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Dryopithecus

Index Dryopithecus

Dryopithecus is a genus of extinct great apes from the middle–late Miocene boundary of Europe 12.5 to 11.1 million years ago (mya). [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 115 relations: Adaptive radiation, Affinity (taxonomy), Agonistic behaviour, Alpine climate, Alps, Anchitherium, Ancient Greek, Anoiapithecus, Ape, Arbutus unedo, Author citation (zoology), Édouard Lartet, Beech, Blood pressure, Body of femur, Bonobo, Carbohydrate, Carinthia, Catalonia, Charles Darwin, Chestnut, Chimpanzee, Chororapithecus, Danuvius guggenmosi, David Pilbeam, Deltoid muscle, Diaphysis, Drought, Dryopithecini, Early Miocene, Elm, Elwyn L. Simons, Extinction, Family (biology), Femoral head, Femoral neck, Femur, Fiber, Folivore, Fructose, Frugivore, Genus, Gibbon, Gomphotherium, Gorilla, Greater trochanter, Hickory, Hip, Hispanopithecus, Holotype, ... Expand index (65 more) »

  2. Dryopithecini
  3. Fossil taxa described in 1856
  4. Miocene primates
  5. Miocene primates of Europe
  6. Prehistoric apes

Adaptive radiation

In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches.

See Dryopithecus and Adaptive radiation

Affinity (taxonomy)

Affinity (taxonomy) – mainly in life sciences or natural history – refers to resemblance suggesting a common descent, phylogenetic relationship, or type.

See Dryopithecus and Affinity (taxonomy)

Agonistic behaviour

Agonistic behaviour is any social behaviour related to fighting.

See Dryopithecus and Agonistic behaviour

Alpine climate

Alpine climate is the typical climate for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold.

See Dryopithecus and Alpine climate

Alps

The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.

See Dryopithecus and Alps

Anchitherium

Anchitherium (meaning near beast) was a fossil horse with a three-toed hoof.

See Dryopithecus and Anchitherium

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

See Dryopithecus and Ancient Greek

Anoiapithecus

Anoiapithecus is an extinct ape genus thought to be closely related to Dryopithecus. Dryopithecus and Anoiapithecus are Dryopithecini, Miocene primates of Europe, prehistoric apes and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Anoiapithecus

Ape

Apes (collectively Hominoidea) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister group Cercopithecidae form the catarrhine clade, cladistically making them monkeys.

See Dryopithecus and Ape

Arbutus unedo

Arbutus unedo, commonly known as strawberry tree, or chorleywood in the United Kingdom, is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the Mediterranean Basin and Western Europe.

See Dryopithecus and Arbutus unedo

Author citation (zoology)

In zoological nomenclature, author citation is the process in which a person is credited with the creation of the scientific name of a previously unnamed taxon.

See Dryopithecus and Author citation (zoology)

Édouard Lartet

Édouard Lartet (15 April 180128 January 1871) was a French geologist and paleontologist, and a pioneer of Paleolithic archaeology.

See Dryopithecus and Édouard Lartet

Beech

Beech (Fagus) is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Eurasia and North America.

See Dryopithecus and Beech

Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.

See Dryopithecus and Blood pressure

Body of femur

In human anatomy, the body of femur (or shaft of femur) is the almost cylindrical, long part of the femur.

See Dryopithecus and Body of femur

Bonobo

The bonobo (Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other being the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes).

See Dryopithecus and Bonobo

Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).

See Dryopithecus and Carbohydrate

Carinthia

Carinthia (Kärnten; Koroška, Carinzia) is the southernmost and least densely populated Austrian state, in the Eastern Alps, and is noted for its mountains and lakes.

See Dryopithecus and Carinthia

Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

See Dryopithecus and Catalonia

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.

See Dryopithecus and Charles Darwin

Chestnut

The chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus Castanea, in the beech family Fagaceae.

See Dryopithecus and Chestnut

Chimpanzee

The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also simply known as the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa.

See Dryopithecus and Chimpanzee

Chororapithecus

Chororapithecus is an extinct great ape from the Afar region of Ethiopia roughly 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene, comprising one species, C. abyssinicus. Dryopithecus and Chororapithecus are prehistoric apes and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Chororapithecus

Danuvius guggenmosi

Danuvius guggenmosi is an extinct species of great ape that lived 11.6 million years ago during the Middle–Late Miocene in southern Germany. Dryopithecus and Danuvius guggenmosi are Dryopithecini, Miocene primates and prehistoric apes.

See Dryopithecus and Danuvius guggenmosi

David Pilbeam

David Pilbeam (born 21 November 1940 in Brighton, Sussex, England) is the Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University and curator of paleoanthropology at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

See Dryopithecus and David Pilbeam

Deltoid muscle

The deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the human shoulder.

