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106 relations: Act of Congress, Albert Pike, American Civil War, American Revolution, Amnesty, Angie Debo, Article Six of the United States Constitution, Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814), Bill John Baker, Black Indians in the United States, Black Seminoles, Blood quantum laws, British colonization of the Americas, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood, Chad "Corntassel" Smith, Charles Curtis, Charles Eli Mix, Cherokee County, Oklahoma, Cherokee language, Cherokee Nation, Cherokee Nation (1794–1907), Cherokee Outlet, Choctaw freedmen, Civil and political rights, Confederate States of America, Congressional Black Caucus, Creek War, Curtis Act of 1898, David Cornsilk, Dawes Act, Dawes Commission, Dawes Rolls, Dennis Bushyhead, Diane Watson, Disfranchisement, Dred Scott v. Sandford, Elias Boudinot (Cherokee), Elias Cornelius Boudinot, Elijah Sells, Ely S. Parker, Emancipation, Emancipation Proclamation, English overseas possessions, Ex parte Young, Five Civilized Tribes, Fort Gibson, Freedman, Freedmen's Bureau, Henry H. Kennedy Jr., ..., Indian agent, Indian Claims Commission, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Indian Territory, John B. Sanborn, John Ross (Cherokee chief), Joseph Vann, Kansas, Kaw people, Kinship, Larry Echo Hawk, Lenape, Lewis Downing, Lighthorse (American Indian police), Major Ridge, Matrilineality, Multiracial, Muscogee, Muskogee, Oklahoma, National Congress of American Indians, Native American recognition in the United States, Naturalization, Oglala Lakota, Oklahoma, Opothleyahola, Planter class, President of the United States, Quakers, Reconstruction Treaties, Return J. Meigs Sr., Rogers County, Oklahoma, Ross Swimmer, Self-determination, Seminole, Shawnee, Sovereign immunity, Stacy Leeds, Stand Watie, Steve Russell (writer), Tahlequah, Oklahoma, Terence C. Kern, Thomas F. Hogan, Trail of Tears, Tulsa World, Union (American Civil War), United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, United States courts of appeals, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, United States Department of the Interior, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, W. W. Keeler, Webbers Falls, Oklahoma, William Penn Adair, William S. Harney, Wilma Mankiller, 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation. Expand index (56 more) »
Act of Congress
An Act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress.
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Albert Pike
Albert Pike (December 29, 1809 – April 2, 1891) was an American attorney, soldier, writer, and Freemason.
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American Civil War
The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.
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American Revolution
The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783.
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Amnesty
Amnesty (from the Greek ἀμνηστία amnestia, "forgetfulness, passing over") is defined as: "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." It includes more than pardon, inasmuch as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense.
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Angie Debo
Angie Elbertha Debo (January 30, 1890 – February 21, 1988), Accessed January 9, 2009.
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Article Six of the United States Constitution
Article Six of the United States Constitution establishes the laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme law of the land, forbids a religious test as a requirement for holding a governmental position and holds the United States under the Constitution responsible for debts incurred by the United States under the Articles of Confederation.
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (also known as Tohopeka, Cholocco Litabixbee, or The Horseshoe), was fought during the War of 1812 in the Mississippi Territory, now central Alabama.
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Bill John Baker
Bill John Baker (born February 9, 1952) is the current Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.
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Black Indians in the United States
Black Indians are people of mixed African-American and Native American heritage, who have strong ties to Native American culture.
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Black Seminoles
The Black Seminoles are black Indians associated with the Seminole people in Florida and Oklahoma.
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Blood quantum laws
Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are those enacted in the United States and the former colonies to define qualification by ancestry as Native American, sometimes in relation to tribal membership.
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British colonization of the Americas
The British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas.
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the U.S. Department of the Interior.
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Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood
A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood or Certificate of Degree of Alaska Native Blood (both abbreviated CDIB) is an official U.S. document that certifies an individual possesses a specific degree of Native American blood of a federally recognized Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community.
