planet Index, Hard power, Health care, Health literacy, Health system, Heliport, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, High tech, High-net-worth individual, History of Iran, HIV/AIDS, Hospital, Host (network), Human capital, Human Development Index, Human Poverty Index, Hydrocarbon, Hydrofluorocarbon, Hypertension, ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders, ICD-10 Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system, ICD-10 Chapter VII: Diseases of the eye, adnexa, ICD-10 Chapter VIII: Diseases of the ear and mastoid process, ICD-10 Chapter XI: Diseases of the digestive system, ICD-10 Chapter XIII: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, ICD-10 Chapter XIV: Diseases of the genitourinary system, ICD-10 Chapter XVI: Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period, ICT Development Index, Illegal drug trade, Illicit cigarette trade, IMIDRO, Index of Economic Freedom, India, Infant mortality, Inflation, Information literacy, Ingenuity, Injury, Innovation, Intellectual property in Iran, Inter-Parliamentary Union, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Energy Agency, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Telecommunication Union, International Union of Railways, International vehicle registration code, Internet access, Internet service provider, Invention, Iodised salt, Ionizing radiation, Iran, Iran and Libya Sanctions Act, Iran–Iraq War, Iranian architecture, Iranian Crown Jewels, Iranian oil bourse, Iranian Space Agency, Iraq, IRISL Group, Iron, Islam by country, Islamic Azad University, Islamic Republic of Iran Railways, IUCN Red List, Japan, Jet fuel, Judicial independence, Karachi, Land use statistics by country, Land use, land-use change, and forestry, Largest creative work, Lead, Legatum Institute, Legatum Prosperity Index, Life expectancy, Linear trend estimation, Liquefied petroleum gas, List of association football stadiums by capacity, List of causes of death by rate, List of cities proper by population, List of countries and dependencies by area, List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers, List of countries and dependencies by population, List of countries and dependencies by population density, List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita, List of countries by aluminium production, List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions, List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita, List of countries by cement production, List of countries by central bank interest rates, List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita, List of countries by commercial bank prime lending rate, List of countries by copper production, List of countries by current account balance, List of countries by current account balance as a percentage of GDP, List of countries by easternmost point, List of countries by electricity consumption, List of countries by electricity exports, List of countries by electricity imports, List of countries by electricity production, List of countries by energy consumption per capita, List of countries by energy intensity, List of countries by exports, List of countries by exports per capita, List of countries by external debt, List of countries by FDI abroad, List of countries by food energy intake, List of countries by forest area, List of countries by Fragile States Index, List of countries by freshwater withdrawal, List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita, List of countries by GDP (PPP), List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, List of countries by GDP (PPP) per person employed, List of countries by GDP (real) per capita growth rate, List of countries by GDP growth 1980–2010, List of countries by GDP sector composition, List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita, List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita, List of countries by government budget, List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita, List of countries by gross fixed investment as percentage of GDP, List of countries by Human Development Index, List of countries by imports, List of countries by incarceration rate, List of countries by income equality, List of countries by industrial production growth rate, List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates, List of countries by inflation rate, List of countries by intentional homicide rate, List of countries by iron ore production, List of countries by labour force, List of countries by length of coastline, List of countries by life expectancy, List of countries by literacy rate, List of countries by median age, List of countries by military expenditures, List of countries by motor vehicle production, List of countries by natural gas consumption, List of countries by natural gas exports, List of countries by natural gas imports, List of countries by natural gas production, List of countries by natural gas proven reserves, List of countries by net migration rate, List of countries by northernmost point, List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions, List of countries by number of heliports, List of countries by number of Internet hosts, List of countries by number of Internet users, List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel, List of countries by number of mobile phones in use, List of countries by number of telephone lines in use, List of countries by number of television broadcast stations, List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers, List of countries by oil consumption, List of countries by oil exports, List of countries by oil imports, List of countries by oil production, List of countries by past and future population, List of countries by population growth rate, List of countries by prevalence of opiates use, List of countries by proven oil reserves, List of countries by public debt, List of countries by rail transport network size, List of countries by real GDP growth rate, List of countries by received FDI, List of countries by research and development spending, List of countries by road network size, List of countries by Sen social welfare function, List of countries by southernmost point, List of countries by sovereign wealth funds, List of countries by steel production, List of countries by suicide rate, List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio, List of countries by tea consumption per capita, List of countries by the number of billionaires, List of countries by total health expenditure per capita, List of countries by total length of pipelines, List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production, List of countries by total renewable water resources, List of countries by traffic-related death rate, List of countries by unemployment rate, List of countries by uranium reserves, List of countries by vehicles per capita, List of countries by waterways length, List of countries by westernmost point, List of dams and reservoirs in Iran, List of deserts by area, List of elevation extremes by country, List of former national capitals, List of government space agencies, List of international rankings, List of islands by area, List of islands by highest point, List of largest consumer markets, List of largest hydroelectric power stations, List of largest universities and university networks by enrollment, List of merchant navy capacity by country, List of metro systems, List of mountains in Iran, List of natural disasters by death toll, List of oil exploration and production companies, List of power stations in Iran, List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate, List of sovereign states and dependent territories by birth rate, List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population, List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality rate, List of sovereign states by date of formation, List of spaceflight records, List of sports venues by capacity, List of stadiums by capacity, List of tallest buildings and structures, List of tallest freestanding structures, List of tallest structures in Iran, List of top international rankings by country, List of walls, List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, List of weather records, Lists by country, Lists of countries and territories, Literacy, Lower respiratory tract infection, Lubricant, Malaria, Malnutrition, Management of HIV/AIDS, Manufacturing, Market capitalization, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Maternal death, Maternal health, Mathematics, Media of Iran, Medicine, Meningitis, Methane, Middle East, Milad Tower, Mining in Iran, Ministry of Education (New Zealand), Mobile phone, Mount Damavand, Nanotechnology, Naphtha, NASA, National Development Fund of Iran, National Iranian Oil Company, National Iranian Tanker Company, National Petrochemical Company, National wealth, Natural gas, Natural gas by country, Natural gas reserves in Iran, Natural gas vehicle, Net worth, New Economics Foundation, Newsweek, Nitrous oxide, Nuclear facilities in Iran, Nuclear power, Nuclear program of Iran, Nuclear reactor, Nuclear technology, Nutrition, OECD, Offensive (military), Oil, Oil refinery, Oil reserves, Oil tanker, Opium production in Afghanistan, Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, Outer Space Treaty, Outline of industrial machinery, Overconsumption, Pakistan, PAL, Patent, Peacekeeping, Peak gas, Peak water, Pension, Permanent crop, Persian carpet, Petrochemical industry, Physics, Pipeline transport, Pirated movie release types, Politics of Germany, Politics of Iran, Polymer, Poverty, Power station, Prevalence of circumcision, Price of oil, Prostitution, Protestantism by country, Provinces of Iran, Public switched telephone network, Publicly funded health care, Purchasing power parity, Qeshm Island, Quacquarelli Symonds, Radio, Rank insignia of the Iranian military, Ranking, Reader's Digest, Religions by country, Reporters Without Borders, Research, Research and development, Reserves-to-production ratio, Residual oil, Respiratory disease, Respiratory tract infection, Retirement, Russia, Safe sex, Sanctions against Iran, Sarv-e Abarkuh, Satisfaction with Life Index, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco, Save the Children, Save the Children State of the World's Mothers report, School-leaving age, Science, Science in newly industrialized countries, Science of science policy, Science park, Science policy, Scientific literacy, SECAM, Sexually transmitted infection, Sharif University of Technology, Shia Islam, Sievert, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Small arms, Smeed's law, Smuggling, Social class in Iran, Social welfare function, Sociocultural evolution, Soft power, South Asia, Sovereign wealth fund, Speedtest.net, Starting a Business Index, Startup accelerator, State-owned enterprise, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Stomach cancer, Strategic defence, Stroke, Study skills, Suezmax, Sulfur hexafluoride, Surface runoff, Sustainable Society Index, Tanker (ship), Taxation in Iran, Tea, Technological determinism, Technological literacy, Technology, Technology life cycle, Tehran, Tehran Metro, Telephone, Television channel, Television studio, Terrestrial television, The Banker, The Heritage Foundation, The World Factbook, Timeline of first orbital launches by country, Timeline of space travel by nationality, Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries, Timeline of the introduction of television in countries, Tonne of oil equivalent, Total fertility rate, Tractor, Trade-to-GDP ratio, Trademark, Traffic collision, Transparency International, Tuberculosis, United Nations, United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, United Nations Security Council, United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, United States Geological Survey, Universal health care, University, University of Tehran, Upper respiratory tract infection, Uranium, Uranium mining by country, Urbanization by country, Volcanic Seven Summits, Volunteering, Water resources, Water security, Waterway, Webometrics, Website, West Azerbaijan Province, Where-to-be-born Index, Wind power by country, World Bank, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, World Economic Forum, World Health Organization, World Heritage site, World Heritage Sites by country, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Jewish Congress, World Nuclear Association, World Prison Brief, World Resources Institute, World Steel Association, World Tourism rankings, World Trade Organization, World Values Survey, World Wind Energy Association, Yale University, Yemen, Zinc, Zoroastrianism, 856 Damghan earthquake. Expand index (539 more) » « Shrink index

Academic Ranking of World Universities

Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), also known as Shanghai Ranking, is one of the annual publications of world university rankings.

