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Rosa Parks

Index Rosa Parks

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. [1]

256 relations: Abbeville, Alabama, Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject), Academy of Achievement, Activism, African Methodist Episcopal Church, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Al Sharpton, Alabama, Alabama State University, Algiers Motel incident, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Angela Bassett, Aquemini, Associated Press, Aurelia Browder, Barack Obama, Barbershop (film), Bayard Rustin, Benjamin Spock, Berlin, Bill Clinton, Black church, Black Panther Party, Black Power, Blue Line (Los Angeles Metro), Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Browder v. Gayle, Brown v. Board of Education, C-SPAN, California, Candace Award, Carpentry, Cedric the Entertainer, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, Charlotte L. Brown, Chester, Pennsylvania, Civil and political rights, Civil disobedience, Civil rights movement, Claudette Colvin, Cleveland Court Apartments 620–638, Clifford Durr, CNN, Communist Party USA, Condoleezza Rice, Congressional Gold Medal, Contexts, Coretta Scott King, Death by natural causes, Dementia, ..., Democracy Now!, Detroit, Detroit Department of Transportation, Detroit Free Press, Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era, Disorderly conduct, E. D. Nixon, Ed Rendell, Elizabeth Jennings Graham, Emmett Till, Eugene Daub, Eyes on the Prize, Fannie Lou Hamer, Federal government of the United States, Fingerprint, Ford Field, Fred Gray (attorney), Gare Rosa-Parks, Gary Tyler, General Motors, George W. Bush, George W. Lee, Gerald Ford, GM "old-look" transit bus, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Green Line (Los Angeles Metro), Grime (music genre), Half-mast, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, Highlander Research and Education Center, Historically black colleges and universities, Housing discrimination (United States), Housing segregation in the United States, Interstate 10, Interstate 475 (Ohio), Interstate 55, Interstate 96, Irene Morgan, James F. Blake, James Haskins, Jefferson County, Missouri, Jesse Jackson, Jet (magazine), Jim Crow laws, Jo Ann Robinson, Joan Little, John Conyers, John Mitchell Jr., Keys v. Carolina Coach Co., King County Metro, King County, Washington, Ku Klux Klan, Kweisi Mfume, Lamar Smith (activist), League of Revolutionary Black Workers, Liberalism in the United States, Lillie Mae Bradford, List of civil rights leaders, Little Caesars, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles Times, Lying in repose, Lying in state, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King III, Martin Luther King Jr., Mary Louise Smith (civil rights activist), Maxwell Air Force Base, Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church, Michigan, Michigan Legislature, Michigan National Guard, Michigan Women's Hall of Fame, Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks, Mike Ilitch, Mimeograph, Mississippi, Missouri, Mobile Studio, Molefi Kete Asante, Monteagle, Tennessee, Montgomery Advertiser, Montgomery bus boycott, Montgomery Improvement Association, Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, Montgomery, Alabama, Mother Jones (magazine), MSNBC, NAACP, NAACP Image Awards, Nashville, Tennessee, Nassau County, New York, National City Lines, National Coalition of 100 Black Women, National Statuary Hall, National Statuary Hall Collection, National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, Nelson Mandela, NPR, Ohio, Oregon, Outkast, Pacifica Foundation, Parade (magazine), Paris, Parks v. LaFace Records, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania General Assembly, Pennsylvania Route 291, Philadelphia, Pierre Charles L'Enfant, Pine Level, Montgomery County, Alabama, Planned Parenthood, Plessy v. Ferguson, Political prisoner, Portland Tribune, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Racial segregation in the United States, Racism in the United States, Ralph Abernathy, Reading Eagle, Recy Taylor, Regional Council of Negro Leadership, Republic of New Afrika, Ronald Reagan, Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation, Rosa Parks (song), Rosa Parks Act, Rosa Parks Circle, Rosa Parks Day, Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center, Rosa Parks Museum, Ryan Mendoza, S. E. Rogers, SAGE Publications, San Francisco Chronicle, Sōka University, Scotch-Irish Americans, Scottsboro Boys, Second Coming (The Stone Roses album), Selma to Montgomery marches, Septima Poinsette Clark, Sit-in, Skepta, South Africa, Southern United States, Spingarn Medal, St. Louis, St. Louis County, Missouri, State of the Union, Super Bowl XL, Supersisters, Susie McDonald, T. R. M. Howard, Tennessee, Tennessee State Route 12, The Chicago Defender, The Committee for Equal Justice, The Detroit News, The Guardian, The Henry Ford, The Neville Brothers, The New York Times, The Rosa Parks Story, The Stone Roses, The Tuscaloosa News, The Washington Post, Thomas Suozzi, Time (magazine), Timeline of the civil rights movement, Toledo, Ohio, Tom Brady, Tonsillitis, Touched by an Angel, Troy University, Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S. Route 41 Alternate (Monteagle, Tennessee – Hopkinsville, Kentucky), Underground Railroad, United States Capitol rotunda, United States Congress, United States Department of Justice, United States House of Representatives, United States Postal Service, United States Secretary of State, University of Michigan, Urban renewal, USA Today, Utah, Viola Desmond, Virginia Foster Durr, Washington, D.C., WaterFire, West Oakland, Oakland, California, West Valley City, Utah, Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station, Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, Women's Political Council, Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan), Yellow Moon, 100 Greatest African Americans, 1967 Detroit riot. Expand index (206 more) »

