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71 relations: A, Ablative case, Accusative case, Agent noun, Agglutinative language, Animacy, Approbative, Arabic, Artificial language, Augmentative, B, C, Causative, Chinese language, Collective noun, Constructed language, D, Dative case, Diminutive, E, English language, Esperanto, Eurocentrism, F, Fusional language, G, Genitive case, Grammatical case, H, I, Ido language, Instrumental case, International auxiliary language, International Phonetic Alphabet, Isolating language, J, Japanese language, K, Kenneth Searight, L, Letter case, Locative case, M, N, Nominative case, O, Object (philosophy), P, Participle, Partitive case, ..., Peter Mark Roget, Phoneme, Plural, Possessive, R, Ro (artificial language), Roget's Thesaurus, S, Solresol, Subject–verb–object, T, Turkish language, U, V, Verbal noun, Vocative case, Voiced postalveolar fricative, Word order, X, Y, Z. Expand index (21 more) »
A
A (named, plural As, A's, as, a's or aes) is the first letter and the first vowel of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Ablative case
The ablative case (sometimes abbreviated) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns and adjectives in the grammar of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses.
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Accusative case
The accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb.
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Agent noun
In linguistics, an agent noun (in Latin, nomen agentis) is a word that is derived from another word denoting an action, and that identifies an entity that does that action.
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Agglutinative language
An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination.
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Animacy
Animacy is a grammatical and semantic principle expressed in language based on how sentient or alive the referent of a noun is.
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Approbative
In linguistics, approbatives are words or grammatical forms that denote a positive affect; that is, they express the appreciation or approval of the speaker.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Artificial language
Artificial languages are languages of a typically very limited size which emerge either in computer simulations between artificial agents, robot interactions or controlled psychological experiments with humans.
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Augmentative
An augmentative (abbreviated) is a morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size but also in other attributes.
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B
B or b (pronounced) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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C
C is the third letter in the English alphabet and a letter of the alphabets of many other writing systems which inherited it from the Latin alphabet.
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Causative
In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated) is a valency-increasing operationPayne, Thomas E. (1997).
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Chinese language
Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
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Collective noun
In linguistics, a collective noun refers to a collection of things taken as a whole.
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Constructed language
A constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary have been consciously devised for human or human-like communication, instead of having developed naturally.
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D
D (named dee) is the fourth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Dative case
The dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate, among other uses, the noun to which something is given, as in "Maria Jacobī potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".
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Diminutive
A diminutive is a word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment.
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E
E (named e, plural ees) is the fifth letter and the second vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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English language
English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.
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Esperanto
Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.
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Eurocentrism
Eurocentrism (also Western-centrism) is a worldview centered on and biased towards Western civilization.
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F
F (named ef) is the sixth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Fusional language
Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic languages, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.
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G
G (named gee) is the 7th letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive (abbreviated); also called the second case, is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun.
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Grammatical case
Case is a special grammatical category of a noun, pronoun, adjective, participle or numeral whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by that word in a phrase, clause or sentence.
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H
H (named aitch or, regionally, haitch, plural aitches)"H" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op.
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I
I (named i, plural ies) is the ninth letter and the third vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Ido language
Ido is a constructed language, derived from Reformed Esperanto, created to be a universal second language for speakers of diverse backgrounds.
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Instrumental case
The instrumental case (abbreviated or) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.
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International auxiliary language
An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a language meant for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common first language.
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International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet.
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Isolating language
An isolating language is a type of language with a very low morpheme per word ratio and no inflectional morphology whatsoever.
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J
J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Japanese language
is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language.
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K
K (named kay) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Kenneth Searight
Kenneth Searight (born Arthur Kenneth Searight) (15 November 1883–28 February 1957) was the creator of the international auxiliary language Sona.
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L
L (named el) is the twelfth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet, used in words such as lagoon, lantern, and less.
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Letter case
Letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also uppercase, capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule) and smaller lower case (also lowercase, small letters, or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.
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Locative case
Locative (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates a location.
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M
M (named em) is the thirteenth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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N
N (named en) is the fourteenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Nominative case
The nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments.
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O
O (named o, plural oes) is the 15th letter and the fourth vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Object (philosophy)
An object is a technical term in modern philosophy often used in contrast to the term subject.
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P
P (named pee) is the 16th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Participle
A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
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Partitive case
The partitive case (abbreviated or more ambiguously) is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity".
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Peter Mark Roget
Peter Mark Roget FRS (18 January 1779 – 12 September 1869) was a British physician, natural theologian and lexicographer.
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Phoneme
A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
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Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.
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Possessive
A possessive form (abbreviated) is a word or grammatical construction used to indicate a relationship of possession in a broad sense.
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R
R (named ar/or) is the 18th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Ro (artificial language)
Ro is an a priori constructed language created by Rev. Edward Powell Foster beginning in 1904.
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Roget's Thesaurus
Roget's Thesaurus is a widely used English-language thesaurus, created in 1805 by Peter Mark Roget (1779–1869), British physician, natural theologian and lexicographer.
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S
S (named ess, plural esses) is the 19th letter in the Modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Solresol
Solresol (Solfège: Sol-Re-Sol) is a constructed language devised by François Sudre, beginning in 1827.
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Subject–verb–object
In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object (SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third.
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T
T (named tee) is the 20th letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Turkish language
Turkish, also referred to as Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia).
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U
U (named u, plural ues) is the 21st letter and the fifth vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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V
V (named vee) is the 22nd letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Verbal noun
A verbal noun is a noun formed from or otherwise corresponding to a verb.
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Vocative case
The vocative case (abbreviated) is the case used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object etc.) being addressed or occasionally the determiners of that noun.
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Voiced postalveolar fricative
Voiced fricatives produced in the postalveolar region include the voiced palato-alveolar fricative, the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative, the voiced retroflex fricative, and the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative.
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Word order
In linguistics, word order typology is the study of the order of the syntactic constituents of a language, and how different languages can employ different orders.
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X
X (named ex, plural exes) is the 24th and antepenultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Y
Y (named wye, plural wyes) is the 25th and penultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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Z
Z (named zed or zee "Z", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "zee", op. cit.) is the 26th and final letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona_language_(artificial)
