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125 relations: Actinopterygii, Alfred Romer, Amniote, Amphibian, Anatomical terminology, Anatomical terms of location, Anterior longitudinal ligament, Arabian horse, Asthma, Atelectasis, Atlas (anatomy), Axial skeleton, Axis (anatomy), Bird, Bone, Calcification, Cauda equina, Central canal, Central nervous system, Cervical vertebrae, Chevron (anatomy), Childbirth, Chimpanzee, Chondrichthyes, Chordate, Clock and wavefront model, Coccydynia, Coccyx, Congenital vertebral anomaly, Conus medullaris, Dinosaur, Elasmosaurus, Extinction, Facet joint, Female, Fetus, Fish, Functional neurological symptom disorder, Gastrulation, Gecko, Grey matter, Hadrosaurid, Haemal arch, Hagfish, Hernia, Homology (biology), Hox gene, Human, Human embryogenesis, Interspinous ligament, ..., Intervertebral disc, Intervertebral foramen, Klippel–Feil syndrome, Kyphoscoliosis, Kyphosis, Labyrinthodontia, Lamprey, Ligament, Lordosis, Low back pain, Lumbar puncture, Lumbar vertebrae, Male, Mammal, Manatee, Meninges, Neck, Neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis, Neutral spine, Notochord, Nuchal ligament, Occipital bone, Organ (anatomy), Osteoporosis, Paraxial mesoderm, Pars interarticularis, Pelvis, Peripheral nervous system, Plesiosauria, Pneumothorax, Posterior longitudinal ligament, Process (anatomy), Pygostyle, Reptile, Retrolisthesis, Rib, Sacrum, Saddle, Sarcopterygii, Saurischia, Sauropoda, Scoliosis, Segmentation (biology), Shark, Sloth, Snake, Somite, Somitogenesis, Spina bifida, Spinal canal, Spinal cord, Spinal cord injury, Spinal disc herniation, Spinal disease, Spinal nerve, Spinal stenosis, Splanchnic nerves, Spondylolisthesis, Supraspinous ligament, Surface anatomy, Swan, Sympathetic nervous system, Sympathetic trunk, Synsacrum, Teleost, Temnospondyli, Theropoda, Thoracic vertebrae, Three-toed sloth, Tuatara, Two-toed sloth, Vertebra, Vertebral foramen, Vertebrate, White matter. Expand index (75 more) »
Actinopterygii
Actinopterygii, or the ray-finned fishes, constitute a class or subclass of the bony fishes.
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Alfred Romer
Alfred Sherwood Romer (December 28, 1894 – November 5, 1973) was an American paleontologist and biologist and a specialist in vertebrate evolution.
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Amniote
Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον amnion, "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός amnos, "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia.
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Anatomical terminology
Anatomical terminology is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals such as doctors.
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Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.
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Anterior longitudinal ligament
The anterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament that runs down the anterior surface of the spine.
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Arabian horse
The Arabian or Arab horse (الحصان العربي, DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a breed of horse that originated on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
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Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange.
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Atlas (anatomy)
In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine.
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Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.
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Axis (anatomy)
In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis (from Latin axis, "axle") or epistropheus.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
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Calcification
Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue.
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Cauda equina
The cauda equina is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord.
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Central canal
The central canal, also known as ependymal canal, is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Cervical vertebrae
In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull.
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Chevron (anatomy)
A chevron is one of a series of bones on the ventral (under) side of the tail in many reptiles, including dinosaurs (such as Diplodocus; see picture), and some mammals such as kangaroos and manatees.
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Childbirth
Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman's uterus by vaginal passage or C-section.
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Chimpanzee
The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.
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Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes (from Greek χονδρ- chondr- 'cartilage', ἰχθύς ichthys 'fish') is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.
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Chordate
A chordate is an animal belonging to the phylum Chordata; chordates possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail, for at least some period of their life cycle.
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Clock and wavefront model
The clock and wavefront model is a model used to describe the process of somitogenesis in vertebrates.
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Coccydynia
Coccydynia is a medical term meaning pain in the coccyx or tailbone area, often brought on by a fall onto the coccyx or by persistent irritation usually from sitting.
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Coccyx
The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in humans and apes, and certain other mammals such as horses.
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Congenital vertebral anomaly
Congenital vertebral anomalies are a collection of malformations of the spine.
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Conus medullaris
The conus medullaris (Latin for "medullary cone") or conus terminalis is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord.
