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Orbital hybridisation

Index Orbital hybridisation

In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 86 relations: Acetylene, Alkyne, Atomic orbital, Baldwin's rules, Bent bond, Bent's rule, Bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry, Boron trichloride, Capped octahedral molecular geometry, Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry, Capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Carbon tetrachloride, Chemical bond, Chemist, Chemistry, Computational chemistry, Coordination number, Covalent bond, Crystal field theory, D electron count, Dodecahedral molecular geometry, Double bond, Electron density, Ethylene, Ground state, Heuristic, Hexamethyltungsten, Hydrogen, Iodine heptafluoride, Ionization energy, Iron pentacarbonyl, Isovalent hybridization, Journal of Chemical Education, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Koopmans' theorem, Lewis structure, Ligand field theory, Linear combination of atomic orbitals, Linear molecular geometry, Linus Pauling, Main-group element, Methane, Methylene (compound), Molecular geometry, Molecular orbital diagram, Molecule, Molybdenum hexacarbonyl, Natural bond orbital, ... Expand index (36 more) »

Acetylene

Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula and structure.

See Orbital hybridisation and Acetylene

Alkyne

\ce \ce Acetylene \ce \ce \ce Propyne \ce \ce \ce \ce 1-Butyne In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond.

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Atomic orbital

In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. Orbital hybridisation and atomic orbital are chemical bonding and quantum chemistry.

See Orbital hybridisation and Atomic orbital

Baldwin's rules

Baldwin's rules in organic chemistry are a series of guidelines outlining the relative favorabilities of ring closure reactions in alicyclic compounds. Orbital hybridisation and Baldwin's rules are stereochemistry.

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Bent bond

In organic chemistry, a bent bond, also known as a banana bond, is a type of covalent chemical bond with a geometry somewhat reminiscent of a banana. Orbital hybridisation and bent bond are chemical bonding.

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Bent's rule

In chemistry, Bent's rule describes and explains the relationship between the orbital hybridization and the electronegativities of substituents. Orbital hybridisation and Bent's rule are chemical bonding and molecular geometry.

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Bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry

In chemistry, the bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where eight atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of a biaugmented triangular prism. Orbital hybridisation and bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

See Orbital hybridisation and Bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry

Boron trichloride

Boron trichloride is the inorganic compound with the formula BCl3.

See Orbital hybridisation and Boron trichloride

Capped octahedral molecular geometry

In chemistry, the capped octahedral molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where seven atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of a gyroelongated triangular pyramid. Orbital hybridisation and capped octahedral molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

See Orbital hybridisation and Capped octahedral molecular geometry

Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry

In chemistry, the capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where nine atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a gyroelongated square pyramid. Orbital hybridisation and capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

See Orbital hybridisation and Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry

Capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry

In chemistry, the capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where seven atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of an augmented triangular prism. Orbital hybridisation and capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.

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Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (such as carbon tet for short and tetrachloromethane, also recognised by the IUPAC) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CCl4.

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Chemical bond

A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures. Orbital hybridisation and chemical bond are chemical bonding and quantum chemistry.

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Chemist

A chemist (from Greek chēm(ía) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist) is a graduated scientist trained in the study of chemistry, or an officially enrolled student in the field.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.

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Computational chemistry

Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems.

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Coordination number

In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science, the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it. Orbital hybridisation and coordination number are chemical bonding, molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Covalent bond

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. Orbital hybridisation and covalent bond are chemical bonding.

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Crystal field theory

In molecular physics, crystal field theory (CFT) describes the breaking of degeneracies of electron orbital states, usually d or f orbitals, due to a static electric field produced by a surrounding charge distribution (anion neighbors). Orbital hybridisation and crystal field theory are chemical bonding.

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D electron count

The d electron count or number of d electrons is a chemistry formalism used to describe the electron configuration of the valence electrons of a transition metal center in a coordination complex.

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Dodecahedral molecular geometry

In chemistry, the dodecahedral molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where eight atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of a snub disphenoid (also known as a trigonal dodecahedron). Orbital hybridisation and dodecahedral molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Double bond

In chemistry, a double bond is a covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons as opposed to two in a single bond. Orbital hybridisation and double bond are chemical bonding.

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Electron density

Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding any given point. Orbital hybridisation and electron density are quantum chemistry.

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Ethylene

Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or.

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Ground state

The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system.

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Heuristic

A heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution.

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Hexamethyltungsten

Hexamethyltungsten is the chemical compound W(CH3)6 also written WMe6.

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Iodine heptafluoride

Iodine heptafluoride is an interhalogen compound with the chemical formula IF7.