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Accident

An accident, also known as an unintentional injury, is an undesirable, incidental, and unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence.

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Acute radiation syndrome

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is a collection of health effects that are present within 24 hours of exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation.

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Aerospace

Aerospace is the human effort in science, engineering and business to fly in the atmosphere of Earth (aeronautics) and surrounding space (astronautics).

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Aframax

An Aframax ship is an oil tanker smaller than 120,000 metric tonnes and with a breadth not greater than 32.31 m and therefore would have been able to pass through the original Panama canal.

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Agricultural land

Agricultural land is typically land devoted to agriculture, the systematic and controlled use of other forms of lifeparticularly the rearing of livestock and production of cropsto produce food for humans.

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Aid

In international relations, aid (also known as international aid, overseas aid, foreign aid or foreign assistance) is – from the perspective of governments – a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another.

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Airport

An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport.

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Alcohol and cancer

Alcoholic beverages are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans).

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Alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease is a term that encompasses the liver manifestations of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.

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Aliteracy

Aliteracy (sometimes spelled alliteracy) is the state of being able to read but being uninterested in doing so.

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Ammonia

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

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Animals in space

Non-human animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight, before human spaceflights were attempted.

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Annual cannabis use by country

This is a list of the annual prevalence of cannabis use by country (including some territories) as a percentage of the population aged 15–64 (unless otherwise indicated).

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Anousheh Ansari

Anousheh Ansari (Anuŝe Ansāri; née Raissyan; born September 12, 1966) is an Iranian-American engineer and co-founder and chairwoman of Prodea Systems.

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Arable land

Arable land (from Latin arabilis, "able to be plowed") is, according to one definition, land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

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Arms trafficking

Arms trafficking, also known as gunrunning, is the trafficking of contraband weapons and ammunition.

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Asphalt

Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.

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Automotive industry

The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, some of them are called automakers.

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Automotive industry in Iran

Iran’s automotive industry is the third most active industry of the country, after its oil and gas industry, accounting for 10% of Iran's GDP and 4% of the workforce (700,000 persons).

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Azadi Stadium

The Azadi Stadium (ورزشگاه آزادی varzeshgāh-e āzādi) formerly known as Aryamehr Stadium (ورزشگاه آریامهر varzeshgāh-e āryāmehr) is an all-seater football stadium in Tehran, Iran.

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Bagasse

Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice.

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Bahá'í Faith by continent

The Bahá'í Faith is a diverse and widespread religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in the 19th century in Iran.

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Bank Melli Iran

Bank Melli Iran (BMI; lit) is the first national and commercial retail bank of Iran.

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Banking and insurance in Iran

Following the Iranian Revolution, Iran's banking system was transformed to be run on an Islamic interest-free basis.

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Barrel of oil equivalent

The barrel of oil equivalent (BOE) is a unit of energy based on the approximate energy released by burning one barrel (42 U.S. gallons or 158.9873 litres) of crude oil.

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Battle of Karnal

The Battle of Karnal (February 24, 1739), was a decisive victory for Nader Shah of Iran, during his invasion of Mughal dynasty of India.

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Biochemical oxygen demand

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.

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Birth defect

A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.

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Black market

A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules.

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Blast furnace gas

Blast furnace gas (BFG) is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron.

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Blowout (well drilling)

A blowout is the uncontrolled release of crude oil and/or natural gas from an oil well or gas well after pressure control systems have failed.

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BP

BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.

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Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young children with milk from a woman's breast.

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Bribery

Bribery is the act of giving or receiving something of value in exchange for some kind of influence or action in return, that the recipient would otherwise not alter.

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British Geological Survey

The British Geological Survey (BGS) is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its continental shelf by means of systematic surveying, monitoring and research.

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British thermal unit

The British thermal unit (Btu or BTU) is a traditional unit of heat; it is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

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Business incubator

A business incubator is a company that helps new and startup companies to develop by providing services such as management training or office space.

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Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran

Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII) is a group of academics, students and professionals of Iranian and non-Iranian backgrounds formed to oppose sanctions on Iran by the United States.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

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Carbon dioxide equivalent

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE) and equivalent carbon dioxide (e and eq) are two related but distinct measures for describing how much global warming a given type and amount of greenhouse gas may cause, using the functionally equivalent amount or concentration of carbon dioxide as the reference.

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Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) was an organization within the United States Department of Energy that had the primary responsibility for providing the US government and research community with global warming data and analysis as it pertains to energy issues.

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Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.

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Carpet

A carpet is a textile floor covering typically consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing.

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Carpet Museum of Iran

Located in Tehran, beside Laleh Park, and founded in 1976, the Carpet Museum of Iran exhibits a variety of Persian carpets from all over Iran, dating from the 16th century to the present.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.

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Catholic Church by country

The Catholic Church is a "Communion of Churches, both Roman and Eastern, or Oriental, that are in full communion with the Bishop of Rome (the pope)." The Church is also known as the People of God, the Body of Christ, the Temple of the Holy Spirit, among other names." According to Vatican II's "Pastoral Constitution on the Church," the "church has but one sole purpose -- that the kingdom of God may come and the salvation of the human race may be accomplished." This Communion of Churches comprises the Latin Church (or the Roman or Western Church) as well as 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, canonically called sui juris churches, each led by either a Patriarch or a Major Archbishop in full communion with the Holy See.

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Center for Strategic and International Studies

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C., in the United States.

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Cereal

A cereal is any edible components of the grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis) of cultivated grass, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.

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Charities Aid Foundation

The Charities Aid Foundation (CAF) is a registered UK charity.

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Charity (practice)

The practice of charity means the voluntary giving of help to those in need, as a humanitarian act.

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Chemical & Engineering News

Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN) is a weekly trade magazine published by the American Chemical Society, providing professional and technical information in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering.

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Chemical industry

The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.

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Child Development Index

The Child Development Index (CDI) is an index combining performance measures specific to children - education, health and nutrition - to produce a score on a scale of 0 to 100.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.

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CITES

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals.

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CNBC

CNBC is an American basic cable, internet and satellite business news television channel that is owned by NBCUniversal News Group, a division of NBCUniversal, with both being ultimately owned by Comcast.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

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Coffee

Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant.

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Cognitive science

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.

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Columbia University

Columbia University (Columbia; officially Columbia University in the City of New York), established in 1754, is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City.

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Communications in Iran

Iran’s telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned, dominated by the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI).

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Compressed natural gas

Compressed natural gas (CNG) (methane stored at high pressure) is a fuel which can be used in place of gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel and propane/LPG.

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Computer science

Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.

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Construction industry of Iran

The construction industry of Iran is divided into two main sections.

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Contraceptive security

Contraceptive security (CS) is a situation in which people are able to reliably choose, obtain, and use quality contraceptives for family planning and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

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Conventional warfare

Conventional warfare is a form of warfare conducted by using conventional weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.

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Copyright infringement

Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works.

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Coral reef

Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals.

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Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.

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Corruption

Corruption is a form of dishonesty undertaken by a person entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire personal benefit.

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Corruption Perceptions Index

Transparency International (TI) has published the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) since 1995, annually ranking countries "by their perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys." The CPI generally defines corruption as "the misuse of public power for private benefit".

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Cost-of-living index

A cost-of-living index is a theoretical price index that measures relative cost of living over time or regions.

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Creativity

Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed.