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Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.
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Elasmosaurus
Elasmosaurus is a genus of plesiosaur that lived in North America during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period, about 80.5million years ago.
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Extinction
In biology, extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species.
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Facet joint
The facet joints, (or zygapophysial joints, zygapophyseal, apophyseal, or Z-joints) are a set of synovial, plane joints between the articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae.
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Female
Female (♀) is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, that produces non-mobile ova (egg cells).
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Fetus
A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.
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Fish
Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.
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Functional neurological symptom disorder
A functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which patients experience neurological symptoms such as weakness, movement disorders, sensory symptoms and blackouts.
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Gastrulation
Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.
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Gecko
Geckos are lizards belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, found in warm climates throughout the world.
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Grey matter
Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.
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Hadrosaurid
Hadrosaurids (ἁδρός, hadrós, "stout, thick"), or duck-billed dinosaurs, are members of the ornithischian family Hadrosauridae.
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Haemal arch
A haemal arch (also spelled hemal arch) is a bony arch on the ventral side of a tail vertebra of a vertebrate.
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Hagfish
Hagfish, the class '''Myxini''' (also known as Hyperotreti), are eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish (occasionally called slime eels).
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Hernia
A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides.
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Hox gene
Hox genes, a subset of homeotic genes, are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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Human embryogenesis
Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development.
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Interspinous ligament
The interspinous ligaments (interspinal ligaments) are thin and membranous ligaments, that connect adjoining spinous processes of the vertebra in the spine.
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Intervertebral disc
An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column.
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Intervertebral foramen
The intervertebral foramen (also called neural foramen, and often abbreviated as IV foramen or IVF), is a foramen between two spinal vertebrae.
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Klippel–Feil syndrome
Klippel–Feil syndrome is a rare disease, initially reported in 1884 by Maurice Klippel and André Feil from France, characterized by the congenital fusion of any two of the seven cervical vertebrae.
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Kyphoscoliosis
Kyphoscoliosis describes an abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal and sagittal plane.
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Kyphosis
Kyphosis (from Greek κυφός kyphos, a hump) is an abnormally excessive convex kyphotic curvature of the spine as it occurs in the cervical, thoracic and sacral regions.
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Labyrinthodontia
Labyrinthodontia (Greek, "maze-toothed") is an extinct amphibian subclass, which constituted some of the dominant animals of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras (about 390 to 150 million years ago).
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Lamprey
Lampreys (sometimes also called, inaccurately, lamprey eels) are an ancient lineage of jawless fish of the order Petromyzontiformes, placed in the superclass Cyclostomata.
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Ligament
A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.
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Lordosis
Lordosis is the normal inward lordotic curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the human spine.
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Low back pain
Low back pain (LBP) is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back.
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Lumbar puncture
Lumbar puncture (LP), also known as a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal, most commonly to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic testing.
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Lumbar vertebrae
The lumbar vertebrae are, in human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis.
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Male
A male (♂) organism is the physiological sex that produces sperm.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Manatee
Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus Trichechus) are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living species in the order Sirenia: the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), and the West African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis).
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Meninges
The meninges (singular: meninx, from membrane, adjectival: meningeal) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord.
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Neck
The neck is the part of the body, on many vertebrates, that separates the head from the torso.
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Neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis
The neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis is about the changes in the bones, muscles and joints in cases of spinal deformity consisting of a lateral curvature scoliosis and a rotation of the vertebrae within the curve, that is not explained by either congenital vertebral abnormalities, or neuromuscular disorders such as muscular dystrophy.
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Neutral spine
A good posture refers to the "three natural curves are present in a healthy spine.". It is also called Neutral Spine.
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Notochord
In anatomy, the notochord is a flexible rod made out of a material similar to cartilage.
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Nuchal ligament
The nuchal ligament is a ligament at the back of the neck that is continuous with the supraspinous ligament.
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Occipital bone
The occipital bone is a cranial dermal bone, and is the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull).
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone.
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Paraxial mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm, also known as presomitic or somitic mesoderm is the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube.
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Pars interarticularis
The pars interarticularis, or pars for short, is the part of a vertebra located between the inferior and superior articular processes of the facet joint.
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Pelvis
The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is either the lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region of the trunk) or the skeleton embedded in it (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton).
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Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS).
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Plesiosauria
Plesiosauria (Greek: πλησίος, plesios, meaning "near to" and Sauria) or plesiosaurs are an order or clade of Mesozoic marine reptiles (marine Sauropsida), belonging to the Sauropterygia.
