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German nuclear program during World War II

Index German nuclear program during World War II

Nazi Germany undertook several research programs relating to nuclear technology, including nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors, before and during World War II. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 171 relations: Abraham Esau, Academy, Adolf Hitler, Albert Speer, Alexander Catsch, Allies of World War II, Alsos Mission, Auergesellschaft, Avraami Zavenyagin, Barium, Battle of Berlin, BBC, Bernhard Rust, Black Forest, Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, Boris Pash, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Chicago Pile-1, Copenhagen (play), Covert listening device, Criticality (status), Cyclotron, Dahlem (Berlin), Discovery of nuclear fission, Edward Teller, Eighth Air Force, Electron microscope, Enrico Fermi, Erhard Milch, Erich Bagge, Erich Schumann, Ernst Rexer, Führer, Friedrich Bopp, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Fritz Houtermans, Fritz Strassmann, Gäufelden, Günter Wirths, Georg Joos, Georg Stetter, George C. Marshall, Georgy Flyorov, Gerhard Hoffmann (physicist), Germany and weapons of mass destruction, Godmanchester, Gustav Ludwig Hertz, Haigerloch, Hans Bethe, Hans Geiger, ... Expand index (121 more) »

  2. Abandoned projects of Nazi Germany
  3. Nuclear history of Germany
  4. Nuclear technology in Germany
  5. Nuclear weapons programs
  6. World War II weapons of Germany

Abraham Esau

Robert Abraham Esau (7 June 1884 – 12 May 1955) was a German physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Abraham Esau are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Academy

An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership).

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

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Albert Speer

Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (19 March 1905 – 1 September 1981) was a German architect who served as the Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany during most of World War II.

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Alexander Catsch

Alexander Siegfried Catsch (also Katsch; –16 February 1976) was a German-Russian medical doctor and radiation biologist.

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Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.

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Alsos Mission

The Alsos Mission was an organized effort by a team of British and United States military, scientific, and intelligence personnel to discover enemy scientific developments during World War II. German nuclear program during World War II and Alsos Mission are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Auergesellschaft

The industrial firm Auergesellschaft was founded in 1892 with headquarters in Berlin. German nuclear program during World War II and Auergesellschaft are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Avraami Zavenyagin

Avraami Pavlovich Zavenyagin (1 May 1901 – 31 December 1956; his first name is also sometimes given as Avram or Abraham) was a Soviet politician and an operative who was a leading figure in the Soviet program of nuclear weapons in 1950s.

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Barium

Barium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ba and atomic number 56.

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Battle of Berlin

The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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Bernhard Rust

Bernhard Rust (30 September 1883 – 8 May 1945) was Minister of Science, Education and National Culture (Reichserziehungsminister) in Nazi Germany.

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Black Forest

The Black Forest (Schwarzwald) is a large forested mountain range in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany, bounded by the Rhine Valley to the west and south and close to the borders with France and Switzerland.

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Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is an American four-engined heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC).

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Boris Pash

Boris Theodore Pash (born Boris Fyodorovich Pashkovsky; Борис Фёдорович Пашковский; 20 June 1900 – 11 May 1995) was a United States Army military intelligence officer.

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Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker

Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker (28 June 1912 – 28 April 2007) was a German physicist and philosopher. German nuclear program during World War II and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Chicago Pile-1

Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor.

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Copenhagen (play)

Copenhagen is a play by Michael Frayn, based on an event that occurred in Copenhagen in 1941, a meeting between the physicists Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, who had been Bohr's student.

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Covert listening device

A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug or a wire, is usually a combination of a miniature radio transmitter with a microphone.

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Criticality (status)

In the operation of a nuclear reactor, criticality is the state in which a nuclear chain reaction is self-sustaining—that is, when reactivity is zero.

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Cyclotron

A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932.

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Dahlem (Berlin)

Dahlem is a locality of the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough in southwestern Berlin.

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Discovery of nuclear fission

Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann and physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch.

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Edward Teller

Edward Teller (Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist and chemical engineer who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb" and one of the creators of the Teller–Ulam design.

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Eighth Air Force

The Eighth Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) is a numbered air force (NAF) of the United States Air Force's Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC).

