Thurgood Marshall

Thoroughgood "Thurgood" Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. ^[1]

265 relations: Abortion, Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher, Affirmative action, African Americans, Aggravation (law), American Bar Association, American Civil Liberties Union, Amish, Appeal, Archibald Cox, Arizona State Law Journal, Arlington National Cemetery, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Laws, Balancing test, Baltimore, Baltimore/Washington International Airport, Bar examination, Basic Books, Benton v. Maryland, Bethesda, Maryland, Bill Clinton, Birth control, Bounds v. Smith, Bowers v. Hardwick, Brown v. Board of Education, Burger Court, Capital punishment in the United States, Carl Rowan, Carol Publishing Group, Cass Sunstein, Cecilia Suyat Marshall, Certiorari, Chadwick Boseman, Charles Evans Hughes, Charles Hamilton Houston, Chester County, Pennsylvania, Chicago Police Dept. v. Mosley, City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., Civil and political rights, Clarence Thomas, Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, Columbia University Press, Commemorative stamp, Companion case, Conflict of interest, Congressional Quarterly, Constitution of Kenya (1963), ... Expand index (215 more) » « Shrink index
United States court of appeals judges appointed by John F. Kennedy
United States federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson

Abortion

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.

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Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher

Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher (February 8, 1924 – October 18, 1995) was a key figure in the Civil Rights Movement in Oklahoma. Thurgood Marshall and Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher are activists for African-American civil rights.

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Affirmative action

Affirmative action (also sometimes called reservations, alternative access, positive discrimination or positive action in various countries' laws and policies) refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups.

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African Americans

African Americans, also known as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa.

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Aggravation (law)

Aggravation, in law, is "any circumstance attending the commission of a crime or tort which increases its guilt or enormity or adds to its injurious consequences, but which is above and beyond the essential constituents of the crime or tort itself".

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American Bar Association

The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students; it is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States.

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American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is an American nonprofit human rights organization founded in 1920.

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Amish

The Amish (Amisch; Amische), formally the Old Order Amish, are a group of traditionalist Anabaptist Christian church fellowships with Swiss and Alsatian origins.

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Appeal

In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed by a higher authority, where parties request a formal change to an official decision.

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Archibald Cox

Archibald Cox Jr. (May 17, 1912 – May 29, 2004) was an American legal scholar who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy and as a special prosecutor during the Watergate scandal. Thurgood Marshall and Archibald Cox are United States Solicitors General.

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Arizona State Law Journal

The Arizona State Law Journal is a quarterly student-edited law review covering the law and law-related topics published at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law.

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Arlington National Cemetery

Arlington National Cemetery is one of two cemeteries in the United States National Cemetery System that are maintained by the United States Army.

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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, other than the chief justice of the United States.

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Bachelor of Arts

A Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated B.A., BA, A.B. or AB; from the Latin baccalaureus artium, baccalaureus in artibus, or artium baccalaureus) is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the liberal arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines.

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Bachelor of Laws

A Bachelor of Laws (Legum Baccalaureus; LL.B) is an undergraduate law degree offered in most common law countries as the primary law degree and serves as the first professional qualification for legal practitioners.

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Balancing test

In law, a balancing test is any judicial test in which the jurists weigh the importance of multiple factors in a legal case.

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Baltimore

Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland.

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Baltimore/Washington International Airport

Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is an international airport in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, located south of downtown Baltimore and northeast of Washington, D.C. BWI is one of three major airports that serve the Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area.

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Bar examination

A bar examination is an examination administered by the bar association of a jurisdiction that a lawyer must pass in order to be admitted to the bar of that jurisdiction.

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Basic Books

Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group.

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Benton v. Maryland

Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969), is a Supreme Court of the United States decision concerning double jeopardy.

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Bethesda, Maryland

Bethesda is an unincorporated, census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Birth control

Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy.

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Bounds v. Smith

Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court tested the basic constitutional right of prison inmates’ access to legal documents prior to court.

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Bowers v. Hardwick

Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld, in a 5–4 ruling, the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults, in this case with respect to homosexual sodomy, though the law did not differentiate between homosexual and heterosexual sodomy.

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Brown v. Board of Education

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

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Burger Court

The Burger Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1969 to 1986, when Warren E. Burger served as Chief Justice of the United States.

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Capital punishment in the United States

In the United States, capital punishment (killing a person as punishment for allegedly committing a crime) is a legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and in American Samoa.

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Carl Rowan

Carl Thomas Rowan (August 11, 1925 – September 23, 2000) was a prominent American journalist, author and government official who published columns syndicated across the U.S. and was at one point the highest ranking African American in the United States government. Thurgood Marshall and Carl Rowan are Spingarn Medal winners.

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Carol Publishing Group

Carol Publishing Group was an American publishing company.

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Cass Sunstein

Cass Robert Sunstein (born September 21, 1954) is an American legal scholar known for his work in constitutional law, administrative law, environmental law, and behavioral economics.

