138 relations: Adverb, Affix, Agent (grammar), Alternation (linguistics), Alveolar consonant, Americanist phonetic notation, Anglicisation, Apophony, Argument (linguistics), Aspirated consonant, Assimilation (phonology), Auxiliary verb, Back vowel, Bilabial consonant, Brent Galloway, British Columbia, Canada, Canada 2016 Census, Central vowel, Close vowel, Clusivity, Coast Salish languages, Complement (linguistics), Compound (linguistics), Continuous and progressive aspects, Contrastive distribution, Cowichan Tribes, Delimitative aspect, Dental consonant, Dependent clause, Dialect, Diminutive, Donna Gerdts, Dual (grammatical number), Ejective consonant, Elision, Ergative–absolutive language, First Nations, Fraser Canyon, Fraser River, French language, Fricative consonant, Front vowel, Function word, Gabriola Island, Germanic umlaut, Glottal consonant, Glottal stop, Glottalization, Grammatical aspect, ..., Grammatical modifier, Grammatical particle, Grammatical person, Halalt First Nation, Harrison Lake, Head (linguistics), Historical linguistics, Independent clause, Infix, Inflection, Intensifier, Intonation (linguistics), Intransitive verb, IPhone, Kwantlen First Nation, Labialization, Language acquisition, Lateral consonant, Lexical item, Locative case, Lower Mainland, Lyackson First Nation, Metathesis (linguistics), Mid vowel, Minimal pair, Modal verb, Morphological derivation, Morphology (linguistics), Musqueam Indian Band, Nanaimo, Nanoose Bay, Nominative–accusative language, Object (grammar), Oblique case, Obstruent, Open vowel, Palatal consonant, Passive voice, Patricia Alice Shaw, Penelakut, Perfective aspect, Phoneme, Phonology, Pitch-accent language, Pluractionality, Polysynthetic language, Possessive, Predicate (grammar), Prefix, Puget Sound, Reduplication, Resultative, Root (linguistics), Saanich Inlet, Salishan languages, Schwa, Seabird Island First Nation, Semantics, Sibilant, Snuneymuxw First Nation, Sonorant, Sto:lo, Sto:lo Nation, Stop consonant, Strait of Georgia, Stress (linguistics), Stz'uminus First Nation, Suffix, Syllable, Tenseness, Tongue, Transitivity (grammar), Tsawwassen First Nation, United States, University of British Columbia, University of California Press, Uvular consonant, Vancouver Island, Velar consonant, Voice (grammar), Voice (phonetics), Voicelessness, Vowel, Vowel length, Washington (state), Wayne Suttles, Word stem, Yale, British Columbia. Expand index (88 more) »
Adverb
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or sentence.
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Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
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Agent (grammar)
In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event.
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Alternation (linguistics)
In linguistics, an alternation is the phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization.
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Alveolar consonant
Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth.
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Americanist phonetic notation
Americanist phonetic notation, also known as the North American Phonetic Alphabet or NAPA, is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists (many of whom were students of Neogrammarians) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of indigenous languages of the Americas and for languages of Europe.
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Anglicisation
Anglicisation (or anglicization, see English spelling differences), occasionally anglification, anglifying, englishing, refers to modifications made to foreign words, names and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce, or understand in English.
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Apophony
In linguistics, apophony (also known as ablaut, (vowel) gradation, (vowel) mutation, alternation, internal modification, stem modification, stem alternation, replacive morphology, stem mutation, internal inflection etc.) is any sound change within a word that indicates grammatical information (often inflectional).
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Argument (linguistics)
In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate, the latter referring in this context to a main verb and its auxiliaries.
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Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.
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Assimilation (phonology)
In phonology, assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound.
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Auxiliary verb
An auxiliary verb (abbreviated) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears, such as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.
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Back vowel
A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.
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Bilabial consonant
In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips.
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Brent Galloway
Brent Douglas Galloway (8 April 1944 – 6 August 2014) was an American linguist noted for his work with endangered Amerindian languages.