Abbeville, Alabama

Abbeville is a city in Henry County, Alabama, United States.

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Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)

This is a list of films by year that have received an Academy Award together with the other nominations for best documentary short subject.

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Academy of Achievement

The Academy of Achievement, officially known as the American Academy of Achievement, was founded in 1961 by Sports Illustrated and LIFE magazine photographer Brian Reynolds to bring together accomplished people from diverse fields in order to network and to encourage the next generation of young leaders.

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Activism

Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society.

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African Methodist Episcopal Church

The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the A.M.E. Church or AME, is a predominantly African-American Methodist denomination based in the United States.

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African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, or the AME Zion Church or AMEZ, is a historically African-American denomination based in the United States.

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Al Sharpton

Alfred Charles Sharpton Jr. (born October 3, 1954) is an American civil rights activist, Baptist minister, television/radio talk show host and a former White House adviser for President Barack Obama.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Alabama State University

Alabama State University (ASU), founded in 1867, is a public historically black university located in Montgomery, Alabama, United States.

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Algiers Motel incident

The Algiers Motel Killings occurred in Detroit, Michigan, United States, during the night of July 25–26, 1967 during the racially charged 12th Street Riot.

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Alpha Kappa Alpha

Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑΚΑ) is a Greek-lettered sorority, the first established by African-American college women.

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Angela Bassett

Angela Evelyn Bassett (born August 16, 1958) is an American actress and activist.

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Aquemini

Aquemini is the third studio album by American hip hop duo Outkast.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Aurelia Browder

Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman (January 29, 1919 – February 4, 1971) was an African-American civil rights activist in Montgomery, Alabama.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.

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Barbershop (film)

Barbershop is a 2002 American comedy film directed by Tim Story, produced by State Street Pictures and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on September 13, 2002.

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Bayard Rustin

Bayard Rustin (March 17, 1912 – August 24, 1987) was an American leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights.

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Benjamin Spock

Benjamin McLane Spock (May 2, 1903 – March 15, 1998) was an American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care (1946) is one of the best-sellers of all time.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Black church

The term black church or African-American church refers to Protestant churches that currently or historically have ministered to predominantly black congregations in the United States.

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Black Panther Party

The Black Panther Party or the BPP (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a political organization founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in October 1966.

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Black Power

Black Power is a political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent.

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Blue Line (Los Angeles Metro)

The Blue Line is a light rail line running north-south between Los Angeles and Long Beach, California, passing through Downtown Los Angeles, South Los Angeles, Watts, Willowbrook, Compton, Rancho Dominguez and Long Beach in Los Angeles County.

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Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) was, in 1925, the first labor organization led by African Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

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Browder v. Gayle

Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp.

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Brown v. Board of Education

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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C-SPAN

C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service.

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California

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.

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Candace Award

From 1982 to 1992, the National Coalition of 100 Black Women bestowed the Candace Award on "Black role models of uncommon distinction who have set a standard of excellence for young people of all races".

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Carpentry

Carpentry is a skilled trade in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc.

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Cedric the Entertainer

Cedric Antonio Kyles (born April 24, 1964), better known by his stage name, Cedric the Entertainer, is an American actor, comedian, and game show host.

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Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History

The Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History is located in the Cultural Center of the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.