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Cecilia Suyat Marshall

Cecilia Suyat Marshall (July 20, 1928 – November 22, 2022) was an American civil rights activist and historian from Hawaii who was married to Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American U.S. Supreme Court Justice, from 1955 until his death in 1993. Thurgood Marshall and Cecilia Suyat Marshall are NAACP activists.

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Certiorari

In law, certiorari is a court process to seek judicial review of a decision of a lower court or government agency.

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Chadwick Boseman

Chadwick Aaron Boseman (November 29, 1976August 28, 2020) was an American actor.

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Charles Evans Hughes

Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, politician, academic, and jurist who served as the 11th chief justice of the United States from 1930 to 1941.

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Charles Hamilton Houston

Charles Hamilton Houston (September 3, 1895 – April 22, 1950), NAACP.org. Thurgood Marshall and Charles Hamilton Houston are 20th-century African-American lawyers, American civil rights lawyers, NAACP activists and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Chester County, Pennsylvania

Chester County (Pennsylvania Dutch: Tscheschter Kaundi), colloquially referred to as Chesco, is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

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Chicago Police Dept. v. Mosley

Chicago Police Dept.

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City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health

City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 U.S. 416 (1983), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court affirmed its abortion rights jurisprudence.

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City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.

City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the minority set-aside program of Richmond, Virginia, which gave preference to minority business enterprises (MBE) in the awarding of municipal contracts, was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.

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Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

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Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas are 20th-century African-American lawyers, African-American judges and justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence

Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288 (1984), is a United States Supreme Court case with the National Park Service's regulation which specifically prohibited sleeping in Lafayette Park and the National Mall at issue.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Commemorative stamp

A commemorative stamp is a postage stamp, often issued on a significant date such as an anniversary, to honor or commemorate a place, event, person, or object.

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Companion case

The term companion cases refers to a group of two or more cases which are consolidated by an appellate court while on appeal and are decided together because they concern one or more common legal issues.

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Conflict of interest

A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

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Congressional Quarterly

Congressional Quarterly, Inc., or CQ, is part of a privately owned publishing company called CQ Roll Call that produces several publications reporting primarily on the United States Congress.

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Constitution of Kenya (1963)

Kenya's 1963 Constitution, also called the Independence Constitution, was based on the standard "Lancaster House template" used for the former British colonies in Africa, was subject to early amendments, and was replaced in 1969.

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Cooper v. Aaron

Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that denied the school board of Little Rock, Arkansas the right to delay racial desegregation for 30months.

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Corporate law

Corporate law (also known as company law or enterprise law) is the body of law governing the rights, relations, and conduct of persons, companies, organizations and businesses.

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Covenant (law)

A covenant, in its most general sense and historical sense, is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action.

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CQ Press

CQ Press, a division of SAGE Publishing, publishes books, directories, periodicals, and electronic products on American government and politics, with an expanding list in international affairs and journalism and mass communication.

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Crown Publishing Group

The Crown Publishing Group is a subsidiary of Penguin Random House that publishes across several fiction and non-fiction categories.

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Cruel and unusual punishment

Cruel and unusual punishment is a phrase in common law describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to the sanction.

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Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S. 261 (1990), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States involving a young adult incompetent.

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Dandridge v. Williams

Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 (1970), was a United States Supreme Court case based on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Desegregation busing

Desegregation busing (also known simply as busing or integrated busing or by its critics as forced busing) was a failed attempt to diversify the racial make-up of schools in the United States by sending students to school districts other than their own.

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Donald Gaines Murray

Donald Gaines Murray (May 24, 1914 – April 7, 1986, in Baltimore, Maryland) was an American attorney, the first African-American to enter the University of Maryland School of Law since 1890 as a result of winning the landmark civil rights case Murray v. Pearson in 1935. Thurgood Marshall and Donald Gaines Murray are NAACP activists.

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Double jeopardy

In jurisprudence, double jeopardy is a procedural defence (primarily in common law jurisdictions) that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges following an acquittal or conviction and in rare cases prosecutorial and/or judge misconduct in the same jurisdiction.

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Douglas H. Ginsburg

Douglas Howard Ginsburg (born May 25, 1946) is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a senior U.S. circuit judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

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Earl Warren

Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist who served as the 30th governor of California from 1943 to 1953 and as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969. Thurgood Marshall and Earl Warren are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution protects against imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments.

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Eisenstadt v. Baird

Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that established the right of unmarried people to possess contraception on the same basis as married couples.

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Elena Kagan

Elena Kagan (born April 28, 1960) is an American lawyer who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thurgood Marshall and Elena Kagan are justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Solicitors General.

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Employment Division v. Smith

Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), is a United States Supreme Court case that held that the state could deny unemployment benefits to a person fired for violating a state prohibition on the use of peyote even though the use of the drug was part of a religious ritual.