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British Columbia
British Columbia (BC; Colombie-Britannique) is the westernmost province of Canada, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains.
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Canada
Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.
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Canada 2016 Census
The Canada 2016 Census is the most recent detailed enumeration of the Canadian residents, which counted a population of 35,151,728, a change from its 2011 population of 33,476,688.
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Central vowel
A central vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.
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Close vowel
A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in American terminology), is any in a class of vowel sound used in many spoken languages.
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Clusivity
In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we".
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Coast Salish languages
Coast Salish languages are a subgroup of the Salishan language family.
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Complement (linguistics)
In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression.
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Compound (linguistics)
In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem.
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Continuous and progressive aspects
The continuous and progressive aspects (abbreviated and) are grammatical aspects that express incomplete action ("to do") or state ("to be") in progress at a specific time: they are non-habitual, imperfective aspects.
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Contrastive distribution
Contrastive distribution in linguistics, as opposed to complementary distribution or free variation, is the relationship between two different elements in which both elements are found in the same environment with a change in meaning.
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Cowichan Tribes
Cowichan Tribes is the band government of the Cowichan, a group of Coast Salish peoples who live in the Cowichan Valley region on Vancouver Island.
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Delimitative aspect
The delimitative aspect is a grammatical construct that indicates that a situation lasts only a certain amount of time.
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Dental consonant
A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as,,, and in some languages.
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Dependent clause
A dependent clause is a clause that provides a sentence element with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence.
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Dialect
The term dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word,, "discourse", from,, "through" and,, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.
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Diminutive
A diminutive is a word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment.
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Donna Gerdts
Donna B. Gerdts is professor of linguistics at Simon Fraser University.
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Dual (grammatical number)
Dual (abbreviated) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural.
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Ejective consonant
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream.
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Elision
In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase.
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Ergative–absolutive language
Ergative–absolutive languages, or ergative languages are languages that share a certain distinctive pattern relating to the subjects (technically, arguments) of verbs.
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First Nations
In Canada, the First Nations (Premières Nations) are the predominant indigenous peoples in Canada south of the Arctic Circle.
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Fraser Canyon
The Fraser Canyon is a major landform of the Fraser River where it descends rapidly through narrow rock gorges in the Coast Mountains en route from the Interior Plateau of British Columbia to the Fraser Valley.
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Fraser River
The Fraser River is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for, into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver.
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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Fricative consonant
Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
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Front vowel
A front vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively in front in the mouth without creating a constriction that would make it a consonant.
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Function word
In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker.
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Gabriola Island
Gabriola Island is one of the Gulf Islands in the Strait of Georgia in British Columbia (BC), Canada.
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Germanic umlaut
The Germanic umlaut (sometimes called i-umlaut or i-mutation) is a type of linguistic umlaut in which a back vowel changes to the associated front vowel (fronting) or a front vowel becomes closer to (raising) when the following syllable contains,, or.
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Glottal consonant
Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation.
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Glottal stop
The glottal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.
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Glottalization
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound.
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Grammatical aspect
Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time.
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Grammatical modifier
In grammar, a modifier is an optional element in phrase structure or clause structure.
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Grammatical particle
In grammar the term particle (abbreviated) has a traditional meaning, as a part of speech that cannot be inflected, and a modern meaning, as a function word associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning.
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Grammatical person
Grammatical person, in linguistics, is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).
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Halalt First Nation
The Halalt First Nation is a First Nations tribe located on a reservation near Chemainus in southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
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Harrison Lake
Harrison Lake is the largest lake in the southern Coast Mountains of Canada, being about 250 square kilometres (95 mi²) in area.
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Head (linguistics)
In linguistics, the head or nucleus of a phrase is the word that determines the syntactic category of that phrase.
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Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also called diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time.
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Independent clause
; An independent clause (or main clause) is a clause that can stand by itself as a simple sentence.
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Infix
An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word).
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Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion – sometimes called accidence – is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and mood.
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Intensifier
Intensifier (abbreviated) is a linguistic term (but not a proper lexical category) for a modifier that makes no contribution to the propositional meaning of a clause but serves to enhance and give additional emotional context to the word it modifies.