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Ionization energy

In physics and chemistry, ionization energy (IE) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule. Orbital hybridisation and ionization energy are quantum chemistry.

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Iron pentacarbonyl

Iron pentacarbonyl, also known as iron carbonyl, is the compound with formula.

See Orbital hybridisation and Iron pentacarbonyl

Isovalent hybridization

In chemistry, isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization, the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). Orbital hybridisation and isovalent hybridization are chemical bonding and quantum chemistry.

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Journal of Chemical Education

The Journal of Chemical Education is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal available in both print and electronic versions.

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Journal of the American Chemical Society

The Journal of the American Chemical Society (also known as JACS) is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1879 by the American Chemical Society.

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Koopmans' theorem

Koopmans' theorem states that in closed-shell Hartree–Fock theory (HF), the first ionization energy of a molecular system is equal to the negative of the orbital energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Orbital hybridisation and Koopmans' theorem are quantum chemistry.

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Lewis structure

Lewis structuresalso called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs)are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. Orbital hybridisation and Lewis structure are chemical bonding.

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Ligand field theory

Ligand field theory (LFT) describes the bonding, orbital arrangement, and other characteristics of coordination complexes. Orbital hybridisation and Ligand field theory are chemical bonding.

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Linear combination of atomic orbitals

A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry. Orbital hybridisation and linear combination of atomic orbitals are chemical bonding.

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Linear molecular geometry

The linear molecular geometry describes the geometry around a central atom bonded to two other atoms (or ligands) placed at a bond angle of 180°. Orbital hybridisation and linear molecular geometry are molecular geometry.

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Linus Pauling

Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.

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Main-group element

In chemistry and atomic physics, the main group is the group of elements (sometimes called the representative elements) whose lightest members are represented by helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine as arranged in the periodic table of the elements.

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Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms).

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Methylene (compound)

Methylene (IUPAC name: Methylidene, also called carbene or methene) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (also written). It is a colourless gas that fluoresces in the mid-infrared range, and only persists in dilution, or as an adduct.

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Molecular geometry

Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. Orbital hybridisation and Molecular geometry are stereochemistry.

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Molecular orbital diagram

A molecular orbital diagram, or MO diagram, is a qualitative descriptive tool explaining chemical bonding in molecules in terms of molecular orbital theory in general and the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method in particular. Orbital hybridisation and molecular orbital diagram are chemical bonding.

See Orbital hybridisation and Molecular orbital diagram

Molecule

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.

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Molybdenum hexacarbonyl

Molybdenum hexacarbonyl (also called molybdenum carbonyl) is the chemical compound with the formula Mo(CO)6.

See Orbital hybridisation and Molybdenum hexacarbonyl

Natural bond orbital

In quantum chemistry, a natural bond orbital or NBO is a calculated bonding orbital with maximum electron density. Orbital hybridisation and natural bond orbital are quantum chemistry.

See Orbital hybridisation and Natural bond orbital

Normalizing constant

In probability theory, a normalizing constant or normalizing factor is used to reduce any probability function to a probability density function with total probability of one.

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Octahedral molecular geometry

In chemistry, octahedral molecular geometry, also called square bipyramidal, describes the shape of compounds with six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands symmetrically arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of an octahedron. Orbital hybridisation and octahedral molecular geometry are molecular geometry.

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Octet rule

The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas. Orbital hybridisation and octet rule are chemical bonding.

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Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

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Organic compound

Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.

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Pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry

In chemistry, a pentagonal bipyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the centre with seven ligands at the corners of a pentagonal bipyramid. Orbital hybridisation and pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Phosphorus pentafluoride

Phosphorus pentafluoride, PF5, is a phosphorus halide.

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Pi bond

In chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are covalent chemical bonds, in each of which two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap with two lobes of an orbital on another atom, and in which this overlap occurs laterally. Orbital hybridisation and pi bond are chemical bonding.

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Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.

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Resonance (chemistry)

In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory. Orbital hybridisation and resonance (chemistry) are chemical bonding.

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Schrödinger equation

The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system.

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Sigma bond

In chemistry, sigma bonds (σ bonds) are the strongest type of covalent chemical bond. Orbital hybridisation and sigma bond are chemical bonding.

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Silane

Silane (Silicane) is an inorganic compound with chemical formula.

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Square antiprismatic molecular geometry

In chemistry, the square antiprismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where eight atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a square antiprism. Orbital hybridisation and square antiprismatic molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Square planar molecular geometry

In chemistry, the square planar molecular geometry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms) that is adopted by certain chemical compounds. Orbital hybridisation and square planar molecular geometry are molecular geometry.

