José de San Martín

José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 177817 August 1850), nicknamed "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru", was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru. ^[1]

276 relations: Aconcagua River, Action of 15 July 1798, Adams–Onís Treaty, Afrancesado, Altitude sickness, Andalusia, Andrés de Santa Cruz, Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata, Antonio Álvarez Jonte, Antonio González de Balcarce, Antonio José de Sucre, Arequipa, Arequito revolt, Argentina, Argentine Civil Wars, Argentine Constitution of 1819, Argentine Declaration of Independence, Argentine National Anthem, Army of the Andes, Army of the North, Assembly of the Year XIII, Balkanization, Banda Oriental, Bartolomé Mitre, Basilica of Notre-Dame, Boulogne, Battle of Albuera, Battle of Ayohuma, Battle of Bailén, Battle of Cancha Rayada (1818), Battle of Carabobo, Battle of Caseros, Battle of Cepeda (1820), Battle of Chacabuco, Battle of Curapalihue, Battle of Maipú, Battle of Rancagua, Battle of San Lorenzo, Battle of Vilcapugio, Belgian Revolution, Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, Bernardino Rivadavia, Bernardo de Monteagudo, Bernardo O'Higgins, Bloomsbury, Blue plaque, Bogotá, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Brussels, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, ... Expand index (226 more) » « Shrink index
19th-century Argentine politicians
Argentine Freemasons
Argentine abolitionists
Argentine emigrants to France
Argentine independence activists
Argentine monarchists
Argentine revolutionaries
Burials at Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral
Federales (Argentina)
Governors of Mendoza Province
National symbols of Argentina
People from Yapeyú
People of the Peruvian War of Independence
Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

Aconcagua River

The Aconcagua River is a river in Chile that rises from the conflux of two minor tributary rivers at above sea level in the Andes, Juncal River from the east (which rise in the Nevado Juncal) and Blanco River from the south east.

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Action of 15 July 1798

The action of 15 July 1798 was a minor naval battle of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought off the Spanish Mediterranean coast by the Royal Navy ship of the line HMS ''Lion'' under Captain Manley Dixon and a squadron of four Spanish Navy frigates under Commodore Don Felix O'Neil.

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Adams–Onís Treaty

The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Spanish Cession, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty,Weeks, p. 168.

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Afrancesado

Afrancesado ("Francophile" or "turned-French", lit. "Frenchified" or "French-alike") refers to the Spanish and Portuguese partisan of Enlightenment ideas, Liberalism, or the French Revolution, that supported Napoleon's occupation as a mean to implant these ideas in Spain.

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Altitude sickness

Altitude sickness, the mildest form being acute mountain sickness (AMS), is a harmful effect of high altitude, caused by rapid exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high elevation.

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Andalusia

Andalusia (Andalucía) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain.

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Andrés de Santa Cruz

Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (30 November 1792 – 25 September 1865) was a Bolivian general and politician who served as interim president of Peru in 1827, the interim president of Peru from 1836 to 1838 and the sixth president of Bolivia from 1829 to 1839. José de San Martín and Andrés de Santa Cruz are people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and presidents of Peru.

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Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata

The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata, also known as Paraná War, was a five-year naval blockade imposed by France and the United Kingdom on the Argentine Confederation during the Uruguayan Civil War.

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Antonio Álvarez Jonte

Antonio Álvarez Jonte (Madrid, 1784 – Pisco, Perú, October 18, 1820) was an Argentine politician. José de San Martín and Antonio Álvarez Jonte are people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Antonio González de Balcarce

Antonio González de Balcarce (June 24, 1774 – August 15, 1819) was an Argentine military commander in the early 19th century. José de San Martín and Antonio González de Balcarce are argentine generals, argentine people of Spanish descent, people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, people of the Argentine War of Independence and people of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Antonio José de Sucre

Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (3 February 1795 – 4 June 1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" ("Grand Marshal of Ayacucho"), was a Venezuelan general and politician who served as the president of Bolivia from 1825 to 1828. José de San Martín and Antonio José de Sucre are people of the Peruvian War of Independence and presidents of Peru.

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Arequipa

Arequipa (Aymara and Ariqipa), also known by its nicknames of Ciudad Blanca (Spanish for "White City") and León del Sur (Spanish for "Lion of the South"), is a city in Peru and the capital of the eponymous province and department.

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Arequito revolt

The Arequito revolt (Motín de Arequito) (Arequito, Santa Fe Province, Argentina, January 8, 1820), was a military revolt by officers of the Army of the North through which they recused themselves from the fight in the civil war against the federales.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.

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Argentine Civil Wars

The Argentine Civil Wars were a series of civil conflicts of varying intensity that took place through the territories of Argentina from 1814 to 1853.

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Argentine Constitution of 1819

The Argentine Constitution of 1819 was a Constitution drafted by the Congress of Tucumán in 1819, shortly after the Argentine War of Independence.

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Argentine Declaration of Independence

What today is commonly referred as the Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816, by the Congress of Tucumán.

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Argentine National Anthem

The "Argentine National Anthem" (Himno Nacional Argentino) is the national anthem of Argentina. José de San Martín and Argentine National Anthem are national symbols of Argentina.

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Army of the Andes

The Army of the Andes (Ejército de los Andes) was a military force created by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Argentina) and mustered by general José de San Martín in his campaign to free Chile from the Spanish Empire.

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Army of the North

The Army of the North (Ejército del Norte), contemporaneously called Army of Peru (Ejército del Perú), was one of the armies deployed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Spanish American wars of independence.

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Assembly of the Year XIII

The Assembly of Year XIII (Asamblea del Año XIII) was a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate governing the young republic of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina, Uruguay, parts of Brazil and Bolivia) on October 1812.

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Balkanization

Balkanization or Balkanisation is the process involving the fragmentation of an area, country, or region into multiple smaller and hostile units.

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Banda Oriental

Banda Oriental, or more fully Banda Oriental del Río Uruguay (Eastern Bank), was the name of the South American territories east of the Uruguay River and north of Río de la Plata that comprise the modern nation of Uruguay, the modern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and part of the modern state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

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Bartolomé Mitre

Bartolomé Mitre Martínez (26 June 1821 – 19 January 1906) was an Argentine statesman, soldier and author. José de San Martín and Bartolomé Mitre are argentine Freemasons and argentine generals.