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Charlotte L. Brown

Charlotte L. Brown (1839–?) was an American educator and civil rights activist who was one of the first to legally challenge racial segregation in the United States when she filed a lawsuit against a streetcar company in San Francisco in the 1860s after she was forcibly removed from a segregated streetcar.

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Chester, Pennsylvania

Chester is a city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

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Civil disobedience

Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government or occupying international power.

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Civil rights movement

The civil rights movement (also known as the African-American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms) was a decades-long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held.

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Claudette Colvin

Claudette Colvin (born September 5, 1939) is a pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement.

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Cleveland Court Apartments 620–638

The Cleveland Court Apartments 620–638 is a historic apartment building in the Cleveland Court Apartment Complex in Montgomery, Alabama.

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Clifford Durr

Clifford Judkins Durr (March 2, 1899 – May 12, 1975) was an Alabama lawyer who played an important role in defending activists and others accused of disloyalty during the New Deal and McCarthy eras, and who represented Rosa Parks in her challenge to the constitutionality of the ordinance requiring the segregation of passengers on buses in Montgomery that launched the 1955-56 Montgomery Bus Boycott.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

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Communist Party USA

The Communist Party USA (CPUSA) is a communist political party in the United States established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America.

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Condoleezza Rice

Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is an American political scientist and diplomat.

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Congressional Gold Medal

A Congressional Gold Medal is an award bestowed by the United States Congress; the Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are the highest civilian awards in the United States.

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Contexts

Contexts: Understanding People in their Social Worlds is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal and an official publication of the American Sociological Association.

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Coretta Scott King

Coretta Scott King (April 27, 1927January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, civil rights leader, and the wife of Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Death by natural causes

A death by natural causes, as recorded by coroners and on death certificates and associated documents, is the end result of an illness or an internal malfunction of the body not directly caused by external forces, typically due to old age.

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Dementia

Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning.

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Democracy Now!

Democracy Now! is an hour-long American TV, radio and internet news program hosted by journalists Amy Goodman and Juan González.

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Detroit

Detroit is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the largest city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of Wayne County.

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Detroit Department of Transportation

The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT, pronounced "D-Dot") is the public transportation operator of city bus service in Detroit, Michigan.

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Detroit Free Press

The Detroit Free Press is the largest daily newspaper in Detroit, Michigan, US.

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Dexter Avenue Baptist Church

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church is a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, United States.

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Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era in the United States of America was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting.

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Disorderly conduct

Disorderly conduct is a crime in most jurisdictions in the United States, China, and Taiwan.

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E. D. Nixon

Edgar Daniel Nixon (July 12, 1899 – February 25, 1987), known as E. D. Nixon, was an African-American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery Bus Boycott there in 1955.

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Ed Rendell

Edward Gene Rendell (born January 5, 1944) is an American lawyer, politician, and author who, as a member of the Democratic Party, served as the 45th Governor of Pennsylvania from 2003 to 2011 and the Mayor of the City of Philadelphia from 1992 to 2000.

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Elizabeth Jennings Graham

Elizabeth Jennings Graham (March 1827 – June 5, 1901) was an African-American teacher and civil rights figure.

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Emmett Till

Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was a 14-year-old African-American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after a white woman said she was offended by him in her family's grocery store.

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Eugene Daub

Eugene Daub (born November 13, 1942) is an American contemporary figure sculptor, best known for his portraits and figurative monument sculpture created in the classic heroic style.

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Eyes on the Prize

Eyes on the Prize is an American television series and 14-part documentary about the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

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Fannie Lou Hamer

Fannie Lou Hamer (Townsend; October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an American voting and women's rights activist, community organizer, and a leader in the civil rights movement.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories.

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Fingerprint

A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger.

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Ford Field

Ford Field is a multi-purpose domed stadium located in Downtown Detroit.

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Fred Gray (attorney)

Fred David Gray (born December 14, 1930) is a civil rights attorney, preacher and activist who practices law in Alabama.

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Gare Rosa-Parks

Rosa-Parks is a railway station in the 19th arrondissement of Paris, France near the Porte d'Aubervilliers.

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Gary Tyler

Gary Tyler (born July 1958), from St. Rose, Louisiana, is an African-American man who is a former prisoner at the Louisiana State Prison in Angola, Louisiana.