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Chad "Corntassel" Smith
Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith (Cherokee name Ugista:ᎤᎩᏍᏔ derived from Cherokee word for "Corntassel," Utsitsata:ᎤᏥᏣᏔ; born December 17, 1950 in Pontiac, Michigan) is a former Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.
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Charles Curtis
Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860February 8, 1936) was an American attorney and politician, who served as the 31st Vice President of the United States from 1929 to 1933.
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Charles Eli Mix
Charles Eli Mix (February 4, 1810 – January 15, 1878) was an American civil servant.
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Cherokee County, Oklahoma
Cherokee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
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Cherokee language
Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, Tsalagi Gawonihisdi) is an endangered Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people.
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Cherokee Nation
The Cherokee Nation (Cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, Tsalagihi Ayeli), also known as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, is the largest of three Cherokee federally recognized tribes in the United States.
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Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
The Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, pronounced Tsalagihi Ayeli) from 1794–1907 was a legal, autonomous, tribal government in North America recognized from 1794 to 1907.
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Cherokee Outlet
The Cherokee Outlet, often mistakenly referred to as the Cherokee Strip, was located in what is now the state of Oklahoma, in the United States.
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Choctaw freedmen
The Choctaw freedmen were enslaved African Americans who were emancipated after the American Civil War and were granted citizenship in the Choctaw Nation.
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Civil and political rights
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.
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Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.
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Congressional Black Caucus
The Congressional Black Caucus is a political organization made up of the African-American members of the United States Congress.
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Creek War
The Creek War (1813–1814), also known as the Red Stick War and the Creek Civil War, was a regional war between opposing Creek factions, European empires and the United States, taking place largely in today's Alabama and along the Gulf Coast.
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Curtis Act of 1898
The Curtis Act of 1898 was an amendment to the United States Dawes Act; it resulted in the break-up of tribal governments and communal lands in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indian Territory: the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muscogee (Creek), Cherokee, and Seminole.
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David Cornsilk
David Cornsilk (Cherokee Nation and United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians) is a professional genealogist and the managing editor of the Cherokee Observer, an online news website founded in 1992.
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Dawes Act
The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887), authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
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Dawes Commission
The American Dawes Commission, named for its first chairman Henry L. Dawes, was authorized under a rider to an Indian Office appropriation bill, March 3, 1893.
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Dawes Rolls
The Dawes Rolls (or Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, or Dawes Commission of Final Rolls) were created by the United States Dawes Commission.
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Dennis Bushyhead
Dennis Bushyhead (March 18, 1826 – February 4, 1898) was the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.
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Diane Watson
Diane Edith Watson (born November 12, 1933) is a former US Representative for, serving from 2003 until 2011.
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Disfranchisement
Disfranchisement (also called disenfranchisement) is the revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices, prevention of a person exercising the right to vote.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott v. Sandford,, also known as the Dred Scott case, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law.
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Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)
Elias Boudinot (born Gallegina Uwati, also known as Buck Watie) (1802 – June 22, 1839) was a member of a prominent family of the Cherokee Nation who was born in and grew up in present-day Georgia.
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Elias Cornelius Boudinot
Elias Cornelius Boudinot (Cherokee) (August 1, 1835 – September 27, 1890) was an attorney, politician and military officer in the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.
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Elijah Sells
Elijah Sells (February 15, 1814 – March 13, 1897) was an American military officer, politician, and businessman.
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Ely S. Parker
Ely Samuel Parker (1828 – August 31, 1895), (born Hasanoanda, later known as Donehogawa) was a Seneca attorney, engineer, and tribal diplomat.
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Emancipation
Emancipation is any effort to procure economic and social rights, political rights or equality, often for a specifically disenfranchised group, or more generally, in discussion of such matters.
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Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation, or Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863.
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English overseas possessions
The English overseas possessions, also known as the English colonial empire, comprised a variety of overseas territories that were colonised, conquered, or otherwise acquired by the former Kingdom of England during the centuries before the Acts of Union of 1707 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland created the Kingdom of Great Britain.
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Ex parte Young
Ex parte Young,, is a United States Supreme Court case that allows suits in federal courts against officials acting on behalf of states of the union to proceed despite the State's sovereign immunity, when the State acted unconstitutionally.
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Five Civilized Tribes
The term "Five Civilized Tribes" derives from the colonial and early federal period in the history of the United States.
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Fort Gibson
Fort Gibson is a historic military site located next to the present day city of Fort Gibson, in Muskogee County Oklahoma.
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Freedman
A freedman or freedwoman is a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.
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Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was an agency of the United States Department of War to "direct such issues of provisions, clothing, and fuel, as he may deem needful for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children." The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.
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Henry H. Kennedy Jr.
Henry Harold Kennedy Jr. (born February 22, 1948) is an inactive Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.
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Indian agent
In United States history, an Indian agent was an individual authorized to interact with Native American tribes on behalf of the U.S. government.
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Indian Claims Commission
The Indian Claims Commission was a judicial relations arbiter between the United States federal government and Native American tribes.
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Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638) authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes.
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Indian Territory
As general terms, Indian Territory, the Indian Territories, or Indian country describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land.
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John B. Sanborn
John Benjamin Sanborn (December 5, 1826 – May 6, 1904) was a lawyer, politician, and soldier from the state of New Hampshire who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
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John Ross (Cherokee chief)
John Ross (October 3, 1790 – August 1, 1866), also known as Koo-wi-s-gu-wi (meaning in Cherokee: "Mysterious Little White Bird"), was the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1828–1866, serving longer in this position than any other person.
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Joseph Vann
Joseph H. Vann (11 February 1798 – 23 October 1844) was a Cherokee leader of mixed-race ancestry, a businessman and planter in Georgia, Tennessee and Indian Territory.
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Kansas
Kansas is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States.
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Kaw people
The Kaw Nation (or Kanza, or Kansa) are a federally recognized Native American tribe in Oklahoma and parts of Kansas.
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Kinship
In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated.
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Larry Echo Hawk
Larry J. Echo Hawk (born August 2, 1948) is an attorney, legal scholar and politician.
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Lenape
The Lenape, also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in Canada and the United States.
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Lewis Downing
Lewis Downing (1823 – November 9, 1872), also known by his Cherokee name Lewie-za-wau-na-skie served as Chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1867 to 1872.
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Lighthorse (American Indian police)
Lighthorse (or Light Horse) was the name given by the Five Civilized Tribes of the United States to their mounted police force.
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Major Ridge
Major Ridge, The Ridge (and sometimes Pathkiller II) (c. 1771 – June 22, 1839) (also known as Nunnehidihi, and later Ganundalegi) was a Cherokee leader, a member of the tribal council, and a lawmaker.
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Matrilineality
Matrilineality is the tracing of descent through the female line.
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Multiracial
Multiracial is defined as made up of or relating to people of many races.
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Muscogee
The Muscogee, also known as the Mvskoke, Creek and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy, are a related group of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.
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Muskogee, Oklahoma
Muskogee is a town in and the county seat of Muskogee County, Oklahoma, United States.
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National Congress of American Indians
The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization.
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Native American recognition in the United States
American Indian tribal recognition in the United States most often refers to the process of a tribe being recognized by the United States federal government, or to a person being granted membership to a federally recognized tribe.
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Naturalization
Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country.
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Oglala Lakota
The Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux (pronounced, meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Great Sioux Nation.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (Uukuhuúwa, Gahnawiyoˀgeh) is a state in the South Central region of the United States.
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Opothleyahola
Opothleyahola, also spelled Opothle Yohola, Opothleyoholo, Hu-pui-hilth Yahola, and Hopoeitheyohola, (about 1798 – March 22, 1863) was a Muscogee Creek Indian chief, noted as a brilliant orator.
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Planter class
The planter class, known alternatively in the United States as the Southern aristocracy, was a socio-economic caste of pan-American society that dominated seventeenth- and eighteenth-century agricultural markets through the forced labor of enslaved Africans.
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President of the United States
The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.
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Quakers
Quakers (or Friends) are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements formally known as the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church.
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Reconstruction Treaties
On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861, a significant number of Indigenous peoples of the Americas had been relocated from the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi.
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Return J. Meigs Sr.
Return Jonathan Meigs, a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was one of the settlers of the Northwest Territory in what is now the state of Ohio.
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Rogers County, Oklahoma
Rogers County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
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Ross Swimmer
Ross O. Swimmer (born October 26, 1943) is the Special Trustee for American Indians at the U.S. Department of the Interior.
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Self-determination
The right of people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms.
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Seminole
The Seminole are a Native American people originally from Florida.
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Shawnee
The Shawnee (Shaawanwaki, Ša˙wano˙ki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki) are an Algonquian-speaking ethnic group indigenous to North America. In colonial times they were a semi-migratory Native American nation, primarily inhabiting areas of the Ohio Valley, extending from what became Ohio and Kentucky eastward to West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Western Maryland; south to Alabama and South Carolina; and westward to Indiana, and Illinois. Pushed west by European-American pressure, the Shawnee migrated to Missouri and Kansas, with some removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s. Other Shawnee did not remove to Oklahoma until after the Civil War. Made up of different historical and kinship groups, today there are three federally recognized Shawnee tribes, all headquartered in Oklahoma: the Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, and Shawnee Tribe.
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Sovereign immunity
Sovereign immunity, or crown immunity, is a legal doctrine by which the sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution.
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Stacy Leeds
Stacy L. Leeds (born 1971) is an American Law professor, scholar, and former Supreme Court Justice for the Cherokee Nation.
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Stand Watie
Stand Watie (lit) (December 12, 1806 – September 9, 1871) — also known as Standhope Uwatie, Tawkertawker, and Isaac S. Watie — was a leader of the Cherokee Nation, and the only Native American to attain a general's rank in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
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Steve Russell (writer)
Steve Russell, an enrolled member of the Cherokee nation, is a poet, journalist and academic, as well as a former trial court judge and Associate Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice, Indiana University Bloomington.
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Tahlequah, Oklahoma
Tahlequah (''Cherokee'': ᏓᎵᏆ) is a city in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States located at the foothills of the Ozark Mountains.
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Terence C. Kern
Terence C. Kern (born 1944) is a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma.
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Thomas F. Hogan
Thomas Francis Hogan (born 1938) is a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, who served as Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts from October 17, 2011 until June 30, 2013.
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Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory.
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Tulsa World
The Tulsa World is the daily newspaper for the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma, and primary newspaper for the northeastern and eastern portions of Oklahoma.
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Union (American Civil War)
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States of America and specifically to the national government of President Abraham Lincoln and the 20 free states, as well as 4 border and slave states (some with split governments and troops sent both north and south) that supported it.
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United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma (ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ or Anigiduwagi Anitsalagi, abbreviated United Keetoowah Band or UKB) is a federally recognized tribe of Cherokee Native Americans headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma.
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United States courts of appeals
The United States courts of appeals or circuit courts are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system.
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United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government.
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United States Department of the Interior
The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is the United States federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources, and the administration of programs relating to Native Americans, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, territorial affairs, and insular areas of the United States.
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United States District Court for the District of Columbia
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia (in case citations, D.D.C.) is a federal district court.
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W. W. Keeler
William Wayne "Bill" Keeler (1908–1989) is best known as the last appointed and first elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation in the 20th century.
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Webbers Falls, Oklahoma
Webbers Falls is a town in southeastern Muskogee County, Oklahoma, United States.
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William Penn Adair
William Penn Adair (1830–1880) was a leader of the Cherokee Nation, an attorney who served in political office both before and after the American Civil War, and as a justice of their court.
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William S. Harney
William Selby Harney (August 22, 1800 – May 9, 1889) was a Tennessee-born cavalry officer in the U.S. Army, who became known (and controversial) during the Indian Wars and the Mexican-American War.
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Wilma Mankiller
Wilma Pearl Mankiller (November 18, 1945 – April 6, 2010) was a community organizer and the first woman elected to serve as chief of the Cherokee Nation.
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1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation
The 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, then located in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River, was the largest escape of a group of slaves to occur among the Cherokee.
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Redirects here:
Cherokee Freedmen, Cherokee Freedmen Controversy.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy