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Electron microscope

An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.

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Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian and naturalized American physicist, renowned for being the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1, and a member of the Manhattan Project.

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Erhard Milch

Erhard Milch (30 March 1892 – 25 January 1972) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) who oversaw the development of the German air force (Luftwaffe) as part of the re-armament of Nazi Germany (1933-1945) following World War I (1914-1918).

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Erich Bagge

Erich Rudolf Bagge (30 May 1912, in Neustadt bei Coburg – 5 June 1996, in Kiel) was a German scientist. German nuclear program during World War II and Erich Bagge are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Erich Schumann

Erich Schumann (5 January 1898 – 25 April 1985) was a German physicist who specialized in acoustics and explosives, and had a penchant for music. German nuclear program during World War II and Erich Schumann are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Ernst Rexer

Ernst Rexer (2 April 1902 – 14 May 1983) was a German nuclear physicist and a professor of physics at the Dresden University of Technology. German nuclear program during World War II and Ernst Rexer are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Führer

Führer (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term.

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Friedrich Bopp

Friedrich Arnold "Fritz" Bopp (27 December 1909 – 14 November 1987) was a German theoretical physicist who contributed to nuclear physics and quantum field theory. German nuclear program during World War II and Friedrich Bopp are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society

The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (FHI) is a science research institute located at the heart of the academic district of Dahlem, in Berlin, Germany.

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Fritz Houtermans

Friedrich Georg "Fritz" Houtermans (January 22, 1903 – March 1, 1966) was a Dutch-Austrian-German atomic and nuclear physicist and Communist born in Zoppot (now Sopot) near Danzig (now Gdańsk), West Prussia to a Dutch father, who was a wealthy banker. German nuclear program during World War II and Fritz Houtermans are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Fritz Strassmann

Friedrich Wilhelm Strassmann (22 February 1902 – 22 April 1980) was a German chemist who, with Otto Hahn in December 1938, identified the element barium as a product of the bombardment of uranium with neutrons. German nuclear program during World War II and Fritz Strassmann are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Gäufelden

Gäufelden is a municipality in the administrative district of Böblingen, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Günter Wirths

Günter Wirths (1 June 1911 – 26 January 2005) was a German nuclear chemist in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons and an authority on the uranium metal production, especially on the reactor-grade. German nuclear program during World War II and Günter Wirths are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Georg Joos

Georg Jakob Christof Joos (25 May 1894 in Bad Urach, German Empire – 20 May 1959 in Munich, West Germany) was a German experimental physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Georg Joos are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Georg Stetter

Georg Carl Stetter (23 December 1895 – 14 July 1988) was an Austrian-German nuclear physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Georg Stetter are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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George C. Marshall

George Catlett Marshall Jr. (31 December 1880 – 16 October 1959) was an American army officer and statesman.

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Georgy Flyorov

Georgii Nikolayevich Flyorov (also spelled Flerov, p; 2 March 1913 – 19 November 1990) was a Soviet physicist who is known for his discovery of spontaneous fission and his important contribution towards the crystallography and material science, for which, he was honored with many awards.

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Gerhard Hoffmann (physicist)

Gerhard Hoffmann (4 August 1880 – 18 June 1945) was a German nuclear physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Gerhard Hoffmann (physicist) are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Germany and weapons of mass destruction

Although Germany has the technical capability to produce weapons of mass destruction (WMD), since World War II it has refrained from producing those weapons.

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Godmanchester

Godmanchester is a town and civil parish in the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, England.

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Gustav Ludwig Hertz

Gustav Ludwig Hertz (22 July 1887 – 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner for his work on inelastic electron collisions in gases, and a nephew of Heinrich Hertz.

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Haigerloch

Haigerloch is a town in the north-western part of the Swabian Alb in Germany. German nuclear program during World War II and Haigerloch are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Hans Bethe

Hans Albrecht Bethe (July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American theoretical physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics, and who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.

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Hans Geiger

Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist.

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Hans Kopfermann

Hans Kopfermann (26 April 1895, in Breckenheim near Wiesbaden – 26 January 1963, in Heidelberg) was a German atomic and nuclear physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Hans Kopfermann are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Hans-Joachim Born

Hans-Joachim Born (8 May 1909 – 15 April 1987) was a German radiochemist trained and educated at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie.

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Heavy water

Heavy water (deuterium oxide) is a form of water whose hydrogen atoms are all deuterium (or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.

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Hechingen

Hechingen (Swabian: Hächenga) is a town in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Heidelberg

Heidelberg (Heidlberg) is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany.

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Heinz Pose

Rudolf Heinz Pose (10 April 1905 – 13 November 1975) was a German nuclear physicist who worked in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons. German nuclear program during World War II and Heinz Pose are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Helmut Rechenberg

Helmut Rechenberg (November 6, 1937, in Berlin – November 10, 2016, in Munich) was a German physicist and science historian.

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Henschel & Son

Henschel & Son (Henschel und Sohn) was a German company, located in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicles and weapons.

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Hermann Göring

Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and convicted war criminal. German nuclear program during World War II and Hermann Göring are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Horst Korsching

Horst Korsching (12 August 1912 – 21 March 1998) was a German physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Horst Korsching are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Humboldt University of Berlin

The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.

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Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II.

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Isaak Kikoin

Isaak Konstantinovich (Kushelevich) Kikoin (28 March 1908 – 28 December 1984),, was a Soviet physicist and an author of physics textbooks in Russian language who played an important role in the Soviet nuclear weapons program.

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Isotope separation

Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes.

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Japanese nuclear weapons program

During World War II, Japan had several programs exploring the use of nuclear fission for military technology, including nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. German nuclear program during World War II and Japanese nuclear weapons program are nuclear weapons programs.

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Jeremy Bernstein

Jeremy Bernstein (born December 31, 1929) is an American theoretical physicist and popular science writer.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Josef Mattauch

Josef Mattauch (21 November 1895 – 10 August 1976) was a nuclear physicist and chemist.

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Kaiser Wilhelm Society

The Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften) was a German scientific institution established in the German Empire in 1911. German nuclear program during World War II and Kaiser Wilhelm Society are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Karl Wirtz

Karl Eugen Julius Wirtz (24 April 1910 – 12 February 1994) was a German nuclear physicist, born in Cologne. German nuclear program during World War II and Karl Wirtz are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Karl Zimmer

Karl Günter Zimmer (12 July 1911 – 29 February 1988) was a German nuclear chemist who is best known for his work in understanding the ionizing radiation on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and did fundamental work on radiation biology.

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Karl-Heinz Höcker

Karl-Heinz Höcker (27 December 1915 – 17 July 1998) was a German theoretical nuclear physicist who worked in the German Uranverein. German nuclear program during World War II and Karl-Heinz Höcker are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Klara Döpel

Klara (Minna) Renate Döpel (née Mannß; 1900 – 6 April 1945 in Leipzig) was a feminist and a German lawyer until 1933. German nuclear program during World War II and Klara Döpel are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Klaus Clusius

Klaus Paul Alfred Clusius (19 March 1903 – 28 May 1963) was a German physical chemist from Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia. German nuclear program during World War II and Klaus Clusius are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Klaus Hentschel

Klaus Hentschel (born 4 April 1961) is a German physicist, historian of science and professor.

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Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast

Krasnogorsk (Красногорск) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnogorsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Moskva River, adjacent to the northwestern boundary of Moscow.

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Kurt Diebner

Kurt Diebner (13 May 1905 – 13 July 1964) was a German nuclear physicist who is well known for directing and administering parts of the German nuclear weapons program, a secretive program aiming to build nuclear weapons for Nazi Germany during World War II. German nuclear program during World War II and Kurt Diebner are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Laboratory B

Laboratory B (Russian: Лаборатория Б), also known as Object B (Объект Б) or Object 2011 during its period of operation, was a former Soviet nuclear research site constructed in 1946 by in Chelyabinsk Oblast in Russia.

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Lavrentiy Beria

Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (p; ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია, Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria; – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician and one of the longest-serving and most influential of Joseph Stalin's secret police chiefs, serving as head of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) from 1938 to 1946, during the country's involvement in the Second World War.