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General Motors

General Motors Company, commonly referred to as General Motors (GM), is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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George W. Lee

George Washington Lee (December 25, 1903 – May 7, 1955) was an African-American civil rights leader, minister, and entrepreneur.

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Gerald Ford

Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977.

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GM "old-look" transit bus

The GM "old-look" transit bus is a transit bus that was introduced in 1940 by Yellow Coach beginning with the production of the model TG-3201 bus.

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Grand Rapids, Michigan

Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan.

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Green Line (Los Angeles Metro)

The Green Line is a light rail line running between Redondo Beach and Norwalk within Los Angeles County; it is one of six lines forming the Los Angeles Metro Rail system.

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Grime (music genre)

Grime (also known as, Eskibeat, 8Bar, Sublow and UK Bashment) is a genre of music that emerged in London in the early 2000s.

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Half-mast

Half-mast or half-staff refers to a flag flying below the summit on a pole.

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Hampton University

Hampton University (HU) is a private historically black university in Hampton, Virginia.

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Hampton, Virginia

Hampton is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.

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Highlander Research and Education Center

The Highlander Research and Education Center, formerly known as the Highlander Folk School, is a social justice leadership training school and cultural center in New Market, Tennessee.

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Historically black colleges and universities

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the intention of primarily serving the African-American community.

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Housing discrimination (United States)

Housing discrimination is discrimination in which an individual or family is treated unequally when trying to buy, rent, lease, sell or finance a home based on certain characteristics, such as race, class, sex, religion, national origin, and familial status.

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Housing segregation in the United States

Housing segregation is the practice of denying African American or other minority groups equal access to housing through the process of misinformation, denial of realty and financing services, and racial steering.

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Interstate 10

Interstate 10 (I-10) is the southernmost cross-country interstate highway in the American Interstate Highway System.

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Interstate 475 (Ohio)

Interstate 475 (I-475) is an Interstate Highway in Ohio that is a western bypass of Toledo.

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Interstate 55

Interstate 55 (I-55) is a major Interstate Highway in the central United States.

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Interstate 96

Interstate 96 (I-96) is an east–west Interstate Highway that runs for approximately entirely within the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan.

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Irene Morgan

Irene Amos Morgan (April 9, 1917 – August 10, 2007), later known as Irene Morgan Kirkaldy, was an African-American woman from Baltimore, Maryland, who was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia, in 1944 under a state law imposing racial segregation in public facilities and transportation.

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James F. Blake

James F. Blake (April 14, 1912 – March 21, 2002) was the bus driver who Rosa Parks defied in 1955, prompting the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

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James Haskins

James Haskins (September 19, 1941 – July 6, 2005) was a prolific and award-winning author with more than one hundred books for both adults and children.

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Jefferson County, Missouri

Jefferson County is located in the eastern portion of the state of Missouri.

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Jesse Jackson

Jesse Louis Jackson Sr. (né Burns; born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist, Baptist minister, and politician.

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Jet (magazine)

Jet is a magazine, currently in digital format, marketed to African-American readers.

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Jim Crow laws

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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Jo Ann Robinson

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (April 17, 1912 – August 29, 1992) was an activist during the Civil Rights Movement and educator in Montgomery, Alabama.

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Joan Little

Joan Little (pronounced "Jo Ann") (born 1953) is an African-American woman whose trial for the 1974 murder of a white prison guard at Beaufort County Jail in Washington, North Carolina, became a cause célèbre of the civil rights, feminist, and anti-death penalty movements.

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John Conyers

John James Conyers Jr. (born May 16, 1929) is a retired American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a U.S. Representative for Michigan from 1965 to 2017.

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John Mitchell Jr.

John Mitchell Jr.

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Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.

Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, 64 MCC 769 (1955) is a landmark civil rights case in the United States in which the Interstate Commerce Commission, in response to a bus segregation complaint filed in 1953 by a Women's Army Corps (WAC) private named Sarah Louise Keys, broke with its historic adherence to the Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal doctrine and interpreted the non-discrimination language of the Interstate Commerce Act as banning the segregation of black passengers in buses traveling across state lines.

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King County Metro

King County Metro, officially the King County Department of Transportation Metro Transit Division or Metro for short, is the public transit authority of King County, Washington.

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King County, Washington

King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington.

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Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan, commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan, refers to three distinct secret movements at different points in time in the history of the United States.