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Basilica of Notre-Dame, Boulogne

The Basilica of Notre-Dame, Boulogne, otherwise the Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (Basilique Notre-Dame de Boulogne; Basilique Notre-Dame-de-l'Immaculée-Conception), is a minor basilica located in Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Pas-de-Calais département of northern France.

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Battle of Albuera

The Battle of Albuera (16 May 1811) was a battle during the Peninsular War.

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Battle of Ayohuma

The Battle of Ayohuma ("dead man's head" in Quechua) was a military action fought on 14 November 1813 during the Spanish American wars of independence.

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Battle of Bailén

The Battle of Bailén was fought in 1808 between the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by General Francisco Javier Castaños and the Imperial French Army's II corps d'observation de la Gironde under General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang.

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Battle of Cancha Rayada (1818)

The Battle of Cancha Rayada (March 19, 1818), (also known in Chile as the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada or Surprise of Cancha Rayada) was fought in Chile between South American patriots and Spanish royalists, during the Osorio's campaign in the South American wars of independence.

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Battle of Carabobo

The Battle of Carabobo, on 24 June 1821, was fought between independence fighters, led by Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar, and the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre.

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Battle of Caseros

The Battle of Caseros (Batalla de Caseros; Batalha de Caseros) was fought near the town of El Palomar, Argentina, on 3 February 1852, between forces of the Argentine Confederation, commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a coalition consisting of the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay.

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Battle of Cepeda (1820)

The Battle of Cepeda of 1820 took place on February 1 in Cañada de Cepeda, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

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Battle of Chacabuco

The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, occurred on February 12, 1817.

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Battle of Curapalihue

The Battle of Curapalihue (4 April 1817) fought in Chile, was a minor encounter between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the South American wars of independence.

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Battle of Maipú

The Battle of Maipú (Batalla de Maipú) was fought near Santiago, Chile on 5 April 1818, between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence.

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Battle of Rancagua

The Battle of Rancagua, also known in Chile as the Disaster of Rancagua, occurred on October 1, 1814, to October 2, 1814, when the Spanish Army under the command of Mariano Osorio defeated the rebel Chilean forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins.

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Battle of San Lorenzo

The Battle of San Lorenzo was fought on 3 February 1813 in San Lorenzo, Argentina, then part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata.

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Battle of Vilcapugio

The Battle of Vilcapugio (Sacred Well) was a major battle fought on October 1, 1813, during the second Campaign of Upper Peru in the Argentine War of Independence, where the United Provinces forces led by General Manuel Belgrano were defeated by a royalist army, led by Joaquin de la Pezuela.

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Belgian Revolution

The Belgian Revolution was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium.

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Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna

Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (August 25, 1831 – January 25, 1886) was a Chilean writer, journalist, historian and politician.

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Bernardino Rivadavia

Bernardino de la Trinidad González Rivadavia (May 20, 1780 – September 2, 1845) was the first President of Argentina, then called the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, from February 8, 1826 to June 27, 1827. José de San Martín and Bernardino Rivadavia are argentine monarchists, argentine people of Spanish descent and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Bernardo de Monteagudo

Bernardo de Monteagudo (1789–1825) was a political activist and revolutionary. José de San Martín and Bernardo de Monteagudo are argentine monarchists and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Bernardo O'Higgins

Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (20 August 1778 – 24 October 1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. José de San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins are 1778 births, argentine generals and people of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Bloomsbury

Bloomsbury is a district in the West End of London, part of the London Borough of Camden in England.

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Blue plaque

A blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place in the United Kingdom, and certain other countries and territories, to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person, event, or former building on the site, serving as a historical marker.

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Bogotá

Bogotá (also), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá during the Spanish Colonial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, and one of the largest cities in the world.

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Boulogne-sur-Mer

Boulogne-sur-Mer (Boulonne-su-Mér; Bonen; Gesoriacum or Bononia), often called just Boulogne, is a coastal city in Northern France.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

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Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and primate city of Argentina.

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Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral

The Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, officially called Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity (Catedral Metropolitana de la Santísima Trinidad de Buenos Aires), is the main Catholic church in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Cabildo of Buenos Aires

The Cabildo of Buenos Aires (Cabildo de Buenos Aires) is the public building in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, that was used as a seat of the town council during the colonial era and the government house of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Carlos María de Alvear

Carlos María de Alvear (October 25, 1789 in Santo Ángel, Rio Grande do Sul – November 3, 1852 in New York), was an Argentine soldier and statesman, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1815. José de San Martín and Carlos María de Alvear are argentine Freemasons, argentine generals, argentine people of Spanish descent, people of the Argentine War of Independence and Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Carrera family

The Carrera family of Chile became politically influential during the colonial period and played a significant role in the Chilean independence.

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Caudillo

A caudillo (cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head") is a type of personalist leader wielding military and political power.

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Cádiz

Cádiz is a city in Spain and the capital of the Province of Cádiz, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Córdoba, Argentina

Córdoba is a city in central Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River, about northwest of Buenos Aires.

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Cervatos de la Cueza

Cervatos de la Cueza is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain.

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Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain in the years 1759 to 1788.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.

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Chilean Army

The Chilean Army (Ejército de Chile) is the land arm of the Chilean Armed Forces.

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Chilean Declaration of Independence

The Chilean Declaration of Independence is a document declaring the independence of Chile from the Spanish Empire.

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Chilean War of Independence

The Chilean War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de la Independencia de Chile, 'War of Independence of Chile') was a military and political event that allowed the emancipation of Chile from the Spanish Monarchy, ending the colonial period and initiating the formation of an independent republic.

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Cisplatine War

The Cisplatine War was an armed conflict fought in the 1820s between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata over control of Brazil's Cisplatina province.

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Coat of arms of Argentina

The coat of arms of the Argentine Republic or Argentine shield (Escudo de la República Argentina) was established in its current form in 1944 but has its origins in the seal of the General Constituent Assembly of 1813. José de San Martín and coat of arms of Argentina are national symbols of Argentina.

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Column (formation)

A military column is a formation of soldiers marching together in one or more files in which the file is significantly longer than the width of ranks in the formation.

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Commander-in-chief

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed force or a military branch.

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Congress of Cúcuta

The Congress of Cúcuta was a constituent assembly where the Republic of Colombia (historiographically called Gran Colombia because it covered the territories of the previous viceroyalty of Nueva Granada and Venezuela, which are several nations today) was created.