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Crime in Iran

Crime in Iran is present in various forms, and may include the following offences: murder, kidnapping, theft, fraud, money laundering, drug trafficking, drug selling, alcohol smuggling, oil smuggling, tax evasion and many other ordinary crimes that criminals commit.

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Cutaneous condition

A cutaneous condition is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands.

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Cyberinfrastructure

United States federal research funders use the term cyberinfrastructure to describe research environments that support advanced data acquisition, data storage, data management, data integration, data mining, data visualization and other computing and information processing services distributed over the Internet beyond the scope of a single institution.

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Dam

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.

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Dashboard of Sustainability

The Dashboard of Sustainability is a free-of-charge, non-commercial software package configured to convey the complex relationships among economic, social, and environmental issues.

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Dasht-e Kavir

Dasht-e Kavir (دشت كوير, 'Low Plains' in classical Persian, from khwar (low), and dasht (plain), flatland), also known as Kavir-e Namak ('salty lowlands') and the Great Salt Desert, is a large desert lying in the middle of the Iranian plateau.

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Dasht-e Lut

The Lut Desert, widely referred to as Dasht-e Lut (دشت لوت, "Emptiness Plain"), is a large salt desert located in the provinces of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran.

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Data-rate units

In telecommunications, data-transfer rate is the average number of bits (bitrate), characters or symbols (baudrate), or data blocks per unit time passing through a communication link in a data-transmission system.

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Debt-to-GDP ratio

In economics, the debt-to-GDP ratio is the ratio between a country's government debt (a cumulative amount) and its gross domestic product (GDP) (measured in years).

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Democracy Index

The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the UK-based company the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) that intends to measure the state of democracy in 167 countries, of which 166 are sovereign states and 165 are UN member states.

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Demographics of Iran

Iran's population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 80 million by 2016.

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Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

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Diarrhea

Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.

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Diffusion of innovations

Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread.

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Digital television

Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of television signals, including the sound channel, using digital encoding, in contrast to the earlier television technology, analog television, in which the video and audio are carried by analog signals.

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Digitization

Digitization, at WhatIs.com in Collins English Dictionary less commonly digitalization, is the process of converting information into a digital (i.e. computer-readable) format, in which the information is organized into bits.

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Disability-adjusted life year

The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death.

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Divorce demography

Divorce demography is the study of the demographic factors that impact divorce as a social phenomenon.

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E-government

E-government (short for electronic government) is the use of electronic communications devices, computers and the Internet to provide public services to citizens and other persons in a country or region.

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E-readiness

E-readiness refers to a country's capacity and state of preparedness to participate in the electronic world.

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Earth Watchers Center

Earth Watchers Center (EWC) is a non-profit environmental organization in Iran which has been functioning since September 2002.

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Earthquake

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.

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Ease of doing business index

The ease of doing business index is an index created by Simeon Djankov at the World Bank Group.

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Economic Complexity Index

The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is a holistic measure of the production characteristics of large economic systems, usually whole countries.

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Economic surplus

In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), refers to two related quantities.

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Economist Intelligence Unit

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) is a British business within the Economist Group providing forecasting and advisory services through research and analysis, such as monthly country reports, five-year country economic forecasts, country risk service reports, and industry reports.

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Education Index

The United Nations publishes a Human Development Index every year, which consists of the Education index, GDP Index and Life Expectancy Index.

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Emerging technologies

Emerging technologies are technologies that are perceived as capable of changing the status quo.

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Energy economics

Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies.

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Energy in Iran

Energy in Iran describes energy and electricity production, consumption, import and export in Iran.

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Environmental Performance Index

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state's policies.

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Epidemiology of malnutrition

There were 795 million undernourished people in the world in 2014, a decrease of 216 million since 1990, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone—7 billion people—and could feed more than that—12 billion people.

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Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions

Worldwide it was estimated that 1.25 million people were killed and many millions more were injured in motor vehicle collisions in 2013.

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Estimated number of guns per capita by country

This is a list of countries by estimated guns per capita (number of privately owned small firearms divided by number of residents).

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Extreme points of Earth

This is a list of extreme points of Earth, the geographical locations that are farther north or south than, higher or lower in elevation than, or farthest inland or out to sea from, any other locations on the landmasses, continents or countries.

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Far-left politics

Far-left politics are political views located further on the left of the left-right spectrum than the standard political left.

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Far-right politics

Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of more extreme nationalist, and nativist ideologies, as well as authoritarian tendencies.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories.

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Financial Times

The Financial Times (FT) is a Japanese-owned (since 2015), English-language international daily newspaper headquartered in London, with a special emphasis on business and economic news.

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Fine motor skill

Fine motor skill (or dexterity) is the coordination of small muscles, in movements—usually involving the synchronization of hands and fingers—with the eyes.

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Firepower

Firepower is the military capability to direct force at an enemy.

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Fluorocarbon

Fluorocarbons, sometimes referred to as perfluorocarbons or PFCs, are, strictly speaking, organofluorine compounds with the formula CxFy, i.e. they contain only carbon and fluorine, though the terminology is not strictly followed.

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Food and Agriculture Organization

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.

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Food energy

Food energy is chemical energy that animals (including humans) derive from food through the process of cellular respiration.

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Foreign direct investment in Iran

Foreign direct investment in Iran (FDI) has been hindered by unfavorable or complex operating requirements and by international sanctions, although in the early 2000s the Iranian government liberalized investment regulations.

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Foreign relations of Iran

Foreign relations of Iran refers to inter-governmental relationships between the Islamic Republic of Iran and other countries.

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Forest

A forest is a large area dominated by trees.

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Freedom House

Freedom House is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) U.S. government-funded non-governmental organization (NGO) that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

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Freedom of the Press (report)

Freedom of the Press is a yearly report by US-based non-governmental organization Freedom House, measuring the level of freedom and editorial independence enjoyed by the press in nations and significant disputed territories around the world.

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Fuel dispenser

A fuel dispenser is a machine at a filling station that is used to pump gasoline, petrol, diesel, CNG, CGH2, HCNG, LPG, LH2, ethanol fuel, biofuels like biodiesel, kerosene, or other types of fuel into vehicles.

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Functional illiteracy

Functional illiteracy is reading and writing skills that are inadequate "to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level".

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Fund for Peace

The Fund for Peace is a US non-profit, non-governmental research and educational institution.

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Gastrointestinal disease

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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Gemstone

A gemstone (also called a gem, fine gem, jewel, precious stone, or semi-precious stone) is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.

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Gender Development Index

The Gender Development Index (GDI) is an index designed to measure of gender equality.

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Gender Empowerment Measure

The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is an index designed to measure of gender equality.

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Gini coefficient

In economics, the Gini coefficient (sometimes expressed as a Gini ratio or a normalized Gini index) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measurement of inequality.

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Global Competitiveness Report

The Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) is a yearly report published by the World Economic Forum.

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Global Gender Gap Report

The Global Gender Gap Report was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.

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Global Peace Index

Global Peace Index (GPI) measures the relative position of nations' and regions' peacefulness.

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Gonabad

Gonabad (گناباد, also Romanized as Gonābād; also known as Gūnābād; formerly Janābaz) is a city and capital of Gonabad County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.

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Government budget

A government budget is an annual financial statement presenting the government's proposed revenues and spending for a financial year that is often passed by the legislature, approved by the chief executive or president and presented by the Finance Minister to the nation.

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Government debt

Government debt (also known as public interest, public debt, national debt and sovereign debt) is the debt owed by a government.

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Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran

The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Neẓām-e jomhūrī-e eslāmi-e Irān, known simply as Neẓām (lit) among its supporters, and "the regime" among its dissidents) is the ruling state and current political system in Iran, in power since the revolution and fall of Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.

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Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion.

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Great Wall of Gorgan

The Great Wall of Gorgan was a Sasanian-era defense system located near modern Gorgan in the Golestān Province of northeastern Iran, at the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea.

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Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

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Greenwich Mean Time

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.

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Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.

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Gross national income

The gross national income (GNI) is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents (Todaro & Smith, 2011: 44) (all figures in millions of US dollars).

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Groundwater recharge

Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater.

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Hamadan

Hamadān or Hamedān (همدان, Hamedān) (Old Persian: Haŋgmetana, Ecbatana) is the capital city of Hamadan Province of Iran.

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Happiness economics

The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the quantitative and theoretical study of happiness, positive and negative affect, well-being, quality of life, life satisfaction and related concepts, typically combining economics with other fields such as psychology, health and sociology.