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Episcopal Church (United States)

The Episcopal Church, officially the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (PECUSA), is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere.

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Equal Protection Clause

The Equal Protection Clause is part of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Erwin Griswold

Erwin Nathaniel Griswold (July 14, 1904 – November 19, 1994) was an American appellate attorney and legal scholar who argued many cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. Thurgood Marshall and Erwin Griswold are United States Solicitors General.

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Eugene O'Dunne

Eugene O'Dunne or Eugene Antonio Dunne (June 22, 1875 – October 30, 1959) was a judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City.

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Exclusionary rule

In the United States, the exclusionary rule is a legal rule, based on constitutional law, that prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law.

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Executive Order 9066

Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942.

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Executive privilege

Executive privilege is the right of the president of the United States and other members of the executive branch to maintain confidential communications under certain circumstances within the executive branch and to resist some subpoenas and other oversight by the legislative and judicial branches of government in pursuit of particular information or personnel relating to those confidential communications.

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Expert witness

An expert witness, particularly in common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, is a person whose opinion by virtue of education, training, certification, skills or experience, is accepted by the judge as an expert.

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Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution creates several constitutional rights, limiting governmental powers focusing on criminal procedures.

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First Amendment to the United States Constitution

The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from making laws respecting an establishment of religion; prohibiting the free exercise of religion; or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly, or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances.

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Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights.

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Frederick Douglass High School (Baltimore, Maryland)

Frederick Douglass High School, established in 1883, is an American public high school in the Baltimore City Public Schools district.

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Free Exercise Clause

The Free Exercise Clause accompanies the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Furman v. Georgia

Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), was a landmark criminal case in which the United States Supreme Court invalidated all then existing legal constructions for the death penalty in the United States.

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George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker BushAfter the 1990s, he became more commonly known as George H. W. Bush, "Bush Senior," "Bush 41," and even "Bush the Elder" to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who served as the 43rd U.S. president from 2001 to 2009; previously, he was usually referred to simply as George Bush. Thurgood Marshall and George H. W. Bush are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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George Stevens Jr.

George Cooper Stevens Jr. (born April 3, 1932) is an American writer, playwright, director, and producer.

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George W. McLaurin

George W. McLaurin (September 16, 1894 – September 4, 1968) was an American professor, and the first African-American to attend the University of Oklahoma.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

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Gregg v. Georgia

Gregg v. Georgia, Proffitt v. Florida, Jurek v. Texas, Woodson v. North Carolina, and Roberts v. Louisiana, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), is a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court.

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H. L. v. Matheson

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Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections

Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966), was a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court found that Virginia's poll tax was unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.

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Harris v. McRae

Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that states participating in Medicaid are not required to fund medically necessary abortions for which federal reimbursement was unavailable as a result of the Hyde Amendment, which restricted the use of federal funds for abortion.

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Harry Blackmun

Harry Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 to 1994. Thurgood Marshall and Harry Blackmun are justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Harvard Law Review

The Harvard Law Review is a law review published by an independent student group at Harvard Law School.

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Hazing

Hazing (American English), initiation, beasting (British English), bastardisation (Australian English), ragging (South Asian English) or deposition refers to any activity expected of someone in joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of a person's willingness to participate.

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Heart failure

Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.

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Heman Marion Sweatt

Heman Marion Sweatt (December 11, 1912 – October 3, 1982) was an African-American civil rights activist who confronted Jim Crow laws.

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Henry J. Abraham

Henry Julian Abraham (August 25, 1921 – February 26, 2020) was a German-born American scholar on the judiciary and constitutional law.

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Howard University

Howard University is a private, historically black, federally chartered research university in Washington, D.C., located in the Shaw neighborhood.

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Howard University School of Law

Howard University School of Law (Howard Law or HUSL) is the law school of Howard University, a private, federally chartered historically black research university in Washington, D.C. It is one of the oldest law schools in the country and the oldest historically black law school in the United States.

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Hugo Black

Hugo Lafayette Black (February 27, 1886 – September 25, 1971) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist who served as a U.S. Senator from Alabama from 1927 to 1937 and as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1937 to 1971. Thurgood Marshall and Hugo Black are justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Hyde Amendment

In U.S. politics, the Hyde Amendment is a legislative provision barring the use of federal funds to pay for abortion, except to save the life of the woman, or if the pregnancy arises from incest or rape.

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Indiana Law Journal

The Indiana Law Journal is a general law review founded in 1925.

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Ineffective assistance of counsel

In United States law, ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC) is a claim raised by a convicted criminal defendant asserting that the defendant's legal counsel performed so ineffectively that it deprived the defendant of the constitutional right guaranteed by the Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Infobase

Infobase is an American publisher of databases, reference book titles and textbooks geared towards the North American library, secondary school, and university-level curriculum markets.

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J. Clay Smith Jr.