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Kweisi Mfume

Kweisi Mfume (born Frizzell Gerald Gray; October 24, 1948) is an American politician and the former President/CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as a five-term Democratic Congressman from Maryland's 7th congressional district, serving in the 100th through 104th Congress.

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Lamar Smith (activist)

Lamar Smith (1892 – August 13, 1955) was a U.S. civil rights figure, black farmer, World War I veteran and an organizer of black voter registration.

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League of Revolutionary Black Workers

The League of Revolutionary Black Workers (LRBW) formed in 1969 in Detroit, Michigan.

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Liberalism in the United States

Liberalism in the United States is a broad political philosophy centered on what many see as the unalienable rights of the individual.

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Lillie Mae Bradford

Lillie Mae Bradford (October 1, 1928 – March 14, 2017) was an American civil rights activist who, four years before Rosa Parks's more publicized action, performed an act of civil disobedience on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, for which she was arrested, on a charge of disorderly conduct.

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List of civil rights leaders

Civil rights leaders are influential figures in the promotion and implementation of political freedom and the expansion of personal civil liberties and rights.

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Little Caesars

Little Caesar Enterprises Inc. (doing business as Little Caesars) is the third-largest pizza chain in the United States, behind Pizza Hut and Domino's Pizza.

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Los Angeles

Los Angeles (Spanish for "The Angels";; officially: the City of Los Angeles; colloquially: by its initials L.A.) is the second-most populous city in the United States, after New York City.

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Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (branded as Metro; formerly branded as MTA or LACMTA) is the agency that operates public transportation for the County of Los Angeles.

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Los Angeles County, California

Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in the United States, with more than 10 million inhabitants as of 2017.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Lying in repose

Lying in repose is the condition of a deceased person, often of high social stature, whose body is available for public viewing.

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Lying in state

Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a dead official is placed in a state building, either outside or inside a coffin, to allow the public to pay their respects.

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Malcolm X

Malcolm X (19251965) was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist.

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Martin Luther King III

Martin Luther King III (born October 23, 1957) is an American human rights advocate and community activist.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968.

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Mary Louise Smith (civil rights activist)

Mary Louise Smith (later Mary Louise Smith Ware) (born 1937) is an African-American civil rights activist.

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Maxwell Air Force Base

Maxwell Air Force Base, officially known as Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, is a United States Air Force (USAF) installation under the Air Education and Training Command (AETC).

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Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church

Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church ("Metropolitan AME Church") is a historic church located at 1518 M Street, N.W., in downtown Washington, D.C. It affiliates with the African Methodist Episcopal Church religious denomination.

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Michigan

Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States.

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Michigan Legislature

The Michigan Legislature is the legislature of the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Michigan National Guard

The Michigan National Guard consists of the Michigan Army National Guard and the Michigan Air National Guard.

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Michigan Women's Hall of Fame

The Michigan Women's Hall of Fame (MWHOF) honors distinguished women, both historical and contemporary, who have been associated with the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks

Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks is a 2002 American short documentary film directed by Robert Houston and produced by Robert Hudson.

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Mike Ilitch

Michael Ilitch Sr. (July 20, 1929 – February 10, 2017) was an American entrepreneur, founder and owner of the international fast food franchise Little Caesars Pizza.

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Mimeograph

The stencil duplicator or mimeograph machine (often abbreviated to mimeo) is a low-cost duplicating machine that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper.

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Mississippi

Mississippi is a state in the Southern United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico.

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Missouri

Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States.

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Mobile Studio

The National Science Foundation supported, or Mobile Studio, is developing pedagogy and hardware/software which, when connected to a PC (via USB), provides functionality similar to that of laboratory equipment (scope, function generator, power supplies, DMM, etc.) typically associated with an instrumented studio classroom.

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Molefi Kete Asante

Molefi Kete Asante (born Arthur Lee Smith Jr.; August 14, 1942) is an African-American professor.

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Monteagle, Tennessee

Monteagle is a town in Franklin, Grundy, and Marion counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, in the Cumberland Plateau region of the southeastern part of the state.

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Montgomery Advertiser

The Montgomery Advertiser is a daily newspaper and news website located in Montgomery, Alabama.

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Montgomery bus boycott

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.

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Montgomery Improvement Association

The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama.

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Montgomery Industrial School for Girls

Montgomery Industrial School for Girls was a private primary school founded by Alice White and H. Margaret Beard (both white reformers from the Northeast) in 1886.