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Congress of Tucumán

The Congress of Tucumán was the representative assembly, initially meeting in San Miguel de Tucumán, that declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America (modern-day Argentina, Uruguay, part of Bolivia) on July 9, 1816, from the Spanish Empire.

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Constitutional monarchy

Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.

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Copiapó

Copiapó is a city and commune in northern Chile, located about 65 kilometers east of the coastal town of Caldera.

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Coquimbo

Coquimbo is a port city, commune and capital of the Elqui Province, located on the Pan-American Highway, in the Coquimbo Region of Chile.

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Criollo people

In Hispanic America, criollo is a term used originally to describe people of full Spanish descent born in the viceroyalties.

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Crossing of the Andes

The Crossing of the Andes (Cruce de los Andes) was one of the most important feats in the Argentine and Chilean wars of independence, in which a combined army of Argentine soldiers and Chilean exiles invaded Chile crossing the Andes range separating Argentina from Chile, leading to Chile's liberation from Spanish rule.

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Curicó

Curicó is a city located in Chile's central valley and serves as the capital of the Curicó Province, which is part of the Maule Region.

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Curved saber of San Martín

The curved saber of San Martín is a historic weapon used by José de San Martín.

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Cuyo (Argentina)

Cuyo is the wine-producing, mountainous region of central-west Argentina.

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Cuyo Province

The Province of Cuyo was a historical province of Argentina.

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Disinformation

Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people.

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Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (born Domingo Faustino Fidel Valentín Sarmiento y Albarracín; 15 February 1811 – 11 September 1888) was an Argentine activist, intellectual, writer, statesman and President of Argentina. José de San Martín and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento are argentine Freemasons and argentine people of Spanish descent.

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Ecuadorian War of Independence

The Ecuadorian War of Independence, part of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early 19th century, was fought from 1809 to 1822 between Spain and several South American armies over control of the Real Audiencia of Quito, a Spanish colonial jurisdiction which later became the modern Republic of Ecuador.

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El Santo de la Espada

El Santo de la Espada (in English, The Saint of the Sword) is a 1970 Argentine historical epic film directed by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson and starring Alfredo Alcón.

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Embalming

Embalming is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition.

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Empire of Brazil

The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828.

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Enlightenment in Spain

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (Ilustración) came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700.

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Estanislao López

Estanislao López (26 November 1786 – 15 June 1838) was a caudillo and governor of the, between 1818 and 1838, one of the foremost proponents of provincial federalism, and an associate of Juan Manuel de Rosas during the Argentine Civil War. José de San Martín and Estanislao López are argentine generals, argentine people of Spanish descent, federales (Argentina), people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Federal League (1815–1820)

The Federal League (Liga Federal), also known as the League of the Free Peoples (Liga de los Pueblos Libres), was an alliance of provinces in what is now Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil that aimed to establish a confederal organization for the state that was emerging from the May Revolution in the war of independence against the Spanish Empire.

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Federal Republic of Central America

The Federal Republic of Central America (República Federal de Centro América), initially known as the United Provinces of Central America (Provincias Unidas del Centro de América), was a sovereign state in Central America which existed from 1823 to 1839/1841.

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Federalist Party (Argentina)

The Federalist Party was the nineteenth century Argentine political party that supported federalism.

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Federation

A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).

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Feliciano Chiclana

Feliciano Antonio Chiclana (June 9, 1761 in Buenos Aires – September 17, 1826 in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine lawyer, soldier, and judge. José de San Martín and Feliciano Chiclana are people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Ferdinand VII

Ferdinand VII (Fernando VII; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early 19th century.

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First siege of Callao

The first siege of Callao was a prolonged military blockade of the Real Felipe Fortress (as well as other fortresses) in Callao by the Liberating Expedition of Peru under the command of General José de San Martín in July 1821 which culminated in the capitulation of Marshal José de La Mar in September of the same year, with him switching sides from the Royalist side to the Patriot side.

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First Triumvirate (Argentina)

The First Triumvirate (Primer Triunvirato) was the executive body of government that replaced the Junta Grande in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina).

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Flag of Argentina

The national flag of the Argentine Republic, often referred to as the Argentine flag (bandera argentina), is a triband, composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured light blue and white. José de San Martín and flag of Argentina are national symbols of Argentina.

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Florencio Varela (writer)

Florencio Varela (23 February 1808 – 20 March 1848) was an Argentine writer, poet, journalist and educator.

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Florida

Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Fodder

Fodder, also called provender, is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs.

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Food drying

Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated).

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Francisco de Miranda

Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (28 March 1750 – 14 July 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda, was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary who fought in the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolution and the Spanish American wars of independence.

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Francisco Marcó del Pont

Francisco Casimiro Marcó del Pont y Ángel (June 25, 1770 – May 19, 1819) was a Spanish soldier and the last Governor of Chile. José de San Martín and Francisco Marcó del Pont are people of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Francisco Ramírez (governor)

Francisco Ramírez, also known as "Pancho" Ramírez as well as "El Supremo Entrerriano" (1786–1821), was an Argentine governor of Entre Ríos during the Argentine War of Independence. José de San Martín and Francisco Ramírez (governor) are argentine generals, federales (Argentina), people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro

Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro (November 3, 1780 – February 2, 1855) was a Peruvian priest, politician and lawyer. José de San Martín and Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro are people of the Peruvian War of Independence and presidents of Peru.

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Free Negro

In the British colonies in North America and in the United States before the abolition of slavery in 1865, free Negro or free Black described the legal status of African Americans who were not enslaved.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.

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Freedom of wombs

Free womb laws (Libertad de vientres, Lei do Ventre Livre), also referred to as free birth or the law of wombs, was a 19th century judicial concept in several Latin American countries, that declared that all wombs bore free children.

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Freemasonry

Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.

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French blockade of the Río de la Plata

The French blockade of the Río de la Plata was a two-year-long naval blockade imposed by France on the Argentine Confederation ruled by Juan Manuel de Rosas.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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French Revolution of 1848

The French Revolution of 1848 (Révolution française de 1848), also known as the February Revolution (Révolution de février)or Third French Revolution, was a period of civil unrest in France, in February 1848, that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic.

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French Second Republic

The French Second Republic, officially the French Republic, was the second republican government of France.

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Funeral

A funeral is a ceremony connected with the final disposition of a corpse, such as a burial or cremation, with the attendant observances.

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General Jose de San Martin Memorial

The General Jose de San Martin Memorial is an equestrian statue memorial of Argentine general and independence leader José de San Martín in Washington, D.C., United States.

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General officer

A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry.

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Generalissimo

Generalissimo is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the states where they are used.

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Gervasio Antonio de Posadas

Gervasio Antonio de Posadas y Dávila (18 June 1757, in Buenos Aires – 2 July 1833, in Buenos Aires) was a member of Argentina's Second Triumvirate from 19 August 1813 to 31 January 1814, after which he served as Supreme Director until 9 January 1815. José de San Martín and Gervasio Antonio de Posadas are argentine Freemasons and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Gibraltar

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).

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Government-in-exile

A government-in-exile (GiE) is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government of a sovereign state or semi-sovereign state, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country.

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Governor of Mendoza Province

The Constitution (1916) of Mendoza Province, Argentina, states that the executive power of the province will be led by a citizen chosen as a governor by the people for a four-year term, and not allowed to be re-elected for the immediately following term. José de San Martín and governor of Mendoza Province are governors of Mendoza Province.

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Guaraní people

The Guarani are a group of culturally-related indigenous peoples of South America.

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Guayaquil

Guayaquil (Wayakil), officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest city in Ecuador and also the nation's economic capital and main port.

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Guayaquil Conference

The Guayaquil Conference (Conferencia de Guayaquil) was a meeting that took place on July 26–27, 1822 in the port city of Guayaquil (today part of Ecuador) between libertadors José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar to discuss the future of Peru, and South America in general.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.

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Hematemesis

Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood.

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Historia Argentina

Historia Argentina (in English, History of Argentina) in an encyclopedia of three volumes by Diego Abad de Santillán, published in 1965 by TEA (Tipográfica Editora Argentina).

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Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana

Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana (History of San Martín and the South American emancipation) is a biography of José de San Martín, written by Bartolomé Mitre in 1869.

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HMS Santa Dorothea (1798)

HMS Santa Dorothea was a Royal Navy 34-gun fifth-rate.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Inca Empire

The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Tawantinsuyu, "four parts together"), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

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Inca plan

The Inca plan was a proposal formulated in 1816 by Manuel Belgrano to the Congress of Tucumán, aiming to crown a Sapa Inca to lead the independent territory.

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Inquisition

The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.

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Intramuros

Intramuros is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines.

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Jesuit missions among the Guaraní

The Jesuit missions among the Guaraní were a type of settlement for the Guaraní people ("Indians" or "Indios") in an area straddling the borders of present-day Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (the triple frontier).

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Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma

Joaquín González de la Pezuela Griñán y Sánchez de Aragón Muñoz de Velasco, 1st Marquess of Viluma, (May 21, 1761–1830) was a Spanish military officer and viceroy of Peru during the Peruvian War of Independence. José de San Martín and Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma are people of the Chilean War of Independence and people of the Peruvian War of Independence.

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José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes

José de la Serna e Hinojosa, 1st Count of the Andes (May 1, 1770 – July 6, 1832) was a Spanish general and colonial official.

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José Gervasio Artigas

José Gervasio Artigas Arnal (June 19, 1764 – September 23, 1850) was a soldier and statesman who is regarded as a national hero in Uruguay and the father of Uruguayan nationhood. José de San Martín and José Gervasio Artigas are 1850 deaths, argentine generals and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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José Gil de Castro

José Gil de Castro y Morales (1 September 1785 – c. 1840/41) was an Afro-Peruvian portrait painter, cartographer and soldier who spent many years in Chile.

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José Miguel Carrera

José Miguel Carrera Verdugo (October 15, 1785 – September 4, 1821) was a Chilean general, formerly Spanish military, member of the prominent Carrera family, and considered one of the founders of independent Chile. José de San Martín and José Miguel Carrera are federales (Argentina) and Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars.

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José Moldes

José Moldes (January 1, 1785 - April 18, 1824) was an Argentine military leader. José de San Martín and José Moldes are people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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José Rondeau

José Casimiro Rondeau Pereyra (March 4, 1773 – November 18, 1844) was a general and politician in Argentina and Uruguay in the early 19th century. José de San Martín and José Rondeau are argentine generals, people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales

Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales (Reinoso, Spain, June 13, 1770 – Moraya, Bolivia, December 4, 1831) was an Argentine general of Spanish origin (considered also a Bolivian for his activities in Bolivia) that fought in the war for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Chile and Peru. José de San Martín and Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales are argentine generals and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Juan Bautista Baigorria

Juan Bautista Baigorria, also known as Granadero Baigorria, was born in San Luis Province and died at the Battle of San Lorenzo on 3 February 1813, was an Argentine soldier.

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Juan Bautista Bustos

Juan Bautista Bustos (August 29, 1779 - September 18, 1830) was an Argentine politician and military leader who participated in the British invasions of the River Plate and the Argentine Civil Wars.

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Juan Bautista Cabral

Juan Bautista Cabral (24 June 1789 – 3 February 1813) was an Argentine soldier, of Zambo origin, of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers who died in the Battle of San Lorenzo, while he was aiding then Colonel Don José de San Martín, whose horse had fallen to enemy fire. José de San Martín and Juan Bautista Cabral are people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón

Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón y Achet (1766–1822) was a Spanish military commander and colonial administrator.

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Juan Fermín de San Martín

Juan Fermín Rafael de San Martín y Matorras (Governorate of the Río de la Plata, Viceroyalty of Peru - February 5, 1774 - Manila, Philippines, July 17, 1822) was a Spanish soldier, and a brother of José de San Martín who was the leader of the Argentine War of Independence, who served and lived much of his life in the Philippines.