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Intonation (linguistics)
In linguistics, intonation is variation in spoken pitch when used, not for distinguishing words (a concept known as tone), but, rather, for a range of other functions such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction.
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Intransitive verb
In grammar, an intransitive verb does not allow a direct object.
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IPhone
iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPhone line of products use Apple's iOS mobile operating system software.
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Kwantlen First Nation
Kwantlen First Nation is a First Nations band government in British Columbia, Canada, located primarily in Fort Langley.
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Labialization
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages.
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Language acquisition
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
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Lateral consonant
A lateral is an l-like consonant in which the airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.
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Lexical item
In lexicography, a lexical item (or lexical unit/ LU, lexical entry) is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (.
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Locative case
Locative (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates a location.
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Lower Mainland
The Lower Mainland is a name commonly applied to the region surrounding and including Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Lyackson First Nation
The Lyackson First Nation is a First Nations band government located at Chemainus, British Columbia, Canada, on Vancouver Island.
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Metathesis (linguistics)
Metathesis (from Greek, from "I put in a different order"; Latin: trānspositiō) is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence.
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Mid vowel
A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages.
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Minimal pair
In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language that differ in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme, toneme or chroneme, and have distinct meanings.
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Modal verb
A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability, permission and obligation, and advice.
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Morphological derivation
Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as For example, happiness and unhappy derive from the root word happy.
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Morphology (linguistics)
In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.
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Musqueam Indian Band
The Musqueam Indian Band (xʷməθkʷəy̓əm) is a First Nations band government in the Canadian province of British Columbia and is the only First Nations band whose reserve community lies within the boundaries of the City of Vancouver.
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Nanaimo
Nanaimo (Canada 2016 Census population 90,504) is a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada.
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Nanoose Bay
Nanoose Bay is a community in the Canadian province of British Columbia.
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Nominative–accusative language
Nominative–accusative languages, or nominative languages have a form of morphosyntactic alignment in which subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs are distinguished from objects of transitive verbs by word order, case-marking, and/or verb agreement.
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Object (grammar)
Traditional grammar defines the object in a sentence as the entity that is acted upon by the subject.
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Oblique case
In grammar, an oblique (abbreviated; from casus obliquus) or objective case (abbr.) is a nominal case that is used when a noun phrase is the object of either a verb or a preposition.
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Obstruent
An obstruent is a speech sound such as,, or that is formed by obstructing airflow.
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Open vowel
An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.
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Palatal consonant
Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).
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Passive voice
Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many languages.
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Patricia Alice Shaw
Patricia Alice Shaw is a Canadian linguist specializing in phonology and known for her work on First Nations languages.
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Penelakut
The Penelakut are a large (about 920 individuals) Hul'qumi'num-speaking First Nation.
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Perfective aspect
The perfective aspect (abbreviated), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect used to describe an action viewed as a simple whole—a unit without interior composition.
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Phoneme
A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
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Phonology
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
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Pitch-accent language
A pitch-accent language is a language that has word-accents—that is, where one syllable in a word or morpheme is more prominent than the others, but the accentuated syllable is indicated by a particular pitch contour (linguistic tones) rather than by stress.
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Pluractionality
Pluractionality, or verbal number, if not used in its aspectual sense, is a grammatical device that indicates that the action or participants of a verb is/are plural.
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Polysynthetic language
In linguistic typology, polysynthetic languages are highly synthetic languages, i.e. languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone).
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Possessive
A possessive form (abbreviated) is a word or grammatical construction used to indicate a relationship of possession in a broad sense.
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Predicate (grammar)
There are two competing notions of the predicate in theories of grammar.
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Prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.
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Puget Sound
Puget Sound is a sound along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea.
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Reduplication
Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
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Resultative
In linguistics, a resultative (abbreviated) is a form that expresses that something or someone has undergone a change in state as the result of the completion of an event.
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Root (linguistics)
A root (or root word) is a word that does not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word.