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Happy Planet Index

The Happy Planet Index (HPI) is an index of human well-being and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation (NEF) in July 2006.

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Hard power

Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies.

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Health care

Health care or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in human beings.

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Health literacy

Health literacy is the ability to obtain, read, understand, and use healthcare information in order to make appropriate health decisions and follow instructions for treatment.

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Health system

A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or as healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.

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Heliport

A Heliport is by definition an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters, and includes its buildings and facilities (if any).

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Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.

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Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.

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High tech

High technology, often abbreviated to high tech (adjective forms high-technology, high-tech or hi-tech) is technology that is at the cutting edge: the most advanced technology available.

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High-net-worth individual

High-net-worth individual (HNWI) is a term used by some segments of the financial services industry to designate persons whose investible assets (such as stocks and bonds) exceed a given amount.

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History of Iran

The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.

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HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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Hospital

A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment.

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Host (network)

A network host is a computer or other device connected to a computer network.

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Human capital

Human capital is a term popularized by Gary Becker, an economist and Nobel Laureate from the University of Chicago, and Jacob Mincer.

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Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

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Human Poverty Index

The Human Poverty Index (HPI) was an indication of the standard of living in a country, developed by the United Nations (UN) to complement the Human Development Index (HDI) and was first reported as part of the Human Development Report in 1997.

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Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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Hydrofluorocarbon

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms, are the most common type of organofluorine compounds.

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Hypertension

Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

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ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification produced by the World Health Organization.

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ICD-10 Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter VII: Diseases of the eye, adnexa

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter VIII: Diseases of the ear and mastoid process

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter XI: Diseases of the digestive system

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter XIII: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter XIV: Diseases of the genitourinary system

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter XVI: Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICT Development Index

The ICT Development Index (IDI) is an index published by the United Nations International Telecommunication Union based on internationally agreed information and communication technologies (ICT) indicators.

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Illegal drug trade

The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws.

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Illicit cigarette trade

The illicit cigarette trade is defined as “the production, import, export, purchase, sale, or possession of tobacco goods which fail to comply with legislation” (FATF 2012).

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IMIDRO

Iranian Mines & Mining Industries Development & Renovation, known as IMIDRO, is a major state-owned holding company active in the mining sector in Iran.

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Index of Economic Freedom

The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual index and ranking created by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal in 1995 to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Infant mortality

Infant mortality refers to deaths of young children, typically those less than one year of age.

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Inflation

In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.

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Information literacy

The United States National Forum on Information Literacy defines information literacy as "...

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Ingenuity

Ingenuity is the quality of being clever, original, and inventive, often in the process of applying ideas to solve problems or meet challenges.

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Injury

Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by external force.

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Innovation

Innovation can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method".

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Intellectual property in Iran

Iran is a member of the WIPO since 2001 and has acceded to several WIPO intellectual property treaties.

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Inter-Parliamentary Union

The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU; Union Interparlementaire) is a global inter-parliamentary institution established in 1889 by Frédéric Passy (France) and William Randal Cremer (United Kingdom).

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International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.

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International Energy Agency

The International Energy Agency (IEA) (Agence internationale de l'énergie) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.

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International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) is an intergovernmental organization with regional offices in Latin America (Costa Rica), Asia and the Pacific (Australia) and Africa (Ethiopia).

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International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.

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International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.

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International Telecommunication Union

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU; Union Internationale des Télécommunications (UIT)), originally the International Telegraph Union (Union Télégraphique Internationale), is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies.

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International Union of Railways

The UIC (Union Internationale des Chemins de fer) or International Union of Railways is an international rail transport industry body.

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International vehicle registration code

The country in which a motor vehicle's vehicle registration plate was issued may be indicated by an international licence plate country code, formerly known as an International Registration Letter or International Circulation Mark. The distinguishing sign of the country of registration must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle.

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Internet access

Internet access is the ability of individuals and organizations to connect to the Internet using computer terminals, computers, and other devices; and to access services such as email and the World Wide Web.

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Internet service provider

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet.

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Invention

An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process.

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Iodised salt

Iodised salt (also spelled iodized salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element iodine.

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Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Iran and Libya Sanctions Act

The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 (ILSA) was a 1996 act of Congress that imposed economic sanctions on firms doing business with Iran and Libya.

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Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq, beginning on 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, and ending on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire.

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Iranian architecture

Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (Persian:مهرازى ایرانی) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Iranian Crown Jewels

The Imperial crown jewels of Iran (جواهرات ملی ایران, Jawāhrāt-e millī-ye Irān) include elaborate crowns, thirty tiaras, and numerous aigrettes, a dozen bejeweled swords and shields, a number of unset precious gems, numerous plates and other dining services cast in precious metals and encrusted with gems, and several other more unusual items (such as a large golden globe with the oceans made of emeralds) collected by the Iranian monarchy from the 16th century (Safavid dynasty) on.

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Iranian oil bourse

The Iranian Oil Bourse (بورس نفت ایران), International Oil Bourse, Iran Petroleum Exchange Kish Exchange or Oil Bourse in Kish (IOB; the official English language name is unclear) also known as Iran Crude Oil Exchange,http://en.seo.ir/rendermodule.aspx?SelectedSingleViewItemID.

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Iranian Space Agency

The Iranian Space Agency (ISA, Persian: سازمان فضایی ایران Sázmán e Fazái e Irán) is Iran's governmental space agency.

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Iraq

Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.

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IRISL Group

The maritime fleet of the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL Group) comprises 115 ocean-going vessels, with the total capacity of.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Islam by country

Adherents of Islam constitute the world's second largest religious group.

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Islamic Azad University

The Islamic Azad University (IAU; دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی, Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi) is a non-governmental private university system in Iran.

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Islamic Republic of Iran Railways

The Islamic Republic of Iran Railways (abbreviated IRIR or sometimes RAI) (Persian: Rāhāhane Jomhuriye Eslamiye Irān) is the national state-owned railway system of Iran.

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IUCN Red List

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.

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Japan

Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.

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Jet fuel

Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), or avtur, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines.

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Judicial independence

Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other branches of government.

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Karachi

Karachi (کراچی; ALA-LC:,; ڪراچي) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh.

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Land use statistics by country

This article includes the table with land use statistics by country.

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Land use, land-use change, and forestry

Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) is defined by the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat as a "greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities." LULUCF has impacts on the global carbon cycle and as such, these activities can add or remove carbon dioxide (or, more generally, carbon) from the atmosphere, influencing climate.

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Largest creative work

The largest creative work is the largest or longest item in different fields of creative works.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Legatum Institute

The Legatum Institute is an independent educational charity based in London, UK, run by Baroness Philippa Stroud, a Conservative member of the House of Lords.

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Legatum Prosperity Index

The Legatum Prosperity Index is an annual ranking developed by the Legatum Institute, a division of the private investment firm Legatum.

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Life expectancy

Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.

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Linear trend estimation

Trend estimation is a statistical technique to aid interpretation of data.

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Liquefied petroleum gas

Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.

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List of association football stadiums by capacity

The following is a list of football stadiums.

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List of causes of death by rate

The following is a list of the causes of human deaths worldwide for the year 2002, arranged by their associated mortality rates.

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List of cities proper by population

This article lists the most populous cities in the world defined according to a concept of city proper.

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List of countries and dependencies by area

This is a list of the world's countries and their dependent territories by area, ranked by total area.

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List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers

The following list compares the size of national police forces and police per head.

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List of countries and dependencies by population

This is a list of countries and dependent territories by population.

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List of countries and dependencies by population density

This is a list of countries and dependent territories ranked by population density, measured by the number of human inhabitants per square kilometer.

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List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

This is a list of countries by alcohol consumption measured in equivalent litres of pure alcohol (ethanol) consumed per capita per year.

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List of countries by aluminium production

This is a list of countries by aluminium production in 2016.

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List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

This is a list of sovereign states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency released in 2015.

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List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita

This is a list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions emissions per capita from 1990 through 2011.

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List of countries by cement production

All figures are rounded to three significant.

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List of countries by central bank interest rates

This is a list of countries by annualized interest rate set by the central bank for charging commercial, depository banks for loans to meet temporary shortages of funds.

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List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita

This is a list of countries by annual per capita consumption of tobacco cigarettes.

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List of countries by commercial bank prime lending rate

This is a list of countries by a simple average of annualized interest rates of commercial banks for charging on new loans, denominated in the national currency, to their most credit-worthy customers.