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Juan Gregorio de las Heras

Grand Marshal Juan Gregorio de las Heras (July 11, 1780 – February 15, 1866) was an Argentine soldier who took part in the Spanish American wars of independence and was also a governor of the province of Buenos Aires. José de San Martín and Juan Gregorio de las Heras are argentine generals, argentine people of Spanish descent, burials at Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral and people of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Juan José Paso

Juan José Esteban Paso, (January 2, 1758, Buenos Aires – September 10, 1833) was an Argentine politician who participated in the events that started the Argentine War of Independence known as May Revolution of 1810. José de San Martín and Juan José Paso are argentine Freemasons, argentine people of Spanish descent and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Juan José Pedro Carrera

Juan José Pedro de la Carrera y Verdugo or Juan José Pedro Carrera (Santiago, Captaincy General of Chile, 26 June 1782—Mendoza, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 8 April 1818) was a Chilean soldier and patriot who actively participated in the first phase of the Chilean War of Independence, a stage known as the Patria Vieja (Old Homeland).

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Juan Lavalle

Juan Galo Lavalle (17 October 1797 – 9 October 1841) was an Argentine military and political figure, from the Unitarian Party. José de San Martín and Juan Lavalle are argentine Freemasons, argentine generals, argentine people of Spanish descent, governors of Mendoza Province and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Juan Manuel de Rosas

Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was an Argentine politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. José de San Martín and Juan Manuel de Rosas are argentine Roman Catholics, argentine people of Spanish descent, federales (Argentina) and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Juan Martín de Pueyrredón

Juan Martín de Pueyrredón y O'Dogan (December 18, 1777 – March 13, 1850) was an Argentine general and politician of the early 19th century. José de San Martín and Juan Martín de Pueyrredón are 1850 deaths, argentine generals and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Juan Perón

Juan Domingo Perón (8 October 1895 – 1 July 1974) was an Argentine lieutenant general, politician and statesman who served as the 35th President of Argentina from 1946 to his overthrow in 1955, and again as the 45th President from October 1973 to his death in July 1974. José de San Martín and Juan Perón are argentine Roman Catholics, argentine generals and argentine people of Spanish descent.

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Jujuy Province

Jujuy is a province of Argentina, located in the extreme northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia.

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Justo José de Urquiza

Justo José de Urquiza y García (October 18, 1801 – April 11, 1870) was an Argentine general and politician who served as president of the Argentine Confederation from 1854 to 1860. José de San Martín and Justo José de Urquiza are argentine Freemasons, argentine generals and federales (Argentina).

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Kingdom of León

The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.

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La Rioja Province, Argentina

La Rioja, officially Province of La Rioja is a province of Argentina located in the west of the country.

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Latin American integration

The integration of Latin America (also called Latinoamericanism) has a history going back to Spanish American and Brazilian independence, when there was discussion of creating a regional state or confederation of Latin American nations to protect the area's newly won autonomy.

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Lautaro

Lautaro (Anglicized as 'Levtaru') (Lef-Traru "swift hawk") (1534 – April 29, 1557) was a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile and developing the tactics that would continue to be employed by the Mapuche during the long-running Arauco War.

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Lautaro Lodge

The Lautaro Lodge (Logia Lautaro) was a revolutionary secret lodge active in Latin American politics in the 19th century.

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Libertadores

Libertadores ("Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence from Spain and of the movement in support of Brazilian independence from Portugal.

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Lieutenant colonel

Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel.

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Lima

Lima, founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (Spanish for "City of Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.

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List of presidents of Peru

This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. José de San Martín and list of presidents of Peru are presidents of Peru.

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Luis Carrera

Colonel Luis Florentino Juan Manuel Silvestre de los Dolores de la Carrera y Verdugo (1791 – April 8, 1818) was a Chilean military officer who fought in the Chilean War of Independence.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

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Maipo River

The Maipo River is the main river flowing through the Santiago Metropolitan Region and the Valparaíso Region of Chile.

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Manila

Manila (Maynila), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynila), is the capital and second-most-populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City.

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Manuel Belgrano

Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano y González (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820), usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano, was an Argentine public servant, economist, lawyer, politician, journalist, and military leader. José de San Martín and Manuel Belgrano are argentine Freemasons, argentine Roman Catholics, argentine abolitionists, argentine generals, argentine independence activists, argentine monarchists, argentine people of Spanish descent and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Manuel Blanco Encalada

Manuel José Blanco y Calvo de Encalada (April 21, 1790 – September 5, 1876) was a vice-admiral in the Chilean Navy, a political figure, and Chile's first President (Provisional) (1826). José de San Martín and Manuel Blanco Encalada are people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Manuel de Sarratea

Manuel de Sarratea, (Buenos Aires, 11 August 1774 – Limoges, France, 21 September 1849), was an Argentine diplomat, politician and soldier. José de San Martín and Manuel de Sarratea are people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Manuel Dorrego

Manuel Dorrego (11 June 1787 – 13 December 1828) was an Argentine statesman and soldier. José de San Martín and Manuel Dorrego are federales (Argentina), people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza

Manuel Xavier Rodríguez Erdoíza (February 27, 1785 – May 26, 1818) was a Chilean lawyer and guerrilla leader, considered one of the founders of independent Chile. José de San Martín and Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza are people of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Mapuche

The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia.

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María de los Remedios de Escalada

María de los Remedios de Escalada y La Quintana (November 20, 1797 – August 3, 1823), commonly known as Remedios de Escalada, was the wife of the leader of the Argentine War of Independence, General José de San Martín. José de San Martín and María de los Remedios de Escalada are argentine people of Spanish descent and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Marcos González de Balcarce

Marcos González de Balcarce (1777–1832) was an Argentine military commander and politician in the early 19th century. José de San Martín and Marcos González de Balcarce are argentine generals, governors of Mendoza Province, people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, people of the Argentine War of Independence and people of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Mariano Moreno

Mariano Moreno (September 23, 1778March 4, 1811) was an Argentine lawyer, journalist, and politician. José de San Martín and Mariano Moreno are 1778 births, argentine abolitionists, argentine people of Spanish descent and people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Mariano Osorio

Mariano de Osorio (1777–1819) was a Spanish general and Governor of Chile, from 1814 to 1815. José de San Martín and Mariano Osorio are Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Mariquita Sánchez

Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson y de Mendeville, also known as Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson (1 November 1786 – 23 October 1868), was an Argentine socialite and activist from Buenos Aires. José de San Martín and Mariquita Sánchez are argentine people of Spanish descent, people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Martín Miguel de Güemes

Martín Miguel de Güemes (8 February 1785 – 17 June 1821) was a military leader and popular caudillo who defended northwestern Argentina from the Spanish royalist army during the Argentine War of Independence. José de San Martín and Martín Miguel de Güemes are argentine Roman Catholics, argentine generals, argentine monarchists and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Matías de Irigoyen

Matías de Irigoyen (25 February 1781 – 20 September 1839) was an Argentine soldier and politician. José de San Martín and Matías de Irigoyen are people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Málaga

Málaga is a municipality of Spain, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Melilla

Melilla (script) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast.