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Saanich Inlet
Saanich Inlet (also Saanich Arm) is a body of salt water that lies between the Saanich Peninsula and the Malahat highlands of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
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Salishan languages
The Salishan (also Salish) languages are a group of languages of the Pacific Northwest in North America (the Canadian province of British Columbia and the American states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana).
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Schwa
In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa (rarely or; sometimes spelled shwa) is the mid central vowel sound (rounded or unrounded) in the middle of the vowel chart, denoted by the IPA symbol ə, or another vowel sound close to that position.
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Seabird Island First Nation
The Seabird Island First Nation, or Seabird Island Band, is a band government of the Sto:lo people located on Sea Bird Island in the Upper Fraser Valley region, 3 km east of Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada.
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Semantics
Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.
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Sibilant
Sibilance is an acoustic characteristic of fricative and affricate consonants of higher amplitude and pitch, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the sharp edge of the teeth, which are held close together; a consonant that uses sibilance may be called a sibilant.
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Snuneymuxw First Nation
The Snuneymuxw First Nation (pronounced) is currently located in and around Nanaimo on east-central Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
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Sonorant
In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages.
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Sto:lo
The Sto:lo, alternately written as Stó:lō, Stó:lô, or Stó:lõ and historically, as Staulo or Stahlo, and historically known and commonly referred to in ethnographic literature as the Fraser River Indians or Lower Fraser Salish, are a group of First Nations peoples inhabiting the Fraser Valley and lower Fraser Canyon of British Columbia, Canada.
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Sto:lo Nation
The Sto:lo Nation is a First Nations Tribal Council in the Fraser Valley region of the Canadian province of British Columbia that is the tribal council for First Nations band governments in the area of Chilliwack, Abbotsford and at Nicomen Island.
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Stop consonant
In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.
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Strait of Georgia
The Strait of Georgia or the Georgia Strait is an arm of the Pacific Ocean between Vancouver Island, and the mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada and extreme northern Washington, United States.
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Stress (linguistics)
In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.
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Stz'uminus First Nation
The Stz'uminus First Nation (formerly known as the Chemainus Indian Band and Chemainus First Nation) is a First Nations government located in southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, near the town of Ladysmith, British Columbia.
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Suffix
In linguistics, a suffix (sometimes termed postfix) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.
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Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.
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Tenseness
In phonology, tenseness or tensing is, most broadly, the pronunciation of a sound with greater muscular effort or constriction than is typical.
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Tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing.
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Transitivity (grammar)
In linguistics, transitivity is a property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many such objects a verb can take.
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Tsawwassen First Nation
The Tsawwassen First Nation (sc̓əwaθən məsteyəxʷ) is a First Nations government whose lands are located in the Greater Vancouver area of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada, adjacent to the South Arm of the Fraser River and the Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal and just north of the international boundary with the United States at Point Roberts, Washington.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public research university with campuses in Vancouver and Kelowna, British Columbia.
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University of California Press
University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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Uvular consonant
Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants.
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Vancouver Island
Vancouver Island is in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, just off the coast of Canada.
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Velar consonant
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
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Voice (grammar)
In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice.
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Voice (phonetics)
Voice is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).
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Voicelessness
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.
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Vowel
A vowel is one of the two principal classes of speech sound, the other being a consonant.
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Vowel length
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound.
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Washington (state)
Washington, officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
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Wayne Suttles
Wayne Suttles (1918–2005) was an American anthropologist and linguist.
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Word stem
In linguistics, a stem is a part of a word.
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Yale, British Columbia
Yale is an unincorporated town in the Canadian province of British Columbia.
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Redirects here:
Halkomelem language, Halq'emeylem, Halq'eméylem, Halqemeylem, Hul'q'umin'um, Hul'qumi'num, Hul'qumi'num language, Hul'qumi'num', Hulquminum, Hul’q'umin'um, Hul’qumi’num, Hul’qumi’num language, Hul’q’umi’num’ language, Hunquminum, Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm, Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm', ISO 639:hur, Tait Indians, Upriver Halkomelem.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkomelem