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131 relations: Abdomen, Abdominal aorta, Abdominal wall, Adenylyl cyclase, Adrenal gland, Allantois, Alpha blocker, Anus, Artificial urinary bladder, Autonomic nervous system, Bacteriuria, Basement membrane, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Beta-2 adrenergic receptor, Bird, Bladder augmentation, Bladder cancer, Bladder exstrophy, Bladder sphincter dyssynergia, Bladder stone, Bladder stone (animal), Brainstem, Central nervous system, Cetacea, Charles Darwin, Cloaca, Cloaca (embryology), Common iliac artery, Common iliac vein, Crustacean, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Cypriniformes, Cystitis glandularis, Detrusor muscle, Echidna, External iliac lymph nodes, Galápagos tortoise, General visceral afferent fibers, Glycocalyx, Herring, Human, Infant, Inferior hypogastric plexus, Inferior vena cava, Inferior vesical artery, Internal iliac artery, Internal iliac vein, Internal urethral orifice, Interstitial cystitis, Kidney, ..., Lamina propria, Large intestine, Legless lizard, Levator ani, Liver, Lymphatic system, Median umbilical ligament, Medical ultrasound, Mesonephric duct, Monitor lizard, Mucous membrane, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, Muscle, Myocyte, Navel, Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, Osmoregulation, Overactive bladder, Oviduct, Parasympathetic nervous system, Paruresis, Pelvic floor, Pelvic splanchnic nerves, Pelvis, Peritoneal cavity, Peritoneum, Platypus, Pontine micturition center, Prenatal development, Prostate, Pubic symphysis, Recto-vesical pouch, Rectum, Renal artery, Renal pelvis, Renal vein, Rugae, Sardine, Serous membrane, Smooth muscle tissue, Somatic (biology), Sphincter, Stretch receptor, Superior hypogastric plexus, Superior vesical artery, Swim bladder, Teleost, Transitional cell carcinoma, Transitional epithelium, Trigone of urinary bladder, Trigonitis, Umbilical artery, Umbilical folds, Underactive bladder, Ureter, Ureterocele, Urethra, Urinary bladder, Urinary bladder neck obstruction, Urinary incontinence, Urinary meatus, Urinary retention, Urinary system, Urinary tract infection, Urination, Urine, Urodynamic testing, Urogenital sinus, Urothelium, Uterine artery, Uterus, Vaginal artery, Vesical arteries, Vesical nervous plexus, Vesical veins, Vesical venous plexus, Vesico-uterine pouch, Vesicoureteral reflux, Xenopus. Expand index (81 more) »
Abdomen
The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.
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Abdominal aorta
The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity.
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Abdominal wall
In anatomy, the abdominal wall represents the boundaries of the abdominal cavity.
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Adenylyl cyclase
Adenylyl cyclase (also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylate cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in essentially all cells.
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Adrenal gland
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.
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Allantois
The allantois (plural allantoides or allantoises) is a hollow sac-like structure filled with clear fluid that forms part of a developing amniote's conceptus (which consists of all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues).
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Alpha blocker
Alpha-blockers, also known as α-blockers or α-adrenoreceptor antagonists, are a class of pharmacological agents that act as antagonists on α-adrenergic receptors (α-adrenoceptors).
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Anus
The anus (from Latin anus meaning "ring", "circle") is an opening at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth.
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Artificial urinary bladder
The two main methods for replacing bladder function involve either redirecting urine flow or replacing the bladder in situ.
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Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs.
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Bacteriuria
Bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in urine.
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Basement membrane
The basement membrane is a thin, fibrous, extracellular matrix of tissue that separates the lining of an internal or external body surface from underlying connective tissue in metazoans.
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate.
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Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRB2, is a cell membrane-spanning beta-adrenergic receptor that interacts with (binds) epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter (ligand synonym, adrenaline) whose signaling, via a downstream L-type calcium channel interaction, mediates physiologic responses such as smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Bladder augmentation
Bladder augmentation is a surgical alteration of the urinary bladder.
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Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder.
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Bladder exstrophy
Bladder exstrophy (also known as ectopia vesicae) is a congenital anomaly that exists along the spectrum of the exstrophy-epispadias complex and most notably involves protrusion of the urinary bladder through a defect in the abdominal wall.
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Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
Bladder sphincter dyssynergia (also known as detrusor sphincter dysynergia (DSD) (the ICS standard terminology agreed 1998) and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO)) is a consequence of a neurological pathology such as spinal injury or multiple sclerosis.
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Bladder stone
A bladder stone is a stone found in the urinary bladder.
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Bladder stone (animal)
Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats.
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Brainstem
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Cetacea
Cetacea are a widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Cloaca
In animal anatomy, a cloaca (plural cloacae or) is the posterior orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals, opening at the vent.