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Mendoza, Argentina

Mendoza, officially the City of Mendoza (Ciudad de Mendoza), is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina.

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Miguel Estanislao Soler

Miguel Estanislao Soler (May 7, 1783 – September 23, 1849) was an Argentine general, who fought in the Argentine War of Independence. José de San Martín and Miguel Estanislao Soler are argentine generals, federales (Argentina), people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Military intelligence

Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to assist commanders in their decisions.

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Miraflores District, Lima

Miraflores is a district of the Lima Province in Peru.

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Mit'a

Mit'a was mandatory service in the society of the Inca Empire.

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Monarchism

Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule.

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Montevideo

Montevideo is the capital and largest city of Uruguay.

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Moors

The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.

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Mounted Grenadiers Regiment

The Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers "General San Martín" (Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo "General San Martín") is the name of two Argentine Army regiments of two different time periods: a historic regiment that operated from 1812 to 1826, and a modern cavalry unit that was organized in 1903.

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Murcia

Murcia is a city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia, and the seventh largest city in the country.

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Nicolás Avellaneda

Nicolás Remigio Aurelio Avellaneda Silva (3 October 1837 – 24 November 1885) was an Argentine politician and journalist, and President of Argentina from 1874 to 1880.

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Nicolás Rodríguez Peña

Nicolás Rodriguez Peña (1775, in Buenos Aires – 1853, in Santiago de Chile) was an Argentine politician. José de San Martín and Nicolás Rodríguez Peña are people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Open cabildo

The open cabildo (Spanish: cabildo abierto) is a traditional Hispanic American political action for convening citizens to deliberate policy.

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Operations plan

Operations plan (in Spanish, "Plan de Operaciones") is a secret document attributed to Mariano Moreno, that set harsh ways for the Primera Junta, the first de facto independent government of Argentina in the 19th century, to achieve its goals.

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Oran

Oran (Wahrān) is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria.

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Order of the Liberator General San Martín

The Order of the Liberator General San Martín (Orden del Libertador General San Martín) is the highest decoration in Argentina.

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Ourense

Ourense (Orense) is a city and the capital of the province of Ourense, located in the autonomous community of Galicia, northwestern Spain.

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Paracas Bay

Paracas Bay, with its southern end lying within the Paracas National Reservation is well known for its abundant wildlife.

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Paraguay

Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay (República del Paraguay; Paraguái Tavakuairetã), is a landlocked country in South America.

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Paraná River

The Paraná River (Rio Paraná; Río Paraná; Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some."Parana River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012.

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Paredes de Nava

Paredes de Nava is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain.

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Paso de Los Patos

The Paso de Los Patos (Passage of the Ducks) is an Andean mountain pass between Argentina and Chile, used by the main column of the Army of the Andes to cross the Andes in early 1817, in order to liberate Chile from Spain.

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Patria Nueva

Patria Nueva (New Fatherland) was a period in the history of Chile that began with the victory of Ejército de los Andes in the Battle of Chacabuco on 12 February 1817 and ended with the resignation of Bernardo O'Higgins as Supreme Director in 1823.

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Patria Vieja

Patria Vieja refers to a time period in the History of Chile occurring between the First Junta of the Government (September 18, 1810) and the Disaster of Rancagua (October 1, 1814).

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Pedro Medrano

Pedro de Medrano y Cabrera (26 April 1769 – 3 November 1840) was a Uruguayan-born Argentine statesman, poet and lawyer. José de San Martín and Pedro Medrano are people from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Peruvian War of Independence

The Peruvian War of Independence (Guerra de Independencia del Perú) was a series of military conflicts in Peru from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the Spanish Empire.

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Pincer movement

The pincer movement, or double envelopment, is a military maneuver in which forces simultaneously attack both flanks (sides) of an enemy formation.

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Pisco, Peru

Pisco (Pisqu) is a city located in the Department of Ica of Peru, the capital of the Pisco Province.

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Planned economy

A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.

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Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental

The Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental was the armed-conflict that took place between 1816 and 1820 in the Banda Oriental, for control of what today comprises the whole of the Republic of Uruguay, the northern part of the Argentine Mesopotamia and southern Brazil.

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Premier Grand Lodge of England

The organisation now known as the Premier Grand Lodge of England was founded on 24 June 1717 as the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster.

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President of Argentina

The president of Argentina (Presidente de Argentina; officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation Presidente de la Nación Argentina.) is both head of state and head of government of Argentina.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Propaganda

Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented.

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Protectorate of San Martín

The Protectorate of Peru (italic), also known as the Protectorate of San Martín (italic), was a protectorate created in 1821 in present-day Peru after its declaration of independence from the Spanish Empire.

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Province of Palencia

Palencia is a province of northern Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Rafael del Riego

Rafael del Riego y Flórez (7 April 1784 – 7 November 1823) was a Spanish general and liberal politician, who played a key role in the establishment of the Liberal Triennium (Trienio liberal in Spanish). José de San Martín and Rafael del Riego are Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Rafael Maroto

Rafael Maroto Yserns (October 15, 1783 – August 25, 1853) was a Spanish general, known both for his involvement on the Spanish side in the wars of independence in South America and on the Carlist side in the First Carlist War. José de San Martín and Rafael Maroto are people of the Chilean War of Independence and Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Ramón Freire

Ramón Saturnino Andrés Freire y Serrano (November 29, 1787 – December 9, 1851) was a Chilean political figure. José de San Martín and Ramón Freire are people of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Río de la Plata

The Río de la Plata, also called the River Plate or La Plata River in English, is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River at Punta Gorda.

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Reductions

Reductions (reducciones, also called congregaciones;, pl. reduções) were settlements established by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines).

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Revolución: el cruce de los Andes

Revolución: el cruce de los Andes (Revolution: The Crusade of the Andes) is a 2010 Argentine historical epic film directed by Leandro Ipiña and starring Rodrigo de la Serna.