See Dryopithecus and Deltoid muscle

Diaphysis

The diaphysis (diaphyses) is the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone.

See Dryopithecus and Diaphysis

Drought

A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions.

See Dryopithecus and Drought

Dryopithecini

Dryopithecini is an extinct tribe of Eurasian and African great apes that are believed to be close to the ancestry of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. Dryopithecus and Dryopithecini are prehistoric apes.

See Dryopithecus and Dryopithecini

Early Miocene

The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages.

See Dryopithecus and Early Miocene

Elm

Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus in the family Ulmaceae.

See Dryopithecus and Elm

Elwyn L. Simons

Elwyn LaVerne Simons (July 14, 1930 – March 6, 2016) was an American paleontologist, paleozoologist, and a wildlife conservationist for primates.

See Dryopithecus and Elwyn L. Simons

Extinction

Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member.

See Dryopithecus and Extinction

Family (biology)

Family (familia,: familiae) is one of the nine major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy.

See Dryopithecus and Family (biology)

Femoral head

The femoral head (femur head or head of the femur) is the highest part of the thigh bone (femur).

See Dryopithecus and Femoral head

Femoral neck

The femoral neck (femur neck or neck of the femur) is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward.

See Dryopithecus and Femoral neck

Femur

The femur (femurs or femora), or thigh bone is the only bone in the thigh.

See Dryopithecus and Femur

Fiber

Fiber or fibre (British English; from fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.

See Dryopithecus and Fiber

Folivore

In zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves.

See Dryopithecus and Folivore

Fructose

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

See Dryopithecus and Fructose

Frugivore

A frugivore is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, shoots, nuts and seeds.

See Dryopithecus and Frugivore

Genus

Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.

See Dryopithecus and Genus

Gibbon

Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae.

See Dryopithecus and Gibbon

Gomphotherium

Gomphotherium ("nail beast" for its double set of straight tusks) is an extinct genus of gomphothere proboscidean from the Neogene of Eurasia, Africa and North America.

See Dryopithecus and Gomphotherium

Gorilla

Gorillas are herbivorous, predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa.

See Dryopithecus and Gorilla

Greater trochanter

The greater trochanter of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system.

See Dryopithecus and Greater trochanter

Hickory

Hickory is a common name for trees composing the genus Carya, which includes around 18 species.

See Dryopithecus and Hickory

Hip

In vertebrate anatomy, the hip, or coxaLatin coxa was used by Celsus in the sense "hip", but by Pliny the Elder in the sense "hip bone" (Diab, p 77) (coxae) in medical terminology, refers to either an anatomical region or a joint on the outer (lateral) side of the pelvis.

See Dryopithecus and Hip

Hispanopithecus

Hispanopithecus is a genus of apes that inhabited Europe during the Miocene epoch. Dryopithecus and Hispanopithecus are Miocene primates of Europe, prehistoric apes and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Hispanopithecus

Holotype

A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described.

See Dryopithecus and Holotype

Hominidae

The Hominidae, whose members are known as the great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (''Homo sapiens'') remain.

See Dryopithecus and Hominidae

Homininae

Homininae (the hominines), is a subfamily of the family Hominidae (hominids).

See Dryopithecus and Homininae

Honey

Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several species of bees, the best-known of which are honey bees.

See Dryopithecus and Honey

Human

Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.

See Dryopithecus and Human

Humerus

The humerus (humeri) is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.

See Dryopithecus and Humerus

Hyena

Hyenas or hyaenas (from Ancient Greek ὕαινα) are feliform carnivoran mammals belonging to the family Hyaenidae.

See Dryopithecus and Hyena

Incisor

Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals.

See Dryopithecus and Incisor

Lartetotherium

Lartetotherium is an extinct genus of rhinocerotid that lived during the Miocene in Europe and possibly China.

See Dryopithecus and Lartetotherium

Late Miocene

The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages.

See Dryopithecus and Late Miocene

Lesser trochanter

In human anatomy, the lesser trochanter is a conical, posteromedial, bony projection from the shaft of the femur.

See Dryopithecus and Lesser trochanter

Listriodon

Listriodon is an extinct genus of pig-like animals that lived in Eurasia during the Miocene.

See Dryopithecus and Listriodon

Mediterranean climate

A Mediterranean climate, also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen as Cs, is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude).

See Dryopithecus and Mediterranean climate

Middle Miocene

The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages.

See Dryopithecus and Middle Miocene

Middle Miocene disruption

The Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (MMCT) was a relatively steady period of climatic cooling that occurred around the middle of the Miocene, roughly 14 million years ago (Ma), during the Langhian stage, and resulted in the growth of ice sheet volumes globally, and the reestablishment of the ice of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS).