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Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County.

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Mother Jones (magazine)

Mother Jones (abbreviated MoJo) is a progressive American magazine that focuses on news, commentary, and investigative reporting on topics including politics, the environment, human rights, and culture.

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MSNBC

MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events.

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NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial organization to advance justice for African Americans by a group, including, W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.

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NAACP Image Awards

The NAACP Image Award is an annual awards ceremony presented by the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to honor outstanding people of color in film, television, music, and literature.

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Nashville, Tennessee

Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the seat of Davidson County.

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Nassau County, New York

Nassau County or is a suburban county comprising much of western Long Island in the U.S. state of New York.

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National City Lines

National City Lines, Inc. (NCL) was a public transportation company.

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National Coalition of 100 Black Women

The National Coalition of 100 Black Women (NCBW) is a non-profit volunteer organization for American women.

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National Statuary Hall

National Statuary Hall is a chamber in the United States Capitol devoted to sculptures of prominent Americans.

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National Statuary Hall Collection

The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is composed of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history.

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National Underground Railroad Freedom Center

The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center is a museum in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio based on the history of the Underground Railroad.

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Nelson Mandela

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

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NPR

National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.

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Ohio

Ohio is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States.

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Oregon

Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States.

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Outkast

Outkast (stylized as OutKast) is an American hip hop duo formed in 1991 in East Point, Georgia, composed of Atlanta-based rappers André "André 3000" Benjamin (formerly known as Dré) and Antwan "Big Boi" Patton.

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Pacifica Foundation

Pacifica Foundation is an American non-profit organization which owns five independently operated, non-commercial, listener-supported radio stations known for their progressive/liberal political orientation.

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Parade (magazine)

Parade is an American nationwide Sunday newspaper magazine, distributed in more than 700 newspapers in the United States.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Parks v. LaFace Records

Rosa Parks v. LaFace Records, et al. was a lawsuit filed by Parks' attorney Gregory J Reed in March 1999 on Rosa Parks' behalf against American hip-hop duo Outkast and LaFace Records, claiming that the group had illegally used Rosa Parks' name without her permission for the song "Rosa Parks", the most successful radio single of Outkast's 1998 album Aquemini.

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Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: Pennsylvaani or Pennsilfaani), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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Pennsylvania General Assembly

The Pennsylvania General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

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Pennsylvania Route 291

Pennsylvania Route 291 (PA 291) is an east–west route in Pennsylvania that runs from U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Trainer, Delaware County east to Interstate 76 (I-76) in South Philadelphia near the Walt Whitman Bridge and the South Philadelphia Sports Complex.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.

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Pierre Charles L'Enfant

Pierre Charles L'Enfant (August 2, 1754June 14, 1825), self-identified as Peter Charles L'Enfant while living in the United States, was a French-American military engineer who designed the basic plan for Washington, D.C. (capital city of the U.S.) known today as the L'Enfant Plan (1791).

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Pine Level, Montgomery County, Alabama

Pine Level, also known as Pine Tucky, is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Alabama, United States.

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Planned Parenthood

Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or Planned Parenthood, is a nonprofit organization that provides reproductive health care in the United States and globally.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896),.

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Political prisoner

A political prisoner is someone imprisoned because they have opposed or criticized the government responsible for their imprisonment.

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Portland Tribune

The Portland Tribune is a free newspaper published twice weekly, each Tuesday and Thursday, in Portland, Oregon, United States.

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Presidential Medal of Freedom

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Racial segregation in the United States, as a general term, includes the segregation or separation of access to facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines.

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Racism in the United States

Racism in the United States against non-whites is widespread and has been so the colonial era.

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Ralph Abernathy

Ralph David Abernathy Sr. (March 11, 1926 – April 17, 1990) was an American civil rights activist and Christian minister.

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Reading Eagle

The Reading Eagle is the major daily newspaper in Reading, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Recy Taylor

Recy Taylor (née Corbitt; December 31, 1919 – December 28, 2017) was an African-American woman from Abbeville in Henry County, Alabama, US.

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Regional Council of Negro Leadership

The Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL) was a society in Mississippi founded by T. R. M. Howard in 1951 to promote a program of civil rights, self-help, and business ownership.