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Revolution of October 8, 1812

The Revolution of October 8, 1812 (Revolución del 8 de octubre de 1812) took place during the Argentine War of Independence.

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Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro.

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Rosa Campuzano

Rosa Campuzano Cornejo (13 April 1796 – 1851) was an activist affiliated with the cause of freedom in the struggle for the independence of Peru, born in Guayaquil, Viceroyalty of Peru on April 13, 1796 and died in Lima in 1851.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, and a component of His Majesty's Naval Service.

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Royalist (Spanish American independence)

The royalists were the people of Hispanic America (mostly from native and indigenous peoples) and Europeans that fought to preserve the integrity of the Spanish monarchy during the Spanish American wars of independence.

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San Carlos Convent

The San Carlos Convent is located in San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, in Argentina.

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San Juan Province, Argentina

San Juan Province is a province of Argentina, located in the western part of the country.

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San Lorenzo, Santa Fe

San Lorenzo is a city in the south of the Province of Santa Fe, Argentina, located 23 km north of Rosario, on the western shore of the Paraná River, and forming one end of the Greater Rosario metropolitan area.

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San Martín National Institute

The San Martín National Institute (Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano) is a cultural foundation in Buenos Aires dedicated to the legacy of General José de San Martín, the Liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Perú.

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Santiago

Santiago, also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas.

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Santiago del Estero

Santiago del Estero (Spanish for Saint-James-Upon-The-Lagoon) is the capital of Santiago del Estero Province in northern Argentina.

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Sapa Inca

The Sapa Inca (from Quechua Sapan Inka) was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cusco and the later Neo-Inca State.

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Second Banda Oriental campaign

The Second Banda Oriental campaign was a military campaign of the Argentine War of Independence, that besieged and captured the Banda Oriental (present-day Uruguay) with joint operations against Montevideo by José Rondeau on land and William Brown on water.

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Second Triumvirate (Argentina)

The Second Triumvirate (Segundo Triunvirato) was the governing body of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina and Uruguay) that followed the First Triumvirate in 1812, shortly after the May Revolution, and lasted 2 years.

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Siege of Montevideo (1811)

The First Siege of Montevideo (Primer Sitio de Montevideo) took place between May and October 1811, when the troops of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata unsuccessfully besieged the city of Montevideo, still held by Spanish loyalists. In 1810, the May Revolution had forced the Spanish to abandon Buenos Aires, but they held on to the Banda Oriental (present-day Uruguay), as Francisco Javier de Elío moved the headquarters of his Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata to Montevideo.

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Simón Bolívar

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco (24July 178317December 1830) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire. José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar are people of the Peruvian War of Independence and presidents of Peru.

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Spanish American wars of independence

The Spanish American wars of independence (Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) took place throughout Spanish America during the early 19th century, with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule.

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Spanish Constitution of 1812

The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy (Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz (Constitución de Cádiz) and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest codified constitutions in world history.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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State of Buenos Aires

The State of Buenos Aires (Estado de Buenos Aires) was a secessionist republic resulting from the overthrow of the Argentine Confederation government in the Province of Buenos Aires on September 11, 1852.

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Supreme Director of Chile

The Supreme Director of Chile was the Head of State and of Government of Chile in the periods of 1814 and 1817-1826.

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Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

The Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Director Supremo de las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata) was a title given to the executive officers of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata according to the form of government established in 1814 by the Asamblea del Año XIII (Assembly of Year XIII).

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Talca

Talca is a city and commune in Chile located about south of Santiago, and is the capital of both Talca Province and Maule Region (7th Region of Chile).

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Talcahuano

Talcahuano (From Mapudungun Tralkawenu, "Thundering Sky") is a port city and commune in the Biobío Region of Chile.

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The Overlook Press

The Overlook Press is an American publishing house based in New York, New York which considers itself "a home for distinguished books that had been 'overlooked' by larger houses".

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Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald

Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald (14 December 1775 – 31 October 1860), styled Lord Cochrane between 1778 and 1831, was a British naval officer, peer, mercenary and politician. José de San Martín and Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald are people of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Tomás Guido

Tomás Guido. José de San Martín and Tomás Guido are burials at Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, federales (Argentina) and people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Toribio de Luzuriaga

Toribio de Luzuriaga y Mejía (16 April 1782 – 1 May 1842) was a Peruvian-Argentine soldier and the first Grand Marshal of Peru.

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Trienio Liberal

The Trienio Liberal or Three Liberal Years was a period of three years in the modern history of Spain between 1820 and 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonel Rafael de Riego against the absolutist rule of Ferdinand VII.

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Tucumán Province

Tucumán is the most densely populated, and the second-smallest by land area, of the provinces of Argentina.

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Unitarian Party

Unitarianists or Unitarians (in Spanish, Unitarios) were the proponents of the concept of a unitary state (centralized government) in Buenos Aires during the civil wars that shortly followed the Declaration of Independence of Argentina in 1816.

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Unitary state

A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.

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United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica), was a name adopted in 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán for the region of South America that declared independence in 1816, with the Sovereign Congress taking place in 1813, during the Argentine War of Independence (1810–1818) that began with the May Revolution in 1810.

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University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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Upper Peru

Upper Peru is a name for the land that was governed by the Real Audiencia of Charcas.

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Uspallata Pass

The Uspallata Pass, Bermejo Pass or Cumbre Pass, is an Andean pass which provides a route between the wine-growing region around the Argentine city of Mendoza, the Chilean city Los Andes and Santiago, the Chilean capital situated in the central Chilean valley.

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Valparaíso

Valparaíso is a major city, commune, seaport and naval base facility in Valparaíso Region, Chile.

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Viceroyalty of New Granada

The Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada (Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada), also called Viceroyalty of New Granada or Viceroyalty of Santafé, was the name given on 27 May 1717 to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela.

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Viceroyalty of Peru

The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru, was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed from the capital of Lima.

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Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Virreinato del Río de la Plata or Virreinato de las Provincias del Río de la Plata) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of one of the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.

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War economy

A war economy or wartime economy is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production.

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War of the Oranges

The War of the Oranges (Guerra das Laranjas; Guerre des Oranges; Guerra de las Naranjas) was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal.

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War of the Second Coalition

The War of the Second Coalition (Guerre de la Deuxième Coalition) (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on periodisation) was the second war targeting revolutionary France by many European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and various German monarchies.