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Cloaca (embryology)
The cloaca is a structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
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Common iliac artery
The common iliac arteries are two large arteries that originate from the aortic bifurcation at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra.
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Common iliac vein
In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins.
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Crustacean
Crustaceans (Crustacea) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes.
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Cypriniformes
Cypriniformes is an order of ray-finned fish, including the carps, minnows, loaches and relatives.
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Cystitis glandularis
Cystitis glandularis is a term describing a metaplasial transformation of mucosal cells lining the urinary bladder.
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Detrusor muscle
The detrusor muscle, also detrusor urinae muscle, muscularis propria of the urinary bladder and (less precise) muscularis propria, is smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder.
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Echidna
Echidnas, sometimes known as spiny anteaters, belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals.
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External iliac lymph nodes
The external iliac lymph nodes are lymph nodes, from eight to ten in number, that lie along the external iliac vessels.
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Galápagos tortoise
The Galápagos tortoise complex or Galápagos giant tortoise complex (Chelonoidis nigra and related species) are the largest living species of tortoise.
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General visceral afferent fibers
The general visceral afferent fibers (GVA) conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system.
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Glycocalyx
The glycocalyx, also known as the pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia, and other cells.
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Herring
Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family Clupeidae.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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Infant
An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the more formal or specialised synonym for "baby", the very young offspring of a human.
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Inferior hypogastric plexus
The inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus in some texts) is a plexus of nerves that supplies the viscera of the pelvic cavity.
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Inferior vena cava
The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart.
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Inferior vesical artery
The inferior vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder.
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Internal iliac artery
The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis.
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Internal iliac vein
The internal iliac vein (hypogastric vein) begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the Internal iliac artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein.
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Internal urethral orifice
The internal urethral orifice is the opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra.
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Interstitial cystitis
Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a type of chronic pain that affects the bladder.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Lamina propria
The lamina propria is a thin layer of connective tissue that forms part of the moist linings known as mucous membranes or mucosa, which line various tubes in the body, such as the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the urogenital tract.
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Large intestine
The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates.
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Legless lizard
Legless lizard may refer to any of several groups of lizards that have independently lost limbs or reduced them to the point of being of no use in locomotion.
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Levator ani
The levator ani is a broad, thin muscle, situated on either side of the pelvis.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system and an important part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water") directionally towards the heart.
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Median umbilical ligament
The median umbilical ligament (or Xander's ligament is a structure in human anatomy. It is a shrivelled piece of tissue that represents the remnant of the embryonic urachus. It extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus, on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall. It is unpaired. It is covered by the median umbilical fold Lateral to this structure are the medial umbilical ligament (which is a different structure, not to be confused) and the lateral umbilical ligament.
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Medical ultrasound
Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound.
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Mesonephric duct
The mesonephric duct (also known as the Wolffian duct, archinephric duct, Leydig's duct or nephric duct) is a paired organ found in mammals including humans during embryogenesis.
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Monitor lizard
The monitor lizards are large lizards in the genus Varanus.
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Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM2 gene.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, also known as cholinergic/acetylcholine receptor M3, or the muscarinic 3, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor encoded by the human gene CHRM3.
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Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
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Myocyte
A myocyte (also known as a muscle cell) is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.
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Navel
The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, colloquially known as the belly button, or tummy button) is a hollowed or sometimes raised area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord.
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Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, sometimes simply referred to as neurogenic bladder, is a dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of micturition (urination).
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Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution) to keep the fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
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Overactive bladder
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a condition where there is a frequent feeling of needing to urinate to a degree that it negatively affects a person's life.
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Oviduct
In vertebrates, other than mammals, the passageway from the ovaries to the outside of the body is known as the oviduct.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)), the other being the sympathetic nervous system.
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Paruresis
Paruresis is a type of phobia in which the sufferer is unable to urinate in the real or imaginary presence of others, such as in a public restroom.
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Pelvic floor
The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus muscle, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis.
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Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Pelvic splanchnic nerves or nervi erigentes are splanchnic nerves that arise from sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, S4 to provide parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut.
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Pelvis
The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is either the lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region of the trunk) or the skeleton embedded in it (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton).
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Peritoneal cavity
The peritoneal cavity is a potential space between the parietal peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal wall) and visceral peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the internal organs).
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Peritoneum
The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids.
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Platypus
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania.
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Pontine micturition center
The Pontine micturition center (PMC, also known as Barrington's nucleus) is a collection of neuronal cell bodies located in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition.
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Prenatal development
Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation.
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Prostate
The prostate (from Ancient Greek προστάτης, prostates, literally "one who stands before", "protector", "guardian") is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals.
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Pubic symphysis
The pubic symphysis (or symphysis pubis) a cartilaginous joint that sits between and joins left and right the superior rami of the pubic bones.