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Republic of New Afrika

The Republic of New Afrika (RNA) was founded in 1968 and is a Black separatist idea popularized within Black nationalist and Black supremacist groups in the United States.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development

The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development was created in honor of Rosa Parks' husband, Raymond Parks (1903 - 1977).

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Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation

The Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation was founded in 1980 by Detroit Public Schools and The Detroit News.

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Rosa Parks (song)

"Rosa Parks" is a song by the hip hop group Outkast.

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Rosa Parks Act

On April 18, 2006, the Rosa Parks Act was approved in the Legislature of the U.S. state of Alabama to allow those, including Rosa Parks posthumously, considered law-breakers at the time of the Montgomery Bus Boycott to clear their arrest records of the charge of civil disobedience.

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Rosa Parks Circle

Rosa Parks Circle is a plaza located in the heart of Grand Rapids, Michigan.

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Rosa Parks Day

Rosa Parks Day is an American holiday in honor of the civil rights leader Rosa Parks.

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Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center

The Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center is the Nassau Inter-County Express system's indoor customer facility between Jackson and West Columbia Streets in Hempstead, New York.

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Rosa Parks Museum

The Rosa Parks Museum is located at Troy University in Montgomery, Alabama.

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Ryan Mendoza

Ryan Mendoza (born October 29, 1971, in New York City) is an American painter.

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S. E. Rogers

Sydney Ernest Rogers (November 11, 1888–September 10, 1965) was a Manitoba politician.

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SAGE Publications

SAGE Publishing is an independent publishing company founded in 1965 in New York by Sara Miller McCune and now based in California.

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San Francisco Chronicle

The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California.

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Sōka University

, abbreviated as is a private university in Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan.

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Scotch-Irish Americans

Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Presbyterian and other Ulster Protestant Dissenters from various parts of Ireland, but usually from the province of Ulster, who migrated during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Scottsboro Boys

The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers, ages 13 to 20, accused in Alabama of raping two White American women on a train in 1931.

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Second Coming (The Stone Roses album)

Second Coming is the second studio album by English rock band The Stone Roses, released through Geffen Records on 5 December 1994 in the UK and in early 1995 in the US.

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Selma to Montgomery marches

The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile (87 km) highway from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery.

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Septima Poinsette Clark

Septima Poinsette Clark (May 3, 1898 – December 15, 1987) was an American educator and civil rights activist.

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Sit-in

A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.

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Skepta

Joseph Junior Adenuga (born 19 September 1982), better known by his stage name Skepta, is an English grime artist, rapper, songwriter, record producer and music video director.

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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Southern United States

The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.

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Spingarn Medal

The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for outstanding achievement by an African American.

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St. Louis

St.

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St. Louis County, Missouri

St.

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State of the Union

The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new president's term.

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Super Bowl XL

Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season.

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Supersisters

Supersisters was a set of 72 trading cards produced and distributed in the United States in 1979 by Supersisters, Inc.

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Susie McDonald

Susie McDonald, known to other black people as Miss Sue at the time, was one of the plaintiffs in the bus segregation lawsuit Browder v. Gayle (1956).

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T. R. M. Howard

Theodore Roosevelt Mason "T.

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Tennessee

Tennessee (translit) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Tennessee State Route 12

State Route 12 (SR 12) is a highway from Davidson County, Tennessee to Montgomery County, Tennessee.

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The Chicago Defender

The Chicago Defender is a Chicago-based weekly newspaper founded in 1905 by Robert S. Abbott for primarily African-American readers.

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The Committee for Equal Justice

The Committee for Equal Justice (also known as the Committee for Equal Justice for the Rights of Mrs. Recy Taylor) was an organization founded with the goal of assisting black women reclaim their bodies against sexual violence and interracial rape.

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The Detroit News

The Detroit News is one of the two major newspapers in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Henry Ford

The Henry Ford (also known as the Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation and Greenfield Village, and more formally as the Edison Institute) is a large indoor and outdoor history museum complex and a National Historic Landmark in the Detroit suburb of Dearborn, Michigan, United States.

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The Neville Brothers

The Neville Brothers is an American R&B/soul/funk group, formed in 1977 in New Orleans, Louisiana.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Rosa Parks Story

The Rosa Parks Story is a 2002 American television movie written by Paris Qualles and directed by Julie Dash.

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The Stone Roses

The Stone Roses are an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1983.

