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50 relations: Arabic, ASCII, Bit, Byte, C0 and C1 control codes, Character encoding, Chinese language, CJK characters, CNS 11643, Cyrillic script, DBCS, DICOM, East Asia, Ecma International, Email, Escape sequence, Extended ASCII, GB 2312, Greek language, Han unification, Hebrew language, International Organization for Standardization, ISO 2709, ISO-IR-165, ISO/IEC 646, ISO/IEC 8859-1, ISO/IEC 8859-7, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2, ITU T.61, ITU-T, Japanese language, JIS X 0201, JIS X 0208, JIS X 0212, JIS X 0213, Korean language, KS X 1001, Language family, Latin alphabet, Luit, MARC standards, Mojibake, Request for Comments, Shift Out and Shift In characters, State (computer science), Unicode, Universal Coded Character Set, UTF-1, UTF-8, Videotex.
Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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ASCII
ASCII, abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication.
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Bit
The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit) is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications.
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Byte
The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits, representing a binary number.
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C0 and C1 control codes
The C0 and C1 control code or control character sets define control codes for use in text by computer systems that use the ISO/IEC 2022 system of specifying control and graphic characters.
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Character encoding
Character encoding is used to represent a repertoire of characters by some kind of encoding system.
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Chinese language
Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
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CJK characters
In internationalization, CJK is a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, all of which include Chinese characters and derivatives (collectively, CJK characters) in their writing systems.
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CNS 11643
The CNS 11643 character set (Chinese National Standard 11643), also officially known as the "Chinese Standard Interchange Code" (中文標準交換碼), is officially the standard character set of the Republic of China.
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Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script is a writing system used for various alphabets across Eurasia (particularity in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North Asia).
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DBCS
A double-byte character set (DBCS) is a character encoding in which either all characters (including control characters) are encoded in two bytes, or merely every graphic character not representable by an accompanying single-byte character set (SBCS) is encoded in two bytes (Han characters would generally comprise most of these two-byte characters).
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DICOM
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is the standard for the communication and management of medical imaging information and related data.
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East Asia
East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system." terms.
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Ecma International
Ecma is a standards organization for information and communication systems.
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Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices.
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Escape sequence
An escape sequence is a series of characters used to change the state of computers and their attached peripheral devices, rather than to be displayed or printed as regular data bytes would be.
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Extended ASCII
Extended ASCII (EASCII or high ASCII) character encodings are eight-bit or larger encodings that include the standard seven-bit ASCII characters, plus additional characters.
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GB 2312
GB2312 is the registered internet name for a key official character set of the People's Republic of China, used for simplified Chinese characters.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Han unification
Han unification is an effort by the authors of Unicode and the Universal Character Set to map multiple character sets of the so-called CJK languages into a single set of unified characters.
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Hebrew language
No description.
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International Organization for Standardization
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.
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ISO 2709
ISO 2709 is an ISO standard for bibliographic descriptions, titled Information and documentation—Format for information exchange.
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ISO-IR-165
ISO-IR-165 is a multi-byte graphic character set for Chinese communications created for CCITT in 1992.
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ISO/IEC 646
ISO/IEC 646 is the name of a set of ISO standards, described as Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964.
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ISO/IEC 8859-1
ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1: Latin alphabet No.
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ISO/IEC 8859-7
ISO/IEC 8859-7:2003, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 7: Latin/Greek alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987.
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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Coded character sets is a standardization subcommittee of the Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), that develops and facilitates standards within the field of coded character sets.
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ITU T.61
T.61 is an ITU-T recommendation for a Teletex character set.
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ITU-T
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three sectors (divisions or units) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU); it coordinates standards for telecommunications.
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Japanese language
is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language.
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JIS X 0201
JIS X 0201, a Japanese Industrial Standard developed in 1969 (then called JIS C 6220 until the JIS category reform), was the first Japanese electronic character set to become widely used.
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JIS X 0208
JIS X 0208 is a 2-byte character set specified as a Japanese Industrial Standard, containing 6879 graphic characters suitable for writing text, place names, personal names, and so forth in the Japanese language.
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JIS X 0212
JIS X 0212 is a Japanese Industrial Standard defining a coded character set for encoding supplementary characters for use in Japanese.
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JIS X 0213
JIS X 0213 is a Japanese Industrial Standard defining coded character sets for encoding the characters used in Japan.
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Korean language
The Korean language (Chosŏn'gŭl/Hangul: 조선말/한국어; Hanja: 朝鮮말/韓國語) is an East Asian language spoken by about 80 million people.
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KS X 1001
KS X 1001 (Korean Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange), formerly called KS C 5601, is a South Korean coded character set standard to represent hangul and hanja characters on a computer.
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Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.
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Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet or the Roman alphabet is a writing system originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
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Luit
luit is a utility program used to translate the character set of a computer program so that its output can be displayed correctly on a terminal emulator that uses a different character set.
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MARC standards
MARC ('''MA'''chine-'''R'''eadable '''C'''ataloging) standards are a set of digital formats for the description of items catalogued by libraries, such as books.
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Mojibake
Mojibake (文字化け) is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.
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Request for Comments
In information and communications technology, a Request for Comments (RFC) is a type of publication from the technology community.
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Shift Out and Shift In characters
Shift Out (SO) and Shift In (SI) are ASCII control characters 14 and 15, respectively (0x0E and 0x0F).
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State (computer science)
In information technology and computer science, a program is described as stateful if it is designed to remember preceding events or user interactions; the remembered information is called the state of the system.
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Unicode
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.
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Universal Coded Character Set
The Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) is a standard set of characters defined by the International Standard ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) (plus amendments to that standard), which is the basis of many character encodings.
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UTF-1
UTF-1 is one way of transforming ISO 10646/Unicode into a stream of bytes.
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UTF-8
UTF-8 is a variable width character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points in Unicode using one to four 8-bit bytes.
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Videotex
Videotex (or "interactive videotex") was one of the earliest implementations of an end-user information system.
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Redirects here:
CsISO2022KR, ECMA-35, ISO 2022, ISO 2022-JP, ISO-2022, ISO-2022-CN, ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-JP-2004, ISO-2022-KR, ISO/CEI 2022, ISO2022, JIS X 0202, , .
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022