See Dryopithecus and Middle Miocene disruption

Million years ago

Million years ago, abbreviated as Mya, Myr (megayear) or Ma (megaannum), is a unit of time equal to (i.e. years), or approximately 31.6 teraseconds.

See Dryopithecus and Million years ago

Miotragocerus

Miotragocerus is an extinct genus of bovid that once lived in Europe in 10 to 8 million years ago.

See Dryopithecus and Miotragocerus

Molar (tooth)

The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth.

See Dryopithecus and Molar (tooth)

Morus nigra

Morus nigra, called black mulberry (not to be confused with the blackberries that are various species of Rubus), is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae that is native to southwestern Asia, where it has been cultivated for so long that its precise natural range is unknown.

See Dryopithecus and Morus nigra

Nakalipithecus

Nakalipithecus nakayamai, sometimes referred to as the Nakali ape, is an extinct species of great ape from Nakali, Kenya, from about 9.9–9.8 million years ago during the Late Miocene. Dryopithecus and Nakalipithecus are prehistoric apes.

See Dryopithecus and Nakalipithecus

National Museum of Natural History, France

The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities.

See Dryopithecus and National Museum of Natural History, France

Oak

An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family.

See Dryopithecus and Oak

Old World

The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe after 1493, when Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas.

See Dryopithecus and Old World

On the Origin of Species

On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

See Dryopithecus and On the Origin of Species

Orangutan

Orangutans are great apes native to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia.

See Dryopithecus and Orangutan

Oreopithecus

Oreopithecus (from the Greek ὄρος, and πίθηκος,, meaning "hill-ape") is an extinct genus of hominoid primate from the Miocene epoch whose fossils have been found in today's Tuscany and Sardinia in Italy. Dryopithecus and Oreopithecus are Miocene primates of Europe, prehistoric apes and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Oreopithecus

Ouranopithecus

Ouranopithecus is a genus of extinct Eurasian great ape represented by two species, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis, a late Miocene (9.6–8.7 mya) hominoid from Greece and Ouranopithecus turkae, also from the late Miocene (8.7–7.4 mya) of Turkey. Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus are Miocene primates of Europe, prehistoric apes and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus

Palate

The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals.

See Dryopithecus and Palate

Paraphyly

Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages.

See Dryopithecus and Paraphyly

Pierolapithecus

Pierolapithecus catalaunicus is an extinct species of primate which lived around 12.5-13 million years ago during the Miocene in what is now Hostalets de Pierola, Catalonia, Spain. Dryopithecus and Pierolapithecus are Miocene primates of Europe, prehistoric apes and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Pierolapithecus

Pine

A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae.

See Dryopithecus and Pine

Pliopithecidae

The family Pliopithecidae is an extinct family of fossil catarrhines and members of the Pliopithecoidea superfamily. Dryopithecus and Pliopithecidae are Miocene primates and prehistoric apes.

See Dryopithecus and Pliopithecidae

Pliopithecus

Pliopithecus (meaning "more ape") is a genus of extinct primates of the Miocene. Dryopithecus and Pliopithecus are Miocene primates of Europe and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Pliopithecus

Pongidae

Pongidae, or the pongids is an obsolete primate taxon containing chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

See Dryopithecus and Pongidae

Ponginae

Ponginae, also known as the Asian hominids, is a subfamily in the family Hominidae.

See Dryopithecus and Ponginae

Premolar

The premolars, also called premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth.

See Dryopithecus and Premolar

Prognathism

Prognathism is a positional relationship of the mandible or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull.

See Dryopithecus and Prognathism

Protictitherium

Protictitherium (gr. first striking beast) is an extinct genus of hyena that lived across Europe and Asia during the Middle and Late Miocene, it is often considered to be the first hyena since it contains some of the oldest fossils of the family.

See Dryopithecus and Protictitherium

Prunus

Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs in the flowering plant family Rosaceae that includes plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds.

See Dryopithecus and Prunus

Pseudaelurus

Pseudaelurus is a prehistoric cat that lived in Europe, Asia and North America in the Miocene between approximately twenty and eight million years ago.

See Dryopithecus and Pseudaelurus

Pyrenees

The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain.

See Dryopithecus and Pyrenees

Quadrupedalism

Quadrupedalism is a form of locomotion where animals have four legs are used to bear weight and move around.

See Dryopithecus and Quadrupedalism

Rangwapithecus

Rangwapithecus is an extinct genus of ape from the Early Miocene of Kenya. Dryopithecus and Rangwapithecus are prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Rangwapithecus

Rudapithecus

Rudapithecus is a chimpanzee-like (in Hungarian) genus of ape which inhabited Europe during the Late Miocene, approximately 10 million years ago. Dryopithecus and Rudapithecus are Dryopithecini, Miocene primates of Europe and prehistoric apes.

