Table of Contents
66 relations: Acidosis, Addiction, Adrenergic storm, Antipsychotic, Autonomic nervous system, Autopsy, Benzodiazepine, Bipolar disorder, Blood test, Brodmann area 32, Cardiac arrest, Cardiovascular disease, Catatonia, Catecholamine, Consciousness, Dantrolene, Delirium, Depression (mood), Dopamine, Dopamine transporter, Dopaminergic pathways, Echolalia, Echopraxia, Electroconvulsive therapy, Emotional lability, Etiology, Excited delirium, Frontal lobe, Glossary of biology, Grandiosity, Hallucination, Hypertension, Hyperthermia, Hyperventilation, Ideation (creative process), Intravenous therapy, Ketamine, Luther Vose Bell, Mania, Mental disorder, Metabolic acidosis, Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Muteness, Neural circuit, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Neurological disorder, Neurotransmitter, Neurotransmitter receptor, Nucleus accumbens, Panic, ... Expand index (16 more) »
Acidosis
Acidosis is a biological process producing hydrogen ions and increasing their concentration in blood or body fluids.
Addiction
Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences.
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Adrenergic storm
An adrenergic storm is a sudden and dramatic increase in serum levels of the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline (also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine respectively), with a less significant increase in dopamine transmission.
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Antipsychotic
Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics and major tranquilizers, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.
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Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), sometimes called the visceral nervous system and formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the nervous system that operates internal organs, smooth muscle and glands.
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Autopsy
An autopsy (also referred to as post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death; or the exam may be performed to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.
Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially called "benzos", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.
See Bell's mania and Benzodiazepine
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks.
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Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
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Brodmann area 32
The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate cortex.
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Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest, also known as sudden cardiac arrest, is when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels.
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Catatonia
Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal.
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Catecholamine
A catecholamine (abbreviated CA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups next to each other) and a side-chain amine.
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Consciousness
Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence.
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Dantrolene
Dantrolene sodium, sold under the brand name Dantrium among others, is a postsynaptic muscle relaxant that lessens excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells.
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Delirium
Delirium (formerly acute confusional state, an ambiguous term which is now discouraged) is a specific state of acute confusion attributable to the direct physiological consequence of a medical condition, effects of a psychoactive substance, or multiple causes, which usually develops over the course of hours to days.
Depression (mood)
Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity.
See Bell's mania and Depression (mood)
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells.
Dopamine transporter
The dopamine transporter (DAT, also sodium-dependent dopamine transporter) is a membrane-spanning protein coded for in humans by the SLC6A3 gene (also known as DAT1), that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol.
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Dopaminergic pathways
Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control.
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Echolalia
Echolalia is the unsolicited repetition of vocalizations made by another person (when repeated by the same person, it is called palilalia).
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Echopraxia
Echopraxia (also known as echokinesis) is the involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions.
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Electroconvulsive therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or electroshock therapy (EST) is a psychiatric treatment where a generalized seizure (without muscular convulsions) is electrically induced to manage refractory mental disorders.
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Emotional lability
In medicine and psychology, emotional lability is a sign or symptom typified by exaggerated changes in mood or affect in quick succession.
See Bell's mania and Emotional lability
Etiology
Etiology (alternatively spelled aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation or origination.
Excited delirium
Excited delirium (ExDS), also known as agitated delirium (AgDS) or hyperactive delirium syndrome with severe agitation, is a widely rejected diagnosis characterized as a potentially fatal state of extreme agitation and delirium.
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Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes of the brain in mammals, and is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere (in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe). Bell's mania and frontal lobe are neurology.
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Glossary of biology
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.
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Grandiosity
In psychology, grandiosity is a sense of superiority, uniqueness, or invulnerability that is unrealistic and not based on personal capability.
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Hallucination
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality.
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Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia, also known simply as overheating, is a condition in which an individual's body temperature is elevated beyond normal due to failed thermoregulation.
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Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation is irregular breathing that occurs when the rate or tidal volume of breathing eliminates more carbon dioxide than the body can produce.
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Ideation (creative process)
Ideation is the creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas, where an idea is understood as a basic element of thought that can be either visual, concrete, or abstract.
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Intravenous therapy
Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein.
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Ketamine
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used medically for induction and maintenance of anesthesia.
Luther Vose Bell
Luther Vose Bell, M.D. (c. 1806 – February 11, 1862) was one of the thirteen mental hospital superintendents who met in Philadelphia in 1844 to organize the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), now the American Psychiatric Association, and the first medical specialty society in the United States.
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Mania
Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a mental and behavioral disorder defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect." During a manic episode, an individual will experience rapidly changing emotions and moods, highly influenced by surrounding stimuli.
Mental disorder
A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness, a mental health condition, or a psychiatric disability, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.
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Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis is a serious electrolyte disorder characterized by an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance.
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Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring medical intervention to achieve homeostasis.
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Muteness
In human development, muteness or mutism is defined as an absence of speech, with or without an ability to hear the speech of others.
Neural circuit
A neural circuit is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated.
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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications.
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Neurological disorder
A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system.
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Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. Bell's mania and neurotransmitter are Neuroscience.
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Neurotransmitter receptor
A neurotransmitter receptor (also known as a neuroreceptor) is a membrane receptor protein that is activated by a neurotransmitter.
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Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc; also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi, Latin for 'nucleus adjacent to the septum') is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
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Panic
Panic is a sudden sensation of fear, which is so strong as to dominate or prevent reason and logical thinking, replacing it with overwhelming feelings of anxiety, uncertainty and frantic agitation consistent with a fight-or-flight reaction.
Paranoia
Paranoia is an instinct or thought process that is believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety, suspicion, or fear, often to the point of delusion and irrationality.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology (or physiopathology) is a branch of study, at the intersection of pathology and physiology, concerning disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury.
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Positron emission tomography
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.
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Psychosis
Psychosis is a condition of the mind or psyche that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not real.
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Reverse tolerance
Reverse tolerance or drug sensitization is a pharmacological phenomenon describing subjects' increased reaction (positive or negative) to a drug following its repeated use.
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Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis (shortened as rhabdo) is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly, often due to high intensity exercise over a short period of time.
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.
See Bell's mania and Schizophrenia
Sedation
Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure.
Sensitization
Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response.
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Stereotypy
A stereotypy is a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance.
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Stimulant
Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase the activity of the brain.
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Stimulant psychosis
Stimulant psychosis is a mental disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms (such as hallucinations, paranoid ideation, delusions, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized behaviour).
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Striatum
The striatum (striata) or corpus striatum is a cluster of interconnected nuclei that make up the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia.
Tachycardia
Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
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