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William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford

General William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, 1st Marquis of Campo Maior, (2 October 1768 – 8 January 1854) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and politician. José de San Martín and William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford are people of the Peninsular War.

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William Bowles (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Bowles, KCB (25 May 1780 – 2 July 1869) was a senior Royal Navy officer and Conservative Party politician.

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William Brown (admiral)

William Brown (also known in Spanish as Guillermo Brown or Almirante Brown) (22 June 1777 – 3 March 1857) was an Irish sailor, merchant, and naval commander who served in the Argentine Navy during the wars of the early 19th century. José de San Martín and William Brown (admiral) are people of the Argentine War of Independence.

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Yanakuna

Yanakuna were originally individuals in the Inca Empire who left the ayllu system and worked full-time at a variety of tasks for the Inca, the quya (Inca queen), or the religious establishment.

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Yapeyú, Corrientes

Yapeyú is a town in the province of Corrientes, Argentina, in the San Martín Department.

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Yatasto relay

The Yatasto relay (Posta de Yatasto) was the handover of the command of the Army of the North by Manuel Belgrano to José de San Martín, in January 1814, during the Argentine War of Independence.

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Yellow fever

Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.

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1826–1837 cholera pandemic

The second cholera pandemic (1826–1837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across Western Asia to Europe, Great Britain, and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_de_San_Martín

Also known as Don José de San Martín, General José de San Martín, General San Martín, José Francisco de San Martín, José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, Jose San Martin, Jose de san Marin, Jose of San Martín, José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras, José Matorras, Juan San Martin de Jose, San Martín, José de.

, Cabildo of Buenos Aires, Carlos María de Alvear, Carrera family, Caudillo, Cádiz, Córdoba, Argentina, Cervatos de la Cueza, Charles III of Spain, Chile, Chilean Army, Chilean Declaration of Independence, Chilean War of Independence, Cisplatine War, Coat of arms of Argentina, Column (formation), Commander-in-chief, Congress of Cúcuta, Congress of Tucumán, Constitutional monarchy, Copiapó, Coquimbo, Criollo people, Crossing of the Andes, Curicó, Curved saber of San Martín, Cuyo (Argentina), Cuyo Province, Disinformation, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Ecuadorian War of Independence, El Santo de la Espada, Embalming, Empire of Brazil, Enlightenment in Spain, Estanislao López, Federal League (1815–1820), Federal Republic of Central America, Federalist Party (Argentina), Federation, Feliciano Chiclana, Ferdinand VII, First siege of Callao, First Triumvirate (Argentina), Flag of Argentina, Florencio Varela (writer), Florida, Fodder, Food drying, Francisco de Miranda, Francisco Marcó del Pont, Francisco Ramírez (governor), Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, Free Negro, Freedom of speech, Freedom of wombs, Freemasonry, French blockade of the Río de la Plata, French Revolution, French Revolution of 1848, French Second Republic, Funeral, General Jose de San Martin Memorial, General officer, Generalissimo, Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Gibraltar, Government-in-exile, Governor of Mendoza Province, Guaraní people, Guayaquil, Guayaquil Conference, Guerrilla warfare, Hematemesis, Historia Argentina, Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana, HMS Santa Dorothea (1798), Iberian Peninsula, Inca Empire, Inca plan, Inquisition, Intramuros, Jesuit missions among the Guaraní, Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma, José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes, José Gervasio Artigas, José Gil de Castro, José Miguel Carrera, José Moldes, José Rondeau, Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales, Juan Bautista Baigorria, Juan Bautista Bustos, Juan Bautista Cabral, Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón, Juan Fermín de San Martín, Juan Gregorio de las Heras, Juan José Paso, Juan José Pedro Carrera, Juan Lavalle, Juan Manuel de Rosas, Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, Juan Perón, Jujuy Province, Justo José de Urquiza, Kingdom of León, La Rioja Province, Argentina, Latin American integration, Lautaro, Lautaro Lodge, Libertadores, Lieutenant colonel, Lima, List of presidents of Peru, Luis Carrera, Madrid, Maipo River, Manila, Manuel Belgrano, Manuel Blanco Encalada, Manuel de Sarratea, Manuel Dorrego, Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza, Mapuche, María de los Remedios de Escalada, Marcos González de Balcarce, Mariano Moreno, Mariano Osorio, Mariquita Sánchez, Martín Miguel de Güemes, Matías de Irigoyen, Málaga, Melilla, Mendoza, Argentina, Miguel Estanislao Soler, Military intelligence, Miraflores District, Lima, Mit'a, Monarchism, Montevideo, Moors, Mounted Grenadiers Regiment, Murcia, Nicolás Avellaneda, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña, Open cabildo, Operations plan, Oran, Order of the Liberator General San Martín, Ourense, Paracas Bay, Paraguay, Paraná River, Paredes de Nava, Paso de Los Patos, Patria Nueva, Patria Vieja, Pedro Medrano, Peninsular War, Peruvian War of Independence, Pincer movement, Pisco, Peru, Planned economy, Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental, Premier Grand Lodge of England, President of Argentina, Prisoner of war, Propaganda, Protectorate of San Martín, Province of Palencia, Rafael del Riego, Rafael Maroto, Ramón Freire, Río de la Plata, Reductions, Revolución: el cruce de los Andes, Revolution of October 8, 1812, Rio de Janeiro, Rosa Campuzano, Royal Navy, Royalist (Spanish American independence), San Carlos Convent, San Juan Province, Argentina, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, San Martín National Institute, Santiago, Santiago del Estero, Sapa Inca, Second Banda Oriental campaign, Second Triumvirate (Argentina), Siege of Montevideo (1811), Simón Bolívar, Spanish American wars of independence, Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spanish Empire, State of Buenos Aires, Supreme Director of Chile, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Talca, Talcahuano, The Overlook Press, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Tomás Guido, Toribio de Luzuriaga, Trienio Liberal, Tucumán Province, Unitarian Party, Unitary state, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, University of California Press, Upper Peru, Uspallata Pass, Valparaíso, Viceroyalty of New Granada, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, War economy, War of the Oranges, War of the Second Coalition, William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, William Bowles (Royal Navy officer), William Brown (admiral), Yanakuna, Yapeyú, Corrientes, Yatasto relay, Yellow fever, 1826–1837 cholera pandemic.

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José de San Martín

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