See Dryopithecus and Rudapithecus

Saint-Alban-de-Roche

Saint-Alban-de-Roche is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

See Dryopithecus and Saint-Alban-de-Roche

Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne

Saint-Gaudens (Sent-Gaudenç) is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

See Dryopithecus and Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne

Samburupithecus

Samburupithecus is an extinct primate that lived in Kenya during the middle to late Miocene. Dryopithecus and Samburupithecus are prehistoric apes and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Samburupithecus

Serravallian

The Serravallian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or a stage in the middle Miocene Epoch/Series, which spans the time between 13.82 Ma and 11.63 Ma (million years ago).

See Dryopithecus and Serravallian

Shrubland

Shrubland, scrubland, scrub, brush, or bush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes.

See Dryopithecus and Shrubland

Sivapithecus

Sivapithecus (syn: Ramapithecus) is a genus of extinct apes. Dryopithecus and Sivapithecus are prehistoric apes and prehistoric primate genera.

See Dryopithecus and Sivapithecus

Snout

A snout is the protruding portion of an animal's face, consisting of its nose, mouth, and jaw.

See Dryopithecus and Snout

Species description

A species description is a formal scientific description of a newly encountered species, typically articulated through a scientific publication.

See Dryopithecus and Species description

Subgenus

In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.

See Dryopithecus and Subgenus

Suspensory behavior

Suspensory behaviour is a form of arboreal locomotion or a feeding behavior that involves hanging or suspension of the body below or among tree branches.

See Dryopithecus and Suspensory behavior

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is a book by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871, which applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection, a form of biological adaptation distinct from, yet interconnected with, natural selection.

See Dryopithecus and The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

Timeline of human evolution

The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the evolutionary lineage of the modern human species, Homo sapiens, throughout the history of life, beginning some 4 billion years ago down to recent evolution within H. sapiens during and since the Last Glacial Period.

See Dryopithecus and Timeline of human evolution

Tooth decay

Tooth decay, also known as cavities or caries,The word 'caries' is a mass noun, and is not a plural of 'carie'. is the breakdown of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria.

See Dryopithecus and Tooth decay

Tooth enamel

Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many animals, including some species of fish.

See Dryopithecus and Tooth enamel

Tortonian

The Tortonian is in the geologic time scale an age or stage of the late Miocene that spans the time between.

See Dryopithecus and Tortonian

Tribe (biology)

In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus, but below family and subfamily.

See Dryopithecus and Tribe (biology)

Triceps

The triceps, or triceps brachii (Latin for "three-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates.

See Dryopithecus and Triceps

Tropical rainforest

Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests with high rainfall typically found between 10° north and south of the Equator.

See Dryopithecus and Tropical rainforest

Type species

In zoological nomenclature, a type species (species typica) is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen (or specimens).

See Dryopithecus and Type species

Urate oxidase

The enzyme urate oxidase (UO), uricase or factor-independent urate hydroxylase, absent in humans, catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate.

See Dryopithecus and Urate oxidase

Uric acid

Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.

See Dryopithecus and Uric acid

Vitis

Vitis (grapevine) is a genus of 81 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae.

See Dryopithecus and Vitis

See also

Dryopithecini

Fossil taxa described in 1856

Miocene primates

Miocene primates of Europe

Prehistoric apes

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryopithecus

Also known as Dryopithecid, Dryopithecus brancoi, Dryopithecus crusafonti, Dryopithecus fontani, Dryopithecus laietanus, Dryopithecus wuduensis.

, Hominidae, Homininae, Honey, Human, Humerus, Hyena, Incisor, Lartetotherium, Late Miocene, Lesser trochanter, Listriodon, Mediterranean climate, Middle Miocene, Middle Miocene disruption, Million years ago, Miotragocerus, Molar (tooth), Morus nigra, Nakalipithecus, National Museum of Natural History, France, Oak, Old World, On the Origin of Species, Orangutan, Oreopithecus, Ouranopithecus, Palate, Paraphyly, Pierolapithecus, Pine, Pliopithecidae, Pliopithecus, Pongidae, Ponginae, Premolar, Prognathism, Protictitherium, Prunus, Pseudaelurus, Pyrenees, Quadrupedalism, Rangwapithecus, Rudapithecus, Saint-Alban-de-Roche, Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne, Samburupithecus, Serravallian, Shrubland, Sivapithecus, Snout, Species description, Subgenus, Suspensory behavior, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, Timeline of human evolution, Tooth decay, Tooth enamel, Tortonian, Tribe (biology), Triceps, Tropical rainforest, Type species, Urate oxidase, Uric acid, Vitis.