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The Tuscaloosa News

The Tuscaloosa News is a daily newspaper serving Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States, and the surrounding area in west central Alabama.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Thomas Suozzi

Thomas R. Suozzi (born August 31, 1962) is an American Democratic politician, CPA and attorney who is the U.S. Representative for New York's 3rd district.

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Time (magazine)

Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.

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Timeline of the civil rights movement

This is a timeline of the civil rights movement, a nonviolent freedom movement to gain legal equality and the enforcement of constitutional rights for African Americans.

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Toledo, Ohio

Toledo is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States.

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Tom Brady

Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL).

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Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, typically of rapid onset.

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Touched by an Angel

Touched by an Angel is an American supernatural drama television series that premiered on CBS on September 21, 1994, and ran for 211 episodes and nine seasons until its conclusion on April 27, 2003.

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Troy University

Troy University is a comprehensive public university that is located in Troy, Alabama, United States.

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Tuskegee, Alabama

Tuskegee is a city in Macon County, Alabama, United States.

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U.S. Route 41 Alternate (Monteagle, Tennessee – Hopkinsville, Kentucky)

U.S. Route 41 Alternate (US 41 Alt.), also signed U.S. Route 41A in Tennessee (US 41A), connects the community of Monteagle, Tennessee, with Hopkinsville, Kentucky, 10 miles (16 km) north of the Tennessee line.

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Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century, and used by African-American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause.

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United States Capitol rotunda

The United States Capitol rotunda is the central rotunda (built 1818–1824) of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C..

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United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the U.S. government, responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice in the United States, equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries. The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. The Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The department is responsible for investigating instances of financial fraud, representing the United States government in legal matters (such as in cases before the Supreme Court), and running the federal prison system. The department is also responsible for reviewing the conduct of local law enforcement as directed by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States Postal Service

The United States Postal Service (USPS; also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States, including its insular areas and associated states.

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United States Secretary of State

The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the U.S. Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs.

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University of Michigan

The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, or UMich), often simply referred to as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

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Urban renewal

Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in the United Kingdom, urban renewal or urban redevelopment in the United States) is a program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay.

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USA Today

USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily, middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company.

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Utah

Utah is a state in the western United States.

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Viola Desmond

Viola Irene Desmond (July 6, 1914 – February 7, 1965) was a Canadian Black Nova Scotian businesswoman who challenged racial segregation at a cinema in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, in 1946.

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Virginia Foster Durr

Virginia Foster Durr (August 6, 1903 – February 24, 1999) was an American and a white civil rights activist and lobbyist.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.

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WaterFire

WaterFire is an award-winning sculpture by Barnaby Evans presented on the rivers of downtown Providence, RI.

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West Oakland, Oakland, California

West Oakland is a neighborhood situated in the northwestern corner of Oakland, California, United States, situated west of Downtown Oakland, south of Emeryville, and north of Alameda.

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West Valley City, Utah

West Valley City is a city in Salt Lake County and a suburb of Salt Lake City in the U.S. state of Utah.

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Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station

Willowbrook/Rosa Parks is a major transport hub and Los Angeles County Metro Rail station on the Blue Line and Green Line.

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Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival

The International Freedom Festival is a multi-day celebration in late June marking Canada Day on July 1 and the American Independence Day on July 4.

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Women's Political Council

The Women's Political Council, founded in Montgomery, Alabama, was an organization that was part of the Civil Rights Movement that was formed to address the racial issues in the city.

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Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan)

Woodlawn Cemetery is a cemetery located at 19975 Woodward Avenue, opposite the Michigan State Fairgrounds, between 7 Mile Road and 8 Mile Road, in Detroit, Michigan.

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Yellow Moon

Yellow Moon is a 1989 album by The Neville Brothers.

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100 Greatest African Americans

100 Greatest African Americans is a biographical dictionary of one hundred historically great Black Americans (in alphabetical order; that is, they are not ranked), as assessed by Temple University professor Molefi Kete Asante in 2002.

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1967 Detroit riot

The 1967 Detroit riot, also known as the 12th Street riot was the bloodiest race riot in the "Long, hot summer of 1967".

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Redirects here:

Death of Rosa Parks, Joseph Skipper, Parks, Rosa Lee, Rosa L. Parks, Rosa Lee Parks, Rosa Louise McCauley, Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, Rosa Louise Parks, Rosa McCauley, Rosa Park, Rosa Parkes, Rosa parks, Rose Parks.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks

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