John Clay Smith Jr. (April 15, 1942 – February 15, 2018) was a lawyer, author, and American educator. Thurgood Marshall and J. Clay Smith Jr. are 20th-century African-American lawyers and Howard University School of Law alumni.

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Jack Greenberg

Jack Greenberg (December 22, 1924 – October 12, 2016) was an American attorney and legal scholar. Thurgood Marshall and Jack Greenberg are American civil rights lawyers and people associated with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund.

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James Eastland

James Oliver Eastland (November 28, 1904 February 19, 1986) was an American attorney, plantation owner, and politician from Mississippi.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Thurgood Marshall and John F. Kennedy are activists for African-American civil rights and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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John L. McClellan

John Little McClellan (February 25, 1896 – November 28, 1977) was an American lawyer and segregationist politician.

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John W. Davis

John William Davis (April 13, 1873 – March 24, 1955) was an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. Thurgood Marshall and John W. Davis are United States Solicitors General.

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John W. Marshall

John William Marshall (born July 6, 1958) is an American politician who served as Secretary of Public Safety in the Cabinet of Virginia Governor Mark Warner from 2002 to 2006 and Governor Tim Kaine from 2006 to 2010, and was the longest-serving member of the Virginia Governor's Cabinet.

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Katzenbach v. Morgan

Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the power of Congress, pursuant to Section 5 of the 14th Amendment, to enact laws that enforce and interpret provisions of the Constitution.

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Kenneth Keating

Kenneth Barnard Keating (May 18, 1900 – May 5, 1975) was an American politician, diplomat, and judge who served as a United States Senator representing New York from 1959 until 1965.

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Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

Lafayette Square is a seven-acre (30,000 m2) public park located within President's Park in Washington, D.C., directly north of the White House on H Street, bounded by Jackson Place on the west, Madison Place on the east and Pennsylvania Avenue on the south.

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Langston Hughes

James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. Thurgood Marshall and Langston Hughes are Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) alumni and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Laurence Fishburne

Laurence John Fishburne III (born July 30, 1961, usually credited as Larry Fishburne until 1993) is an American actor.

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Law clerk

A law clerk, judicial clerk, or judicial assistant is a person, often a lawyer, who provides direct counsel and assistance to a lawyer or judge by researching issues and drafting legal opinions for cases before the court.

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Law library

A law library is a special library used by law students, lawyers, judges and their law clerks, historians, and other scholars of legal history in order to research the law.

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Legal realism

Legal realism is a naturalistic approach to law; it is the view that jurisprudence should emulate the methods of natural science, that is, it should rely on empirical evidence.

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Legal remedy

A legal remedy, also referred to as judicial relief or a judicial remedy, is the means with which a court of law, usually in the exercise of civil law jurisdiction, enforces a right, imposes a penalty, or makes another court order to impose its will in order to compensate for the harm of a wrongful act inflicted upon an individual.

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Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)

Lincoln University (LU) is a public state-related historically black university (HBCU) near Oxford, Pennsylvania.

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List of African American federal judges

This is a list of African Americans who have served as United States federal judges. Thurgood Marshall and list of African American federal judges are African-American judges.

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List of African American jurists

This list includes individuals self-identified as African Americans who have made prominent contributions to the field of law in the United States, especially as eminent judges or legal scholars.

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List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States. Thurgood Marshall and List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)

Law clerks have assisted the justices of the United States Supreme Court in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice Horace Gray in 1882.

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List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court

This is a partial chronological list of cases decided by the United States Supreme Court during the Burger Court, the tenure of Chief Justice Warren Earl Burger from June 23, 1969 through September 26, 1986.

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List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court

This is a partial chronological list of cases decided by the United States Supreme Court during the Rehnquist Court, the tenure of Chief Justice William Rehnquist from September 26, 1986, through September 3, 2005.

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List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court

This is a partial chronological list of cases decided by the United States Supreme Court during the Warren Court, the tenure of Chief Justice Earl Warren, from October 5, 1953, through June 23, 1969.

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List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office

A total of 116 people have served on the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest judicial body in the United States, since it was established in 1789.

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Little Rock, Arkansas

Little Rock (I’i-zhinka) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas.

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Little, Brown and Company

Little, Brown and Company is an American publishing company founded in 1837 by Charles Coffin Little and James Brown in Boston.

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Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner

Lloyd Corp.

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Lloyd L. Gaines

Lloyd Lionel Gaines (born 1911 – disappeared March 19, 1939) was the plaintiff in Gaines v. Canada (1938), one of the most important early court cases in the 20th-century U.S. civil rights movement.

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Lying in repose

Lying in repose is the tradition in which the body of a deceased person, often of high social stature, is made available for public viewing.

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Lynch v. Donnelly

Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984), was a United States Supreme Court case challenging the legality of Christmas decorations on town property.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Thurgood Marshall and Lyndon B. Johnson are activists for African-American civil rights.