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List of countries by copper production

This is a list of countries by mined copper production.

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List of countries by current account balance

This is a list of countries by current account balance.

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List of countries by current account balance as a percentage of GDP

This article includes a list of countries of the world sorted by current account balance as a percentage of gross domestic product (nominal GDP).

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List of countries by easternmost point

This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land (dependent territories included).

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List of countries by electricity consumption

This list of countries by electric energy consumption is mostly based on The World Factbook.

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List of countries by electricity exports

This is a list of countries by electricity exports mostly based on The World Factbook.

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List of countries by electricity imports

This is a list of countries by electricity imports mostly based on The World Factbook.

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List of countries by electricity production

The list of countries by electricity generation per year based on multiple sources.

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List of countries by energy consumption per capita

This is a list of countries by total energy consumption per capita.

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List of countries by energy intensity

The following are lists of countries by energy intensity, or total energy consumption per unit GDP.

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List of countries by exports

This is a list of countries by merchandise exports, based on The World Factbook of the CIA.

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List of countries by exports per capita

This is a list of countries by exports per capita.

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List of countries by external debt

This is a list of countries by external debt, which is the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in internationally accepted currencies, goods or services, where the public debt is the money or credit owed by any level of government, from central to local, and the private debt the money or credit owed by private households or private corporations based in the country under consideration.

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List of countries by FDI abroad

This is the list of countries by stock of Foreign direct investment (FDI) abroad, that is the cumulative US dollar value of all investments in foreign countries made directly by residents - primarily companies - of the home country, as of the end of the time period indicated.

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List of countries by food energy intake

Food consumption refers to the amount of food available for human consumption as estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets.

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List of countries by forest area

This article is a list of places by forest area.

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List of countries by Fragile States Index

This is a list of countries by order of appearance in the Fragile States Index (formerly the Failed States Index) of the United States think tank Fund for Peace.

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List of countries by freshwater withdrawal

This is a list of countries by freshwater withdrawal mostly based on The World Factbook, accessed in June 2008.

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List of countries by GDP (nominal)

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.

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List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

The world sorted by their gross domestic product per capita at nominal values.

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List of countries by GDP (PPP)

This article includes a list of countries by their forecasted estimated gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity, abbreviated GDP (PPP).

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List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

Three lists of countries below calculate gross domestic product (at purchasing power parity) per capita, i.e., the purchasing power parity (PPP) value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year.

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List of countries by GDP (PPP) per person employed

This is a list of countries by their gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per person currently employed.

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List of countries by GDP (real) per capita growth rate

This is a list of countries by GDP (real) per capita growth rate, i.e., the growth rate of GDP per capita.

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List of countries by GDP growth 1980–2010

This is a list of fifteen largest countries by incremental nominal GDP based on data from the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations.

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List of countries by GDP sector composition

This is a list of countries by gross domestic product (GDP) sector composition.

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List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita

This is a list of countries by Gross National Income per capita in 2017 at nominal values, according to the Atlas method, an indicator of income developed by the World Bank.

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List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita

This article includes a list of countries of the world sorted by their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP).

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List of countries by government budget

The list is mainly based on CIA World Factbook for the year 2016.

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List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita

This is a list of countries by total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita by year.

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List of countries by gross fixed investment as percentage of GDP

This is the list of countries by gross fixed investment as percentage of GDP.

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List of countries by Human Development Index

This is a list of all the countries by the Human Development Index as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report.

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List of countries by imports

This is a list of countries by merchandise imports, based on The World Factbook of the CIA.

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List of countries by incarceration rate

This is a list of countries by incarceration rate.

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List of countries by income equality

This is a list of countries or dependencies by income inequality metrics, including Gini coefficients.

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List of countries by industrial production growth rate

This is a list of countries by industrial production growth rate mostly based on The World Factbook, accessed in April 2018.

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List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates

The under-five mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants and children under five years old per 1000 live births.

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List of countries by inflation rate

This is a list of countries and territories sorted by CPI-based inflation rate.

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List of countries by intentional homicide rate

List of countries by intentional homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants.

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List of countries by iron ore production

This is a list of countries by iron ore production based on U.S. Geological Survey data.

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List of countries by labour force

This is a list of countries by size of the labour force mostly based on The World Factbook.

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List of countries by length of coastline

The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length.

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List of countries by life expectancy

This is a collection of lists of countries by average life expectancy at birth.

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List of countries by literacy rate

This is a list of countries by literacy rate.

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List of countries by median age

This article is a list of countries by median age.

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List of countries by military expenditures

This article is a list of countries by military expenditure in a given year.

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List of countries by motor vehicle production

This is a list of countries by motor vehicle production based on Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA) and other data from 2016 and earlier.

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List of countries by natural gas consumption

This is a list of countries by annual natural gas consumption. For informational purposes, several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list.

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List of countries by natural gas exports

This is a list of countries by natural gas exports mostly based on The World Factbook.

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List of countries by natural gas imports

This is a list of countries by natural gas imports mostly based on The World Factbook and EIA.

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List of countries by natural gas production

This is a list of countries by natural gas production based on statistics from the International Energy Agency.

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List of countries by natural gas proven reserves

This is a list of countries by natural gas proven reserves based on The World Factbook (when no citation is given).

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List of countries by net migration rate

This is a list of countries by net migration rate, the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year, per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population).

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List of countries by northernmost point

This is a list of countries by northernmost point on land.

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List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions

This article contains a sortable list of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions and penetration rates, using data compiled by the International Telecommunication Union.

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List of countries by number of heliports

This is a list of countries by number of heliports based on CIA World Factbook, Flightglobal, Vertical Magazine and along with the civil and military helicopter fleet.

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List of countries by number of Internet hosts

This is the list of countries by number of Internet hosts, based on 2012 figures from the CIA World Factbook.

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List of countries by number of Internet users

Below is a sortable list of countries by number of Internet users as of 2016.

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List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel

This is a list of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel.

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List of countries by number of mobile phones in use

This list ranks the countries of the world by the number of mobile phones in use.

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List of countries by number of telephone lines in use

This is a list of countries by number of telephone lines mostly based on The World Factbook accessed in September 2010.

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List of countries by number of television broadcast stations

This is a list of countries by number of television broadcast stations.

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List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers

This is a list of countries by total number of peacekeepers contributed to United Nations operations based on United Nations report as of 31 January 2018.

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List of countries by oil consumption

The total worldwide oil consumption is 93 million bbl/day according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).

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List of countries by oil exports

This is a list of oil-producing countries by oil exports based on The World Factbook and other Sources.

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List of countries by oil imports

This is a list of countries by oil imports based on The World Factbook and other sources.

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List of countries by oil production

This is a list of countries by oil production, as compiled from the U.S. Energy Information Administration database for calendar year 2016, tabulating all countries on a comparable best-estimate basis.

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List of countries by past and future population

This is a list of countries by past and future population or estimations from the beginning of the second half of the 20th century (cca. 1950) until the second half of the 21st century.

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List of countries by population growth rate

This article includes a table of countries and self-governing dependent territories by annual population growth rate.

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List of countries by prevalence of opiates use

This is a list of countries (and some territories) by the annual prevalence of opiates use as percentage of the population aged 15–64 (unless otherwise indicated).

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List of countries by proven oil reserves

This is a list of countries by proven oil reserves.

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List of countries by public debt

This is a list of countries by public debt to GDP ratio as listed by CIA's World Factbook and IMF.

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List of countries by rail transport network size

This list of countries by rail transport network size based on International Union of Railways data ranks countries by length of rail lines worked at end of year updated with other reliable sources.

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List of countries by real GDP growth rate

This article includes a list of countries and dependent territories sorted by their real gross domestic product growth rate; the rate of growth of the value of all final goods and services produced within a state in a given year.

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List of countries by received FDI

This article includes a list of countries of the world sorted by received Foreign direct investment (FDI) stock, the level of accumulated FDI in a country.

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List of countries by research and development spending

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms and as per latest data available.

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List of countries by road network size

This is a list of countries by total road network size, both paved and unpaved.

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List of countries by Sen social welfare function

The social welfare function, proposed by Amartya Sen in 1973, is a measure of a society's overall welfare.

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List of countries by southernmost point

This is a list of countries by southernmost point on land.

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List of countries by sovereign wealth funds

A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a fund owned by a state (or a political subdivision of a federal state) composed of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, property or other financial instruments.