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Leipzig L-IV experiment accident

The Leipzig L-IV experiment accident was the first nuclear accident in history. German nuclear program during World War II and Leipzig L-IV experiment accident are nuclear history of Germany.

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Leipzig University

Leipzig University (Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany.

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Leslie Groves

Leslie Richard Groves Jr. (17 August 1896 – 13 July 1970) was a United States Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project, a top secret research project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II.

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Lev Artsimovich

Lev Andreyevich Artsimovich (Russian: Лев Андреевич Арцимович, February 25, 1909 – March 1, 1973), also transliterated Arzimowitsch, was a Soviet physicist known for his contributions to the Tokamak— a device that produces controlled thermonuclear fusion power.

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Lise Meitner

Lise Meitner (born Elise Meitner, 7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian physicist who was instrumental in the discovery of protactinium and nuclear fission.

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Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich or LMU; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.

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Manfred von Ardenne

Manfred baron von Ardenne (20 January 190726 May 1997) was a German researcher and applied physicist and inventor.

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Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project was a research and development program undertaken during World War II to produce the first nuclear weapons.

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Materiel

Materiel is supplies, equipment, and weapons in military supply-chain management, and typically supplies and equipment in a commercial supply chain context.

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Max Planck Institute for Brain Research

The Max Planck Institute for Brain Research is located in Frankfurt, Germany.

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Max Planck Institute for Chemistry

The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Otto Hahn Institute; Max Planck Institut für Chemie - Otto Hahn Institut) is a non-university research institute under the auspices of the Max Planck Society (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) in Mainz, Germany.

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Max Planck Institute for Medical Research

The Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany, is a facility of the Max Planck Society for basic medical research.

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Max Planck Institute for Physics

The Max Planck Institute for Physics (MPP) is a research institute located in Garching, near Munich, Germany.

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Max Planck Society

The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes.

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Max Volmer

Max Volmer (3 May 1885 – 3 June 1965) was a German physical chemist, who made important contributions in electrochemistry, in particular on electrode kinetics.

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Max von Laue

Max Theodor Felix von Laue (9 October 1879 – 24 April 1960) was a German physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.

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Michael Frayn

Michael Frayn, FRSL (born 8 September 1933) is an English playwright and novelist.

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National Museum of Nuclear Science & History

The National Museum of Nuclear Science & History (formerly named National Atomic Museum) is a national repository of nuclear science information chartered by the 102nd United States Congress under Public Law 102-190, and located in unincorporated Bernalillo County, New Mexico, with an Albuquerque postal address.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

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Neutron

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Nikolaus Riehl

Nikolaus Vasilyevich Riehl (Russian: Никола́й Васи́льевич Риль; 1901—2 August 1990) was a German nuclear chemist of Russian-Jewish descent. German nuclear program during World War II and Nikolaus Riehl are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky

Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovskij, also Timofeyeff-Ressovsky (Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeyev-Resovskiy; – 28 March 1981) was a Soviet biologist who, in principle, was a senior scientist in Soviet programs of nuclear and, later in biological weapons.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del), abbreviated as NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.

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Norwegian heavy water sabotage

The Norwegian heavy water sabotage (Tungtvannsaksjonen; Tungtvassaksjonen) was a series of Allied-led efforts to halt German heavy water production via hydroelectric plants in Nazi Germany-occupied Norway during World War II, involving both Norwegian commandos and Allied bombing raids. German nuclear program during World War II and Norwegian heavy water sabotage are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Nova (American TV program)

Nova (stylized as NOVΛ) is an American popular science television program produced by WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts, since 1974.

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Nuclear fission

Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei.

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Nuclear physics

Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.

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Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction or nuclear fusion reactions.

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Nuclear technology

Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion. German nuclear program during World War II and nuclear weapon are nuclear weapons.

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Operation Epsilon

Operation Epsilon was the codename of a program in which Allied forces near the end of World War II detained ten German scientists who were thought to have worked on Nazi Germany's nuclear program. German nuclear program during World War II and Operation Epsilon are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Operation Paperclip

Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945–59.

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Oranienburg

Oranienburg is a town in Brandenburg, Germany.

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Otto Hahn

Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German chemist who was a pioneer in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry.