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Mapp v. Ohio

Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the exclusionary rule, which prevents prosecutors from using evidence in court that was obtained by violating the 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, applies not only to the federal government but also to the state governments.

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Mark Tushnet

Mark Victor Tushnet (born 18 November 1945) is an American legal scholar.

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Marquette Law Review

The Marquette Law Review is a quarterly law review edited by students at Marquette University Law School.

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Marshall (film)

Marshall is a 2017 American biographical legal drama film directed by Reginald Hudlin and written by Michael and Jacob Koskoff.

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Martha Minow

Martha Louise Minow (born December 6, 1954) is an American legal scholar and the 300th Anniversary University Professor at Harvard University.

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Massive resistance

Massive resistance was a strategy declared by U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd Sr. of Virginia and his son Harry Jr.'s brother-in-law, James M. Thomson, who represented Alexandria in the Virginia General Assembly, to get the state's white politicians to pass laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation, particularly after Brown v.

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McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents

McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637 (1950), was a United States Supreme Court case that prohibited racial segregation in state supported graduate or professional education.

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Medicaid

In the United States, Medicaid is a government program that provides health insurance for adults and children with limited income and resources.

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Michigan Law Review

The Michigan Law Review is an American law review and the flagship law journal of the University of Michigan Law School.

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Milliken v. Bradley

Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974), was a significant United States Supreme Court case dealing with the planned desegregation busing of public school students across district lines among 53 school districts in metropolitan Detroit.

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Miranda v. Arizona

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that law enforcement in the United States must warn a person of their constitutional rights before interrogating them, or else the person's statements cannot be used as evidence at their trial.

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Miranda warning

In the United States, the Miranda warning is a type of notification customarily given by police to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation) advising them of their right to silence and, in effect, protection from self-incrimination; that is, their right to refuse to answer questions or provide information to law enforcement or other officials.

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Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 305 U.S. 337 (1938), was a United States Supreme Court decision holding that states which provided a school to white students had to provide in-state education to Black students as well.

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Mitigating factor

In criminal law, a mitigating factor, also known as an extenuating circumstance, is any information or evidence presented to the court regarding the defendant or the circumstances of the crime that might result in reduced charges or a lesser sentence.

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Moorland–Spingarn Research Center

The Moorland–Spingarn Research Center (MSRC) in Washington, D.C., is located on the campus of Howard University on the first and ground floors of Founders Library.

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Morgan v. Virginia

Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946), is a major United States Supreme Court case.

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Murray v. Pearson

Murray v. Pearson was a Maryland Court of Appeals decision which found "the state has undertaken the function of education in the law, but has omitted students of one race from the only adequate provision made for it, and omitted them solely because of their color." On January 15, 1936, the court affirmed the lower court ruling which ordered the university to immediately integrate its student population, and therefore created a legal precedent making segregation in Maryland illegal.

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NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, Ida B. Wells, Lillian Wald, and Henry Moskowitz.

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NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (NAACP LDF, the Legal Defense Fund, or LDF) is an American civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

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Native American civil rights

Native American civil rights are the civil rights of Native Americans in the United States.

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Nativity scene

In the Christian tradition, a nativity scene (also known as a manger scene, crib, crèche, or in Italian presepio or presepe, or Bethlehem) is the special exhibition, particularly during the Christmas season, of art objects representing the birth of Jesus.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.

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New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Obscenity

An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time.

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Originalism

Originalism is a legal theory that bases constitutional, judicial, and statutory interpretation of text on the original understanding at the time of its adoption.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Personal jurisdiction

Personal jurisdiction is a court's jurisdiction over the parties, as determined by the facts in evidence, which bind the parties to a lawsuit, as opposed to subject-matter jurisdiction, which is jurisdiction over the law involved in the suit.

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Peyote

The peyote (Lophophora williamsii) is a small, spineless cactus which contains psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline (see also: cactus alkaloids).

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Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".

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Poll taxes in the United States

A poll tax is a tax of a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources.

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Presidency of Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton's tenure as the 42nd president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1993, and ended on January 20, 2001.

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Presidential Medal of Freedom

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian award of the United States, alongside the Congressional Gold Medal. Thurgood Marshall and Presidential Medal of Freedom are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Press conference

A press conference, also called news conference or press briefing, is a media event in which notable individuals or organizations invite journalists to hear them speak and ask questions.

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Prince Hall Freemasonry

Prince Hall Freemasonry is a branch of North American Freemasonry created for African Americans founded by Prince Hall on September 29, 1784.

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Prometheus Books

Prometheus Books is a publishing company founded in August 1969 by the philosopher Paul Kurtz (who was also the founder of the Council for Secular Humanism, Center for Inquiry, and co-founder of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry).

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Ramsey Clark

William Ramsey Clark (December 18, 1927 – April 9, 2021) was an American lawyer, activist, and federal government official.