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Square pyramidal molecular geometry

Square pyramidal geometry describes the shape of certain chemical compounds with the formula where L is a ligand. Orbital hybridisation and Square pyramidal molecular geometry are molecular geometry.

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Square root of 3

The square root of 3 is the positive real number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number 3.

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Sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur hexafluoride or sulphur hexafluoride (British spelling) is an inorganic compound with the formula SF6.

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Tetrahedral molecular geometry

In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. Orbital hybridisation and tetrahedral molecular geometry are molecular geometry.

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Titanium tetrachloride

Titanium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula.

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Transition metal

In chemistry, a transition metal (or transition element) is a chemical element in the d-block of the periodic table (groups 3 to 12), though the elements of group 12 (and less often group 3) are sometimes excluded.

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Tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry

In chemistry, the tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where nine atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a triaugmented triangular prism (a trigonal prism with an extra atom attached to each of its three rectangular faces). Orbital hybridisation and tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry

In chemistry, a trigonal bipyramid formation is a molecular geometry with one atom at the center and 5 more atoms at the corners of a triangular bipyramid. Orbital hybridisation and trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Trigonal planar molecular geometry

In chemistry, trigonal planar is a molecular geometry model with one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of an equilateral triangle, called peripheral atoms, all in one plane. Orbital hybridisation and trigonal planar molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Trigonal prismatic molecular geometry

In chemistry, the trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where six atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a triangular prism. Orbital hybridisation and trigonal prismatic molecular geometry are molecular geometry and stereochemistry.

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Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry

In chemistry, a trigonal pyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the apex and three atoms at the corners of a trigonal base, resembling a tetrahedron (not to be confused with the tetrahedral geometry). Orbital hybridisation and trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry are molecular geometry.

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Triple bond

A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. Orbital hybridisation and triple bond are chemical bonding.

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Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) refers to the measurement of kinetic energy spectra of photoelectrons emitted by molecules that have absorbed ultraviolet photons, in order to determine molecular orbital energies in the valence region.

See Orbital hybridisation and Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

Unitary transformation

In mathematics, a unitary transformation is a linear isomorphism that preserves the inner product: the inner product of two vectors before the transformation is equal to their inner product after the transformation.

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University of New South Wales

The University of New South Wales (UNSW), also known as UNSW Sydney, is a public research university based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

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VALBOND

In molecular mechanics, VALBOND is a method for computing the angle bending energy that is based on valence bond theory.

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Valence bond theory

In chemistry, valence bond (VB) theory is one of the two basic theories, along with molecular orbital (MO) theory, that were developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding. Orbital hybridisation and valence bond theory are chemical bonding and quantum chemistry.

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VSEPR theory

Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. Orbital hybridisation and VSEPR theory are molecular geometry, quantum chemistry and stereochemistry.

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Wave function

In quantum physics, a wave function (or wavefunction) is a mathematical description of the quantum state of an isolated quantum system.

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Werner Kutzelnigg

Werner Kutzelnigg (September 10, 1933 – November 24, 2019 in Bochum) was a prominent Austrian-born theoretical chemist and professor in the Chemistry Faculty, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.

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18-electron rule

The 18-electron rule is a chemical rule of thumb used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulas for stable transition metal complexes, especially organometallic compounds. Orbital hybridisation and 18-electron rule are chemical bonding.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation

Also known as Atomic hybridization, Hybrid atomic orbital, Hybrid orbital, Hybrid orbitals, Hybridised orbital, Hybridization (chemistry), Hybridization theory, Hybridized orbital, Orbital hybridization, Sp hybrid orbital, Sp hybridization, Sp hybridizations, Sp hybridized, Sp orbitals, Sp2 bond, Sp2 hybridization, Sp3 bond, Sp3 carbon, Sp3 hybridization, Sp² bond.

, Normalizing constant, Octahedral molecular geometry, Octet rule, Organic chemistry, Organic compound, Pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry, Phosphorus pentafluoride, Pi bond, Quantum mechanics, Resonance (chemistry), Schrödinger equation, Sigma bond, Silane, Square antiprismatic molecular geometry, Square planar molecular geometry, Square pyramidal molecular geometry, Square root of 3, Sulfur hexafluoride, Tetrahedral molecular geometry, Titanium tetrachloride, Transition metal, Tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry, Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry, Trigonal planar molecular geometry, Trigonal prismatic molecular geometry, Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry, Triple bond, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, Unitary transformation, University of New South Wales, VALBOND, Valence bond theory, VSEPR theory, Wave function, Werner Kutzelnigg, 18-electron rule.