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Otto Robert Frisch

Otto Robert Frisch (1 October 1904 – 22 September 1979) was an Austrian-born British physicist who worked on nuclear physics.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Paul Harteck

Paul Karl Maria Harteck (20 July 190222 January 1985) was an Austrian physical chemist. German nuclear program during World War II and Paul Harteck are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Paul Peter Ewald

Paul Peter Ewald, FRS (January23, 1888August22, 1985) was a German crystallographer and physicist, a pioneer of X-ray diffraction methods.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Peter Adolf Thiessen

Peter Adolf Thiessen (6 April 1899 – 5 March 1990) was a German physical chemist and a tribologist.

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Peter Debye

Peter Joseph William Debye (March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.

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Plenipotentiary

A plenipotentiary (from the Latin plenus "full" and potens "powerful") is a diplomat who has full powers—authorization to sign a treaty or convention on behalf of a sovereign.

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Potsdam Conference

The Potsdam Conference was held at Potsdam in the Soviet occupation zone from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

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Radium

Radium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ra and atomic number 88.

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Rainer Karlsch

Rainer Karlsch (born 3 April 1957) is a German historian and author.

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Reginald Victor Jones

Reginald Victor Jones, FRSE, LLD (29 September 1911 – 17 December 1997) was a British physicist and scientific military intelligence expert who played an important role in the defence of Britain in by solving scientific and technical problems, and by the extensive use of deception throughout the war to confuse the Germans.

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Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production

The Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production was established on March 17, 1940, in Nazi Germany.

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Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture

The Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture (Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, also unofficially known as the "Reich Education Ministry" (Reichserziehungsministerium), or "REM") existed from 1934 until 1945 under the leadership of Bernhard Rust and was responsible for unifying the education system of Nazi Germany and aligning it with the goals of Nazi leadership.

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Reich Postal Ministry

The Reich Postal Ministry (German: Reichspostministerium, RPM) in Berlin was the Ministry in charge of the Mail and the Telecommunications of the German Weimar Republic from 1919 until 1933 as well as of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.

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Reichsforschungsrat

The Reichsforschungsrat ("Imperial Research Council") was created in Germany in 1936 under the Education Ministry for the purpose of centralized planning of all basic and applied research, with the exception of aeronautical research. German nuclear program during World War II and Reichsforschungsrat are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Reichsmarschall

Reichsmarschall (Reichsmarschall des Großdeutschen Reiches) was a military rank that held the highest position in the office of the Wehrmacht specially created for Hermann Göring during World War II.

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Reinhold Mannkopff

Reinhold Mannkopff (18 May 1894 – 9 April 1978) was a German experimental physicist who specialized in spectroscopy. German nuclear program during World War II and Reinhold Mannkopff are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Richard Rhodes

Richard Lee Rhodes (born July 4, 1937) is an American historian, journalist, and author of both fiction and non-fiction, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), and most recently, Energy: A Human History (2018).

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Robert Döpel

Georg Robert Döpel (3 December 1895 – 2 December 1982) was a German experimental nuclear physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Robert Döpel are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Robert Jungk

Robert Jungk (born Robert Baum, also known as Robert Baum-Jungk; 11 May 1913 – 14 July 1994) was an Austrian writer, journalist, historian and peace campaigner.

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Russian Alsos

The Soviet Alsos or Russian Alsos is the western codename for an operation that took place during 19451946 in Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, in order to exploit German atomic related facilities, intellectual materials, material resources, and scientific personnel for the benefit of the Soviet atomic bomb project. German nuclear program during World War II and Russian Alsos are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Samuel Goudsmit

Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (July 11, 1902 – December 4, 1978) was a Dutch-American physicist famous for jointly proposing the concept of electron spin with George Eugene Uhlenbeck in 1925.

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Short-range ballistic missile

A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of about or less.

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Siegfried Flügge

Siegfried Flügge (16 March 1912, in Dresden – 15 December 1997, in Hinterzarten) was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to nuclear physics and the theoretical basis for nuclear weapons. German nuclear program during World War II and Siegfried Flügge are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Siemens

Siemens AG is a German multinational technology conglomerate.