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Rational basis review

In U.S. constitutional law, rational basis review is the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

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Recess appointment

In the United States, a recess appointment is an appointment by the president of a federal official when the U.S. Senate is in recess.

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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that involved a dispute of whether preferential treatment for minorities could reduce educational opportunities for whites without violating the Constitution.

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Rehnquist Court

The Rehnquist Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States during which William Rehnquist served as Chief Justice.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 37th president of the United States from 1969 to 1974.

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Right to die

The right to die is a concept based on the opinion that human beings are entitled to end their life or undergo voluntary euthanasia.

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Right to privacy

The right to privacy is an element of various legal traditions that intends to restrain governmental and private actions that threaten the privacy of individuals.

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Robert C. Smith (political scientist)

Robert Charles Smith (February 12, 1947 - April 13, 2023) was a political science professor at San Francisco State University (SFSU).

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Roe v. Wade

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973),.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Rowman & Littlefield

Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.

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San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that San Antonio Independent School District's financing system, which was based on local property taxes, was not a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

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Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor (March 26, 1930 – December 1, 2023) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. Thurgood Marshall and Sandra Day O'Connor are justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Self-hatred

Self-hatred is personal self-loathing (hatred of oneself) or low self-esteem which may lead to self-harm.

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Separate but equal

Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law, according to which racial segregation did not necessarily violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which nominally guaranteed "equal protection" under the law to all people.

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Separate but Equal (film)

Separate But Equal is a 1991 American two-part television miniseries depicting the landmark Supreme Court desegregation case Brown v. Board of Education, based on the phrase "Separate but equal".

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Separation of church and state

The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state.

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Shaffer v. Heitner

Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186 (1977), is a United States corporate law case in which the Supreme Court of the United States established that a defendant's ownership of stock in a corporation incorporated within a state, without more, is insufficient to allow that state's courts to exercise jurisdiction over the defendant.

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Shelley v. Kraemer

Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case that held that racially restrictive housing covenants cannot legally be enforced.

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Sherbert v. Verner

Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment required the government to demonstrate both a compelling interest and that the law in question was narrowly tailored before it denied unemployment compensation to someone who was fired because her job requirements substantially conflicted with her religion.

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Sidney Poitier

Sidney Poitier (February 20, 1927 – January 6, 2022) was a Bahamian–American actor, film director, and diplomat. Thurgood Marshall and Sidney Poitier are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, 332 U.S. 631 (1948), is a per curiam United States Supreme Court decision involving racial segregation toward African Americans by the University of Oklahoma and the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions.

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Smith v. Allwright

Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and, by extension, racial desegregation.

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Soap opera

A soap opera, daytime drama, or soap for short, is typically a long-running radio or television serial, frequently characterized by melodrama, ensemble casts, and sentimentality.

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Sodomy law

A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes.

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Solicitor General of the United States

The Solicitor General of the United States (USSG or SG), the fourth-highest-ranking official within the United States Department of Justice, represents the federal government in cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. Thurgood Marshall and Solicitor General of the United States are United States Solicitors General.

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South Carolina v. Katzenbach

South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301 (1966), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that rejected a challenge from the state of South Carolina to the preclearance provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which required that some states submit changes in election districts to the Attorney General of the United States (at the time, Nicholas Katzenbach).

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Stanford Law Review

The Stanford Law Review (SLR) is a legal journal produced independently by Stanford Law School students.

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Stanley v. Georgia

Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that helped to establish an implied "right to privacy" in U.S. law in the form of mere possession of obscene materials.

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Strickland v. Washington

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), was a landmark Supreme Court case that established the standard for determining when a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel is violated by that counsel's inadequate performance.

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Strict scrutiny

In U.S. constitutional law, when a law infringes upon a fundamental constitutional right, the court may apply the strict scrutiny standard.

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Strom Thurmond

James Strom Thurmond Sr. (December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 to 2003. Thurgood Marshall and Strom Thurmond are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Supreme Court Historical Society

The Supreme Court Historical Society (SCHS) describes itself as "a Washington, D.C.-based private, nonpartisan, not for profit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to preserving and communicating the history of the U.S. Supreme Court, increasing public awareness of the Court’s contribution to our nation’s rich constitutional heritage, and acquiring knowledge covering the history of the entire Judicial Branch." The organization has been the source of multiple controversies due to the personal access and apparent influence that donors to the Society acquire regarding Supreme Court justices.

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Supreme Court of Maryland

The Supreme Court of Maryland (previously the Maryland Court of Appeals) is the highest court of the U.S. state of Maryland.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States.

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Susan Low Bloch

Susan Low Bloch is an American professor specializing in Constitutional law and communications law at Georgetown University Law Center, who is widely quoted in the press on her interpretation of the Constitution of the United States.

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Sweatt v. Painter

Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson.