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Recto-vesical pouch
The recto-vesical pouch is the pocket that lies between the rectum and the urinary bladder in human males and other male mammals.
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Rectum
The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in humans and some other mammals, and the gut in others.
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Renal artery
The renal arteries normally arise off the left interior side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood.
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Renal pelvis
The renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the basin-like or funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney.
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Renal vein
The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney.
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Rugae
Rugae is a term used in anatomy that refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ.
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Sardine
"Sardine" and "pilchard" are common names used to refer to various small, oily fish in the herring family Clupeidae.
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Serous membrane
In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid.
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Smooth muscle tissue
Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle.
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Somatic (biology)
The term somatic is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells which usually give rise to the gametes (ovum or sperm).
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Sphincter
A sphincter is a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
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Stretch receptor
Stretch receptors are mechanoreceptors responsive to distention of various organs and muscles, and are neurologically linked to the medulla in the brain stem via afferent nerve fibers.
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Superior hypogastric plexus
The superior hypogastric plexus (in older texts, hypogastric plexus or presacral nerve) is a plexus of nerves situated on the vertebral bodies anterior to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta.
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Superior vesical artery
The superior vesical artery supplies numerous branches to the upper part of the bladder.
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Swim bladder
The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming.
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Teleost
The teleosts or Teleostei (Greek: teleios, "complete" + osteon, "bone") are by far the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, and make up 96% of all extant species of fish.
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Transitional cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma, also urothelial carcinoma, is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system.
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Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium is a type of stratified epithelium – tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand as needed.
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Trigone of urinary bladder
The trigone (a.k.a. vesical trigone) is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice.
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Trigonitis
Trigonitis is a condition of inflammation of the trigone region of the bladder.
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Umbilical artery
The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions.
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Umbilical folds
In the urinary bladder, anteriorly there are the following folds.
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Underactive bladder
Underactive bladder syndrome (UAB) describes symptoms of difficulty with bladder emptying, such as hesitancy to start the stream, a poor or intermittent stream, or sensations of incomplete bladder emptying.
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Ureter
In human anatomy, the ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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Ureterocele
A ureterocele is a congenital abnormality found in the ureter.
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Urethra
In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα – ourḗthrā) is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body.
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Urinary bladder
The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in humans and some other animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.
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Urinary bladder neck obstruction
Bladder neck obstruction is a condition where the bladder neck does not open enough during voiding.
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Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine.
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Urinary meatus
The urinary meatus, also known as the external urethral orifice, is the opening or meatus of the urethra.
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Urinary retention
Urinary retention is an inability to completely empty the bladder.
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Urinary system
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra.
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Urinary tract infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract.
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Urination
Urination is the release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.
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Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many animals.
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Urodynamic testing
Urodynamic testing or urodynamics is a study that assesses how the bladder and urethra are performing their job of storing and releasing urine.
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Urogenital sinus
The urogenital sinus is a part of the human body only present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
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Urothelium
Urothelium (or uroepithelium) is an example of transitional epithelium.
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Uterine artery
The uterine artery is an artery that supplies blood to the uterus in females.
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Uterus
The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.
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Vaginal artery
The vaginal artery is an artery in females that supplies blood to the vagina and the base of the bladder.
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Vesical arteries
Vesical arteries are variable in numbers.
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Vesical nervous plexus
The vesical nervous plexus arises from the forepart of the pelvic plexus.
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Vesical veins
The vesical veins are veins in the pelvis that drain blood from the urinary bladder.
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Vesical venous plexus
The vesical plexus envelops the lower part of the bladder and the base of the prostate and communicates with the pudendal and prostatic plexuses.
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Vesico-uterine pouch
In human female anatomy, the vesico-uterine pouch, also known by various other names, is a second but shallower pouch formed from the peritoneum over the uterus and bladder, continued over the intestinal surface and fundus of the uterus onto its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix uteri, and then to the bladder.
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Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into the ureters/kidneys.
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Xenopus
Xenopus (Gk., ξενος, xenos.
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Apex of bladder, Apex of the bladder, Apex of the urinary bladder, Apex of urinary bladder, Apex vesicae urinariae, Bladder, Bladder (kidney), Bladder neck, Cervix vesicae urinariae, Fundus of the bladder, Fundus of the urinary bladder, Fundus of urinary bladder, Human bladder, Human urinary bladder, Intravesical, Neck of the bladder, Neck of the urinary bladder, Neck of urinary bladder, The bladder, Urinary bladders, Urocyst, Uvula of bladder, Uvula of the bladder, Uvula of the urinary bladder, Uvula of urinary bladder, Uvula vesicae, Uvula vesicae urinariae, Vertex (urinary bladder), Vertex of bladder, Vertex of the bladder, Vertex of the urinary bladder, Vertex of urinary bladder, Vesica urinaria.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladder