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Pneumothorax
A pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall.
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Posterior longitudinal ligament
The posterior longitudinal ligament is situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae, from the body of the axis, where it is continuous with the tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint, to the sacrum.
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Process (anatomy)
In anatomy, a process (processus) is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body.
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Pygostyle
Pygostyle describes a skeletal condition in which the final few caudal vertebrae are fused into a single ossification, supporting the tail feathers and musculature.
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Reptile
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.
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Retrolisthesis
A retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the subjacent vertebra to a degree less than a luxation (dislocation).
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Rib
In vertebrate anatomy, ribs (costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage.
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Sacrum
The sacrum (or; plural: sacra or sacrums) in human anatomy is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine, that forms by the fusing of sacral vertebrae S1S5 between 18 and 30years of age.
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Saddle
The saddle is a supportive structure for a rider or other load, fastened to an animal's back by a girth.
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Sarcopterygii
The Sarcopterygii or lobe-finned fish (from Greek σαρξ sarx, flesh, and πτερυξ pteryx, fin) – sometimes considered synonymous with Crossopterygii ("fringe-finned fish", from Greek κροσσός krossos, fringe) – constitute a clade (traditionally a class or subclass) of the bony fish, though a strict cladistic view includes the terrestrial vertebrates.
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Saurischia
Saurischia (meaning "reptile-hipped" from the Greek (σαῦρος) meaning 'lizard' and (ἴσχιον) meaning 'hip joint') is one of the two basic divisions of dinosaurs (the other being Ornithischia).
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Sauropoda
Sauropoda, or the sauropods (sauro- + -pod, "lizard-footed"), are a clade of saurischian ("lizard-hipped") dinosaurs.
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Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine has a sideways curve.
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Segmentation (biology)
Segmentation in biology is the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments.
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Shark
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head.
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Sloth
Sloths are arboreal mammals noted for slowness of movement and for spending most of their lives hanging upside down in the trees of the tropical rainforests of South America and Central America.
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Snake
Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes.
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Somite
Somites (outdated: primitive segments) are divisions of the body of an animal or embryo.
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Somitogenesis
Somitogenesis is the process by which somites form.
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Spina bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord.
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Spinal canal
The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in the vertebral column formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
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Spinal cord injury
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function.
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Spinal disc herniation
Spinal disc herniation, also known as a slipped disc, is a medical condition affecting the spine in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc allows the soft, central portion to bulge out beyond the damaged outer rings.
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Spinal disease
Spinal disease (also known as a dorsopathy) refers to a condition impairing the backbone.
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Spinal nerve
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.
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Spinal stenosis
Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramen that results in pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
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Splanchnic nerves
The splanchnic nerves are paired visceral nerves (nerves that contribute to the innervation of the internal organs), carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system (visceral efferent fibers) as well as sensory fibers from the organs (visceral afferent fibers).
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Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is the slippage or displacement of one vertebra compared to another.
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Supraspinous ligament
The supraspinous ligament, also known as the supraspinal ligament, is a ligament found along the vertebral column.
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Surface anatomy
Surface anatomy (also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of the external features of the body of an animal.
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Swan
Swans are birds of the family Anatidae within the genus Cygnus.
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Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Sympathetic trunk
The sympathetic trunks (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
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Synsacrum
The synsacrum is a skeletal structure of birds and other dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae.
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Teleost
The teleosts or Teleostei (Greek: teleios, "complete" + osteon, "bone") are by far the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, and make up 96% of all extant species of fish.
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Temnospondyli
Temnospondyli (from Greek τέμνειν (temnein, "to cut") and σπόνδυλος (spondylos, "vertebra")) is a diverse subclass of extinct small to giant tetrapods—often considered primitive amphibians—that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods.
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Theropoda
Theropoda (or, from Greek θηρίον "wild beast" and πούς, ποδός "foot") or theropods are a dinosaur suborder characterized by hollow bones and three-toed limbs.
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Thoracic vertebrae
In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.
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Three-toed sloth
The three-toed sloths are tree-living mammals from South and Central America.
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Tuatara
Tuatara are reptiles endemic to New Zealand.
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Two-toed sloth
Choloepus is a genus of mammals of Central and South America, within the family Megalonychidae consisting of two-toed sloths.
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Vertebra
In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.
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Vertebral foramen
In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen (opening) formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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White matter
White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column