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Symbolic speech

Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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Texas v. Johnson

Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989), is a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held, 5–4, that burning the Flag of the United States was protected speech under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, as doing so counts as symbolic speech and political speech.

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The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court

The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court is a 1979 book by Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong.

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The Crisis

The Crisis is the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

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The Georgetown Law Journal

The Georgetown Law Journal is a student-edited scholarly journal published at Georgetown University Law Center.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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The Yale Law Journal

The Yale Law Journal (YLJ) is a student-run law review affiliated with the Yale Law School.

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Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists

Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747 (1986), was a United States Supreme Court case involving a challenge to Pennsylvania's Abortion Control Act of 1982..Greenhouse, Linda. Becoming Justice Blackmun. Times Books. 2005. Page 183.

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Thurgood (play)

Thurgood is a one-man play about the life of Thurgood Marshall.

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Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building

The Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building (TMFJB) at the crossroads of the Capitol Hill and NoMA neighborhoods in Washington, D.C., houses offices that support the work of the United States Courts, including the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, the Federal Judicial Center, the United States Sentencing Commission, and the Office of the Clerk of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation.

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Thurgood Marshall Jr.

Thurgood Marshall Jr. (born August 12, 1956) is an American lawyer and son of the late United States Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. Thurgood Marshall and Thurgood Marshall Jr. are 20th-century African-American lawyers.

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Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse

The Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse (originally the United States Courthouse or the Foley Square Courthouse) is a 37-story courthouse at 40 Centre Street on Foley Square in the Civic Center neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Times Books

Times Books (previously the New York Times Book Company) is a publishing imprint owned by the New York Times Company and licensed to Henry Holt and Company.

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Tom C. Clark

Thomas Campbell Clark (September 23, 1899June 13, 1977) was an American lawyer who served as the 59th United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967. Thurgood Marshall and tom C. Clark are justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Tom Mboya

Thomas Joseph Odhiambo Mboya (15August 19305July 1969) was a Kenyan trade unionist, educator, Pan-Africanist, author, independence activist, and statesman.

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TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc.

TSC Industries, Inc.

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United States Attorney General

The United States attorney general (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, and is the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Bill of Rights

The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals.

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United States Marshals Service

The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States.

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United States Postal Service

The United States Postal Service (USPS), also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States, its insular areas, and its associated states.

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United States securities regulation

Securities regulation in the United States is the field of U.S. law that covers transactions and other dealings with securities.

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United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, informally known as the Senate Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of 21 U.S. senators whose role is to oversee the Department of Justice (DOJ), consider executive and judicial nominations, and review pending legislation.

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United States v. Eichman

United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990), was a United States Supreme Court case that by a 5–4 decision invalidated a federal law against flag desecration as a violation of free speech under the First Amendment.

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United States v. Nixon

United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court unanimously ordered President Richard Nixon to deliver tape recordings and other subpoenaed materials related to the Watergate scandal to a federal district court. Decided on July 24, 1974, the ruling was important to the late stages of the Watergate scandal, amidst an ongoing process to impeach Richard Nixon.

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United States v. Ross

United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 (1982), was a search and seizure case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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University of Illinois Press

The University of Illinois Press (UIP) is an American university press and is part of the University of Illinois system.

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University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law

The University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (formerly University of Maryland School of Law) is the law school of the University of Maryland, Baltimore and is located in Baltimore, Maryland.

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University of Missouri School of Law

The University of Missouri School of Law (Mizzou Law or MU Law) is the law school of the University of Missouri.

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University of Oklahoma

The University of Oklahoma (OU) is a public research university in Norman, Oklahoma, United States.

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University Press of America

University Press of America was an academic imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group that specialized in the publication of scholarly works.

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University Press of Kansas

The University Press of Kansas is a publisher located in Lawrence, Kansas.

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Vernon Jordan

Vernon Eulion Jordan Jr. (August 15, 1935 – March 1, 2021) was an American business executive and civil rights attorney who worked for various civil rights movement organizations before becoming a close advisor to President Bill Clinton. Thurgood Marshall and Vernon Jordan are 20th-century African-American lawyers, Howard University School of Law alumni and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Virginia Secretary of Public Safety

The secretary of public safety and homeland security is a Virginia government executive that serves as a member of the Virginia Governor's Cabinet.

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Visiting judge

A visiting judge is a judge appointed to hear a case as a member of a court to which he or she does not ordinarily belong.

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Vivian Burey Marshall

Vivian "Buster" Burey Marshall (February 11, 1911 – February 11, 1955) was an American civil rights activist and was married for 25 years, until her death, to Thurgood Marshall, lead counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, who also managed Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Thurgood Marshall and Vivian Burey Marshall are NAACP activists.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

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Wallace v. Jaffree

Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985), was a United States Supreme Court case deciding on the issue of silent school prayer.