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List of countries by steel production

This article summarizes the world steel production by country.

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List of countries by suicide rate

The following is a list of suicide rates by country according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other sources.

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List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio

This article lists countries alphabetically, with total tax revenue as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for the listed countries.

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List of countries by tea consumption per capita

This is a list of countries ordered by annual per capita consumption of tea, as of 2016.

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List of countries by the number of billionaires

This is a list of countries by the number of billionaires by net worth (USD) based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes magazine.

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List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

This article includes 3 lists of countries of the world and their total expenditure on health per capita.

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List of countries by total length of pipelines

This is a sortable list of countries and their total length of pipelines, mostly based on the CIA World Factbook, accessed in November 2015.

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List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production

This is a list of countries by Total Primary Energy consumption and production.

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List of countries by total renewable water resources

This is a list of countries by total renewable water resources mostly based on The World Factbook.

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List of countries by traffic-related death rate

This list of countries by traffic-related death rate shows the annual number of road fatalities per capita per year, per number of motor vehicles, and per vehicle-km in some countries in the year the data was collected.

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List of countries by unemployment rate

This is a list of countries by unemployment rate.

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List of countries by uranium reserves

Uranium reserves are reserves of recoverable uranium, regardless of isotope, based on a set market price.

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List of countries by vehicles per capita

This article is a list of countries by the number of road motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants.

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List of countries by waterways length

This is a list of countries by total waterways length mostly based on The World Factbook accessed in May 2009.

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List of countries by westernmost point

This is a list of countries by westernmost point on land (dependent territories included).

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List of dams and reservoirs in Iran

Major dam construction started in Iran in the 1950s.

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List of deserts by area

This is the list of the largest deserts in the world by area.

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List of elevation extremes by country

The following sortable table lists land surface elevation extremes by country.

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List of former national capitals

Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed.

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List of government space agencies

This is a list of government agencies engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration.

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List of international rankings

This is a list of international rankings.

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List of islands by area

This list of islands by area includes all islands in the world greater than and several other islands over, sorted in descending order by area.

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List of islands by highest point

This is a list of islands in the world ordered by their highest point.

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List of largest consumer markets

Below is a list of the largest consumer markets of the world, according to data from the World Bank. The countries are sorted by their Household final consumption expenditure (HFCE) which represents consumer spending in nominal terms.

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List of largest hydroelectric power stations

This article provides a list of the largest hydroelectric power stations by generating capacity.

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List of largest universities and university networks by enrollment

This list of largest universities by enrollment in the world includes total active enrollment across all campuses, as well as off-campus study.

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List of merchant navy capacity by country

List of merchant navy capacity by flag is a list of the world foremost fleets of registered trading vessels ranked in both gross register tonnage (GRT) and deadweight tonnage (DWT) sorted by flag state.

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List of metro systems

This list of metro systems includes electrified rapid transit train systems worldwide.

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List of mountains in Iran

This is a list of mountains in the country of Iran.

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List of natural disasters by death toll

A natural disaster is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, lots of collateral damage or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings.

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List of oil exploration and production companies

The following is a list of notable companies in the petroleum industry that are engaged in petroleum exploration and production.

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List of power stations in Iran

By 2012, Iran had roughly 400 power plant units.

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List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate

This is a list of all sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate (TFR): the expected number of children born per woman in her child-bearing years.

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List of sovereign states and dependent territories by birth rate

This article includes three versions of the list of countries by crude birth rate.

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List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population

These are lists of countries by foreign-born population (immigrants) and lists of countries by number native-born persons living in a foreign country (emigrants).

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List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality rate

This article includes two versions of the list of countries by crude mortality rate.

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List of sovereign states by date of formation

Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.

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List of spaceflight records

This is a list of spaceflight records.

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List of sports venues by capacity

The following is a list of sports venues, ordered by capacity; i.e. the maximum number of spectators the venue can normally accommodate.

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List of stadiums by capacity

The following is a list of notable sports stadiums, ordered by their capacity, which refers to the maximum number of spectators they can normally accommodate.

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List of tallest buildings and structures

The world's tallest artificial structure is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai (of the United Arab Emirates).

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List of tallest freestanding structures

This is a list of tallest freestanding structures in the world past and present.

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List of tallest structures in Iran

This is a list of the tallest structures in the Iran.

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List of top international rankings by country

This list of top international rankings by country includes global-scale lists of countries with rankings (this list only contains sovereign states), sorted by country that is placed top or bottom in the respective ranking.

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List of walls

See List of fortifications for a list of notable fortified structures.

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List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll.

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List of weather records

This is a list of weather records, a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories.

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Lists by country

This is a series of lists by country.

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Lists of countries and territories

This is a list of many lists of countries and territories by various definitions, including FIFA countries, federations, and fictional countries.

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Literacy

Literacy is traditionally meant as the ability to read and write.

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Lower respiratory tract infection

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), while often used as a synonym for pneumonia, can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis.

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Lubricant

A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.

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Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems.

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Management of HIV/AIDS

The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs in an attempt to control HIV infection.

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Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.

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Market capitalization

Market capitalization (market cap) is the market value of a publicly traded company's outstanding shares.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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Maternal death

Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes." There are two performance indicators that are sometimes used interchangeably: maternal mortality ratio and maternal mortality rate, which confusingly both are abbreviated "MMR".

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Maternal health

Maternal health is the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

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Mathematics

Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.

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Media of Iran

The Media of Iran are privately and publicly owned but is subject to censorship.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

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Meningitis

Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.

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Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).

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Middle East

The Middle Easttranslit-std; translit; Orta Şərq; Central Kurdish: ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین, Rojhelatî Nawîn; Moyen-Orient; translit; translit; translit; Rojhilata Navîn; translit; Bariga Dhexe; Orta Doğu; translit is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa).

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Milad Tower

Milad Tower (برج میلاد), also known as the Tehran Tower (برج تهران), is a multi-purpose tower in Tehran, Iran.

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Mining in Iran

Mining in Iran is underdeveloped, yet the country is one of the most important mineral producers in the world, ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries, holding some 68 types of minerals, 37 billion tonnes of proven reserves and more than 57 billion tonnes of potential reserves worth $770 billion in 2014.

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Ministry of Education (New Zealand)

The Ministry of Education (Māori: Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with overseeing the New Zealand education system.

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Mobile phone

A mobile phone, known as a cell phone in North America, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area.

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Mount Damavand

Mount Damavand (دماوند), a potentially active volcano, is a stratovolcano which is the highest peak in Iran and the highest volcano in Asia; the Kunlun Volcanic Group in Tibet is higher than Damāvand, but are not considered to be volcanic mountains.

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.

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Naphtha

Naphtha is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

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National Development Fund of Iran

The National Development Fund of Iran (NDFI) (صندوق توسعه ملی) is Iran's sovereign wealth fund.

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National Iranian Oil Company

The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; شرکت ملّی نفت ایران Sherkat-e Melli-ye Naft-e Īrān), a government-owned corporation under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is a national oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran.

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National Iranian Tanker Company

National Iranian Tanker Company (NITC) is a subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company, which was privatized in 2009.

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National Petrochemical Company

The National Petrochemical Company (NPC) (شرکت ملی صنایع پتروشیمی), a subsidiary to the Iranian Petroleum Ministry, is owned by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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National wealth

National net wealth, also known as national net worth, is the total sum of the value of a nation's assets minus its liabilities.

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Natural gas

Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.

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Natural gas by country

This article includes a chart representing proven reserves, production, consumption, exports and imports of natural gas by country.

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Natural gas reserves in Iran

According to the Iran Petroleum Ministry, the proved natural gas reserves of Iran are about or about 17.8% of world's total reserves, of which 33% are as associated gas and 67% is in non associated gas fields.

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Natural gas vehicle

A natural gas vehicle (NGV) is an alternative fuel vehicle that uses compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG).

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Net worth

Net worth is the value of all the non-financial and financial assets owned by an institutional unit or sector minus the value of all its outstanding liabilities.

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New Economics Foundation

The New Economics Foundation (NEF) is a British think-tank that aims to help build a "new economy where people are really in control".

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Newsweek

Newsweek is an American weekly magazine founded in 1933.

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Nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula.

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Nuclear facilities in Iran

Anarak, near Yazd, has a nuclear waste storage site.

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Nuclear power

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.