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Snezhinsk

Snezhinsk (p) is a closed town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia.

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Soviet atomic bomb project

The Soviet atomic bomb project was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during and after World War II.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra.

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Stadtilm

Stadtilm is a town in the Ilm-Kreis district, in Thuringia, Germany.

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Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.

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Technische Hochschule

A Technische Hochschule (plural: Technische Hochschulen, abbreviated TH) is a type of university focusing on engineering sciences in Germany.

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Technische Universität Berlin

italic (TU Berlin; also known as Berlin Institute of Technology and Technical University of Berlin, although officially the name should not be translated) is a public research university located in Berlin, Germany.

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The Science of Nature

The Science of Nature, formerly Naturwissenschaften, is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering all aspects of the natural sciences relating to questions of biological significance.

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Thomas Powers

Thomas Powers (born December 12, 1940, in New York City) is an American author and intelligence expert.

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Tonne

The tonne (or; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms.

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Transuranium element

The transuranium elements (also known as transuranic elements) are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium.

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University of Göttingen

The University of Göttingen, officially the Georg August University of Göttingen, (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, commonly referred to as Georgia Augusta) is a distinguished public research university in the city of Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany.

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University of Hamburg

The University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg, also referred to as UHH) is a public research university in Hamburg, Germany.

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University of Vienna

The University of Vienna (Universität Wien) is a public research university located in Vienna, Austria.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element; it has symbol U and atomic number 92.

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V-2 rocket

The V2 (lit), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile.

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Waffenamt

Waffenamt (WaA) was the German Army Weapons Agency.

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Walter Herrmann (physicist)

Walter Herrmann (20 September 1910 – 11 August 1987)Pavel V.Oleynikov: German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project, The Nonproliferation Review Volume 7, Number 2, 1–30 (2000) was a German nuclear physicist and mechanical engineer who worked on the German nuclear energy project during World War II. German nuclear program during World War II and Walter Herrmann (physicist) are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Walther Bothe

Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 – 8 February 1957) was a German nuclear physicist known for the development of coincidence methods to study particle physics. German nuclear program during World War II and Walther Bothe are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Walther Gerlach

Walther Gerlach (1 August 1889 – 10 August 1979) was a German physicist who co-discovered, through laboratory experiment, spin quantization in a magnetic field, the Stern–Gerlach effect. German nuclear program during World War II and Walther Gerlach are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Wehrmacht

The Wehrmacht were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945.

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Werner Heisenberg

Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics, and a principal scientist in the Nazi nuclear weapons program during World War II. German nuclear program during World War II and Werner Heisenberg are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Wilhelm Groth

Wilhelm Groth (9 January 1904 in Hamburg – 20 February 1977 in Bonn) was a German physical chemist. German nuclear program during World War II and Wilhelm Groth are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Wilhelm Hanle

Wilhelm Hanle (13 January 1901 – 29 April 1993, Gießen) was a German experimental physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Wilhelm Hanle are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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Wilhelm Ohnesorge

Wilhelm Ohnesorge (8 June 1872 – 1 February 1962) was a German politician in the Third Reich who sat in the Hitler Cabinet.

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Wolfgang Gentner

Wolfgang Gentner (23 July 1906 in Frankfurt am Main – 4 September 1980 in Heidelberg) was a German experimental nuclear physicist. German nuclear program during World War II and Wolfgang Gentner are nuclear program of Nazi Germany.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Yulii Khariton

Yulii Borisovich Khariton (27 February 1904 – 18 December 1996) was a Russian physicist who was a leading scientist in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.

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See also

Abandoned projects of Nazi Germany

Nuclear history of Germany

Nuclear technology in Germany

Nuclear weapons programs

World War II weapons of Germany

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_program_during_World_War_II

Also known as German atomic bomb, German atomic bomb program, German atomic bomb project, German nuclear energy project, German nuclear program, German nuclear weapon program, German nuclear weapon project, German nuclear weapons program, Hitler and the atomic bomb, Nazi Atomic Bomb, Nazi Nuclear weapons, Nazi atomic bomb project, Nazi nuke program, Nuclear program of Germany, Uranium Society, Uranprojekt, Uranverein.

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