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Walter Reed National Military Medical Center

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC; formerly known as the National Naval Medical Center and colloquially referred to as Bethesda Naval Hospital, Walter Reed, or Navy Med) is a United States military medical center located in Bethesda, Maryland.

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Warren Court

The Warren Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1953 to 1969 when Earl Warren served as the chief justice.

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Warren E. Burger

Warren Earl Burger (September 17, 1907 – June 25, 1995) was an American attorney and jurist who served as the 15th chief justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986. Thurgood Marshall and Warren E. Burger are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Washington National Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington, commonly known as Washington National Cathedral or National Cathedral, is an American cathedral of the Episcopal Church.

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Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989), was a United States Supreme Court decision on upholding a Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities, and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling an abortion.

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White House Rose Garden

The White House Rose Garden is a garden bordering the Oval Office and the West Wing of the White House in Washington, D.C., United States.

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White primary

White primaries were primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate.

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Wilfred Feinberg

Wilfred Feinberg (June 22, 1920 – July 31, 2014) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Thurgood Marshall and Wilfred Feinberg are judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

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William H. Hastie

William Henry Hastie Jr. (November 17, 1904 – April 14, 1976) was an American lawyer, judge, educator, public official, and civil rights advocate. Thurgood Marshall and William H. Hastie are African-American judges and Spingarn Medal winners.

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William J. Brennan Jr.

William Joseph Brennan Jr. (April 25, 1906 – July 24, 1997) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1956 to 1990. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. are justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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William J. Durham

William J. Durham (1896–1970) was a resident of Sherman, Texas, for much of his life. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Durham are 20th-century African-American lawyers.

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William Rehnquist

William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American attorney and jurist who served as the 16th chief justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2005, having previously been an associate justice from 1972 to 1986.

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Wisconsin v. Yoder

Wisconsin v. Jonas Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972), is the case in which the United States Supreme Court found that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education past 8th grade.

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1964 New York World's Fair

The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair was an international exposition at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall

Also known as Justice Thurgood Marshall, Marshall J, Marshall, Thurgood, Thoroughgood Marshall, Thurgood Marshal.

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Virginia State Board of Elections, Harris v. McRae, Harry Blackmun, Harvard Law Review, Hazing, Heart failure, Heman Marion Sweatt, Henry J. Abraham, Howard University, Howard University School of Law, Hugo Black, Hyde Amendment, Indiana Law Journal, Ineffective assistance of counsel, Infobase, J. Clay Smith Jr., Jack Greenberg, James Eastland, John F. Kennedy, John L. McClellan, John W. Davis, John W. Marshall, Katzenbach v. 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Arizona, Miranda warning, Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, Mitigating factor, Moorland–Spingarn Research Center, Morgan v. Virginia, Murray v. Pearson, NAACP, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Native American civil rights, Nativity scene, NBC News, New York City, Obscenity, Originalism, Oxford University Press, Personal jurisdiction, Peyote, Plessy v. Ferguson, Poll taxes in the United States, Presidency of Bill Clinton, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Press conference, Prince Hall Freemasonry, Prometheus Books, Racial segregation, Ramsey Clark, Rational basis review, Recess appointment, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Rehnquist Court, Richard Nixon, Right to die, Right to privacy, Robert C. Smith (political scientist), Roe v. Wade, Routledge, Rowman & Littlefield, San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, Sandra Day O'Connor, Self-hatred, Separate but equal, Separate but Equal (film), Separation of church and state, Shaffer v. Heitner, Shelley v. Kraemer, Sherbert v. Verner, Sidney Poitier, Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Smith v. Allwright, Soap opera, Sodomy law, Solicitor General of the United States, South Carolina v. Katzenbach, Stanford Law Review, Stanley v. Georgia, Strickland v. Washington, Strict scrutiny, Strom Thurmond, Supreme Court Historical Society, Supreme Court of Maryland, Supreme Court of the United States, Susan Low Bloch, Sweatt v. Painter, Symbolic speech, Texas v. Johnson, The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court, The Crisis, The Georgetown Law Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Yale Law Journal, Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Thurgood (play), Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building, Thurgood Marshall Jr., Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, Time (magazine), Times Books, Tom C. Clark, Tom Mboya, TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc., United States Attorney General, United States Bill of Rights, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, United States Marshals Service, United States Postal Service, United States securities regulation, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, United States v. Eichman, United States v. Nixon, United States v. Ross, University of Chicago Press, University of Illinois Press, University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law, University of Missouri School of Law, University of Oklahoma, University Press of America, University Press of Kansas, Vernon Jordan, Virginia Secretary of Public Safety, Visiting judge, Vivian Burey Marshall, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Wallace v. Jaffree, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Warren Court, Warren E. Burger, Washington National Cathedral, Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, White House Rose Garden, White primary, Wilfred Feinberg, William H. Hastie, William J. Brennan Jr., William J. Durham, William Rehnquist, Wisconsin v. Yoder, 1964 New York World's Fair.

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