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Nuclear program of Iran

The nuclear program of Iran has included several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants.

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Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Nuclear technology

Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.

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Nutrition

Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Offensive (military)

An offensive is a military operation that seeks through aggressive projection of armed force to occupy territory, gain an objective or achieve some larger strategic, operational, or tactical goal.

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Oil

An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving").

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Oil refinery

Oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils.

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Oil reserves

Oil reserves denote the amount of crude oil that can be technically recovered at a cost that is financially feasible at the present price of oil.

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Oil tanker

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products.

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Opium production in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has been the world's leading illicit opium producer since 1992 (excluding the year 2001).

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Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles

The Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, commonly abbreviated OICA (International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers), founded 1919 in Paris, is an international trade association whose members are 39 national automotive industry trade associations.

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Outer Space Treaty

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law.

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Outline of industrial machinery

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to industrial machinery.

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Overconsumption

Overconsumption is a situation where resource use has outpaced the sustainable capacity of the ecosystem.

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Pakistan

Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.

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PAL

Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a color encoding system for analogue television used in broadcast television systems in most countries broadcasting at 625-line / 50 field (25 frame) per second (576i).

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Patent

A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.

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Peacekeeping

Peacekeeping refers to activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace.

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Peak gas

According to M. King Hubbert's Hubbert peak theory, peak gas is the point in time at which the maximum global natural gas (fossil gas) production rate will be reached, after which the rate of production will enter its terminal decline.

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Peak water

Peak water is a concept that underlines the growing constraints on the availability, quality, and use of freshwater resources.

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Pension

A pension is a fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years, and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement from work in the form of periodic payments.

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Permanent crop

A permanent is one produced from plants which last for many seasons, rather than being replanted after each harvest.

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Persian carpet

A Persian carpet or Persian rug (Persian: قالی ايرانى qālī-ye īranī),Savory, R., Carpets,(Encyclopaedia Iranica); accessed January 30, 2007.

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Petrochemical industry

The petrochemical industry is concerned with the production and trade of petrochemicals.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods or material through a pipe.

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Pirated movie release types

Pirated movies are distributed in a variety of forms by groups such as Warez and organized piracy groups.

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Politics of Germany

Germany is a democratic, federal parliamentary republic, and federal legislative power is vested in the Bundestag (the parliament of Germany) and the Bundesrat (the representative body of the Länder, Germany's regional states).

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Politics of Iran

The politics of Iran take place in a framework of a theocracy in a format of syncretic politics that is guided by Islamic ideology.

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Polymer

A polymer (Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

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Poverty

Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money.

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Power station

A power station, also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.

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Prevalence of circumcision

The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who have been circumcised.

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Price of oil

The price of oil, or the oil price, (generally) refers to the spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent ICE, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis Crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus and Western Canadian Select (WCS).

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Prostitution

Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment.

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Protestantism by country

There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,Jay Diamond, Larry.

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Provinces of Iran

Iran is subdivided into thirty-one provinces (استان Ostān, plural استان‌ها Ostānhā), each governed from a local center, usually the largest local city, which is called the capital (Persian: مرکز, markaz) of that province.

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Public switched telephone network

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication.

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Publicly funded health care

Publicly funded healthcare is a form of health care financing designed to meet the cost of all or most healthcare needs from a publicly managed fund.

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Purchasing power parity

Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a neoclassical economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal to the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing power.

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Qeshm Island

Qeshm (قشم), formerly also known as Kishm, is an Iranian island in the Strait of Hormuz, separated from the mainland by the Clarence Strait/Khuran in the Persian Gulf.

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Quacquarelli Symonds

Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) is a British company specialising in education.

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Radio

Radio is the technology of using radio waves to carry information, such as sound, by systematically modulating properties of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted through space, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width.

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Rank insignia of the Iranian military

This article tackes the ranks and insignia of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is divided into three forces.

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Ranking

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that, for any two items, the first is either 'ranked higher than', 'ranked lower than' or 'ranked equal to' the second.

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Reader's Digest

Reader's Digest is an American general-interest family magazine, published ten times a year.

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Religions by country

This is an overview of religion by country according to the Pew Research Center.

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Reporters Without Borders

Reporters Without Borders (RWB), or Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF), is an international non-profit, non-governmental organization that promotes and defends freedom of information and freedom of the press.

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Research

Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.

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Research and development

Research and development (R&D, R+D, or R'n'D), also known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, or improving existing services or products.

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Reserves-to-production ratio

The Reserves-to-production ratio (RPR or R/P) is the remaining amount of a non-renewable resource, expressed in time.

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Residual oil

Residual oil is oil found in low concentrations naturally or in exhausted oil fields.

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Respiratory disease

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.

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Respiratory tract infection

Respiratory tract infection (RTI) refers to any of a number of infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract.

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Retirement

Retirement is the withdrawal from one's position or occupation or from one's active working life.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Safe sex

Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV.

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Sanctions against Iran

Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the resulting hostage crisis, the United States imposed an asset freeze and trade embargo against Iran.

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Sarv-e Abarkuh

The Cypress of Abarkuh (سرو ابرکوه Sarv-e Abarkuh), also called the Zoroastrian Sarv, is a Cupressus sempervirens tree in Abarkuh in Yazd Province of Iran.

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Satisfaction with Life Index

The Satisfaction with Life Index was created by Adrian G. White, an analytic social psychologist at the University of Leicester, using data from a metastudy.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Saudi Aramco

Saudi Aramco (أرامكو السعودية), officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, most popularly known just as Aramco (formerly Arabian-American Oil Company), is a Saudi Arabian national petroleum and natural gas company based in Dhahran.

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Save the Children

The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international non-governmental organisation that promotes children's rights, provides relief and helps support children in developing countries.

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Save the Children State of the World's Mothers report

The Save the Children State of the World's Mothers report (SOWM report) is an annual report by the Save the Children USA, which compiles statistics on the health of mothers and children and uses them to produce rankings of more than 170 countries, showing where mothers fare best and where they face the greatest hardships.

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School-leaving age

The school leaving age is the minimum age a person is legally allowed to cease attendance at an institute of compulsory secondary education.

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Science

R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.

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Science in newly industrialized countries

Scientific research is concentrated in the developed world, with only a marginal contribution from the rest of the world.

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Science of science policy

The science of science policy (SoSP) is an emerging interdisciplinary research area that seeks to develop theoretical and empirical models of the scientific enterprise.

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Science park

A science park (also called a "university research park", or a "science and technology park") is defined as being a property-based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms and that are affiliated with a university (or a government and private research bodies) based on proximity, ownership, and/or governance.

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Science policy

Science policy is concerned with the allocation of resources for the conduct of science towards the goal of best serving the public interest.

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Scientific literacy

Scientific literacy or Science literacy encompasses written, numerical, and digital literacy as they pertain to understanding science, its methodology, observations, and theories.

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SECAM

SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential colour with memory"), is an analogue color television system first used in France.

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Sexually transmitted infection

Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex.

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Sharif University of Technology

Sharif University of Technology (SUT, دانشگاه صنعتی شریف) is a public research university in Tehran, Iran and is widely considered to be the nation's leading institution for engineering and physical science disciplines.

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Shia Islam

Shia (شيعة Shīʿah, from Shīʻatu ʻAlī, "followers of Ali") is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam), most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm.

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Sievert

The sievert (symbol: SvNot be confused with the sverdrup or the svedberg, two non-SI units that sometimes use the same symbol.) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.

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Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Sistan and Baluchestan Province (Sistàn o Balòčestàn)(استان سيستان و بلوچستان, Ostān-e Sīstān-o Balūchestān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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Small arms

Small arms include handguns (revolvers and pistols) and long guns, such as rifles, carbines, shotguns, submachine guns, assault rifles, personal defense weapons, and light machine guns.

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Smeed's law

Smeed's Law, named after R. J. Smeed, who first proposed the relationship in 1949, is an empirical rule relating traffic fatalities to traffic congestion as measured by the proxy of motor vehicle registrations and country population.

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Smuggling

Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects, substances, information or people, such as out of a house or buildings, into a prison, or across an international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations.

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Social class in Iran

Social classes in Iran have been divided up into upper class, propertied middle class, salaried middle class, working class, independent farmers, and rural wage earners.

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Social welfare function

In welfare economics, a social welfare function is a function that ranks social states (alternative complete descriptions of the society) as less desirable, more desirable, or indifferent for every possible pair of social states.

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Sociocultural evolution

Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or cultural evolution are theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time.

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Soft power

Soft power is the ability to attract and co-opt, rather than by coercion (hard power), which is using force or giving money as a means of persuasion.

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South Asia

South Asia or Southern Asia (also known as the Indian subcontinent) is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and, for some authorities, adjoining countries to the west and east.

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Sovereign wealth fund

A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) or sovereign investment fund is a state-owned investment fund that invests in real and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, or in alternative investments such as private equity fund or hedge funds.

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Speedtest.net

Speedtest.net is a web service that provides free analysis of Internet access performance metrics, such as connection data rate and latency.

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Starting a Business Index

The Starting a Business Index is a sub-index of the World Bank Ease of Doing Business Index.

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Startup accelerator

Startup accelerators, also known as seed accelerators, are fixed-term, cohort-based programs that include seed investment, connections, mentorship, educational components, and culminate in a public pitch event or demo day to accelerate growth.

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State-owned enterprise

A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business enterprise where the state has significant control through full, majority, or significant minority ownership.

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Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an international institute based in Sweden, dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament.

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Stomach cancer

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is cancer developing from the lining of the stomach.

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Strategic defence

Strategic defence is a type of military planning doctrine and a set defense and/or combat activities used for the purpose of deterring, resisting and repelling a strategic offensive, conducted as either a territorial or airspace, invasion or attack; or as part of a cyberspace attack in cyberwarfare; or a naval offensive to interrupt shipping lane traffic as a form of economic warfare.

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Stroke

A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.

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Study skills

Study skills, academic skill, or study strategies are approaches applied to learning.

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Suezmax

"Suezmax" is a naval architecture term for the largest ship measurements capable of transiting the Suez Canal in a laden condition, and is almost exclusively used in reference to tankers.

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Sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inorganic, colorless, odorless, non-flammable, extremely potent greenhouse gas, and an excellent electrical insulator.

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Surface runoff

Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of water that occurs when excess stormwater, meltwater, or other sources flows over the Earth's surface.

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Sustainable Society Index

The Sustainable Society Index (SSI) shows the level of sustainability of each of 151 assessed countries.

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Tanker (ship)

A tanker (or tank ship or tankship) is a ship designed to transport or store liquids or gases in bulk.

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Taxation in Iran

The fiscal year begins on March 21 and ends on March 20 of the next year according to Iranian calendar.

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Tea

Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub (bush) native to Asia.

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Technological determinism

Technological determinism is a reductionist theory that assumes that a society's technology determines the development of its social structure and cultural values.

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Technological literacy

The ability to use, manage, understand, and assess technology.

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Technology

Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".

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Technology life cycle

The technology life-cycle (TLC) describes the commercial gain of a product through the expense of research and development phase, and the financial return during its "vital life".

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Tehran

Tehran (تهران) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province.

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Tehran Metro

The Tehran Metro (متروی تهران, Metro-ye Tehrān) is a rapid transit system serving Tehran, the capital of Iran.

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Telephone

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.

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Television channel

A television channel is a broadcast frequency or virtual number over which a television station or television network is distributed.

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Television studio

A television studio, also called a television production studio, is an installation room in which video productions take place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for post-production.

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Terrestrial television

Terrestrial or broadcast television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna.

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The Banker

The Banker is an English-language monthly international financial affairs publication owned by The Financial Times Ltd.

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The Heritage Foundation

The Heritage Foundation (abbreviated to Heritage) is an American conservative public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C. The foundation took a leading role in the conservative movement during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage's policy study Mandate for Leadership.

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The World Factbook

The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.

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Timeline of first orbital launches by country

This is a timeline of first orbital launches by country.

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Timeline of space travel by nationality

Since the first human spaceflight by the Soviet Union, citizens of 40 countries have flown in space.

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Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public.

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Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

This is a list of when the first publicly announced television broadcasts occurred in the mentioned countries.

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Tonne of oil equivalent

The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil.

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Total fertility rate

The total fertility rate (TFR), sometimes also called the fertility rate, absolute/potential natality, period total fertility rate (PTFR), or total period fertility rate (TPFR) of a population is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if.

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Tractor

A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver at a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction.

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Trade-to-GDP ratio

The trade-to-GDP ratio is an indicator of the relative importance of international trade in the economy of a country.

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Trademark

A trademark, trade mark, or trade-markThe styling of trademark as a single word is predominantly used in the United States and Philippines only, while the two-word styling trade mark is used in many other countries around the world, including the European Union and Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth jurisdictions (although Canada officially uses "trade-mark" pursuant to the Trade-mark Act, "trade mark" and "trademark" are also commonly used).

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Traffic collision

A traffic collision, also called a motor vehicle collision (MVC) among other terms, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building.

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Transparency International

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is an international non-governmental organization which is based in Berlin, Germany, and was founded in 1993.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.

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United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 is one of three major drug control treaties currently in force.

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United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.

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United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is a U.S. federal government commission created by the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998.

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United States Geological Survey

The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.

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Universal health care

Universal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, universal care, or socialized health care) is a health care system that provides health care and financial protection to all citizens of a particular country.

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University

A university (universitas, "a whole") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines.

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University of Tehran

The University of Tehran (دانشگاه تهران), also known as Tehran University and UT, is Iran's oldest modern university.

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Upper respiratory tract infection

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract including the nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.

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Uranium mining by country

The country mining the largest amount of uranium is Kazakhstan, which in 2015 produced 39% of the world's mining output.

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Urbanization by country

This is a list of countries by urbanization.

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Volcanic Seven Summits

The Volcanic Seven Summits are the highest volcanoes on each of the seven continents, just as the Seven Summits are the highest peaks on each of the seven continents.

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Volunteering

Volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity where an individual or group provides services for no financial or social gain "to benefit another person, group or organization".

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Water resources

Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful.

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Water security

Water security has been defined as "the reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks".

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Waterway

A waterway is any navigable body of water.

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Webometrics

The science of webometrics (also cybermetrics) tries to measure the World Wide Web to get knowledge about the number and types of hyperlinks, structure of the World Wide Web and usage patterns.

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Website

A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server.

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West Azerbaijan Province

West Azerbaijan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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Where-to-be-born Index

The Economist Intelligence Unit’s where-to-be-born index (previously called the quality-of-life index, abbreviated QLI) attempts to measure which country will provide the best opportunities for a healthy, safe and prosperous life in the years ahead.

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Wind power by country

As of the end of 2016, the worldwide total cumulative installed electricity generation capacity from wind power amounted to 486,790 MW, an increase of 12.5% compared to the previous year.

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World Bank

The World Bank (Banque mondiale) is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects.

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World Conservation Monitoring Centre

The UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is an executive agency of the United Nations Environment Programme, based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom.

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World Economic Forum

The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Swiss nonprofit foundation, based in Cologny, Geneva, Switzerland.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.

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World Heritage site

A World Heritage site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.

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World Heritage Sites by country

As of June 2018, there are a total of 1,080 World Heritage Sites located in 167 "States Parties" Of the 1,080 sites, 839 are cultural, 206 are natural and 35 are mixed properties.

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World Intellectual Property Organization

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN).

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World Jewish Congress

The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland, in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations.

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World Nuclear Association

The World Nuclear Association (WNA) is the international organization that promotes nuclear power and supports the companies that comprise the global nuclear industry.

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World Prison Brief

The World Prison Brief at PrisonStudies.org is an online database providing free access to information on prison systems around the world.

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World Resources Institute

The World Resources Institute (WRI) is a global research non-profit organization that was established in 1982 with funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation under the leadership of James Gustave Speth.

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World Steel Association

World Steel Association, often abbreviated as worldsteel, is the international trade body for the iron and steel industry.

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World Tourism rankings

The World Tourism rankings are compiled by the United Nations World Tourism Organization as part of their World Tourism Barometer publication, which is released three times throughout the year.

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

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World Values Survey

The World Values Survey (WVS) is a global research project that explores people’s values and beliefs, how they change over time and what social and political impact they have.

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World Wind Energy Association

The World Wind Energy Association (WWEA) is an international non-profit association representing the wind power sector worldwide, with members in 100 countries, amongst them the leading national and regional wind energy associations.

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Yale University

Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially known as the Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.

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856 Damghan earthquake

The 856 Damghan earthquake or the 856 Qumis earthquake occurred on 22 December 856 (242 AH).

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Redirects here:

International rankings of Iran in economy.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran

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