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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Index Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is an American federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California, Berkeley in 1952. [1]

164 relations: Accelerator mass spectrometry, Accelerator physics, AECOM, Al Gore, Allotropy, Anti-nuclear movement, Atlas (computer), Atmosphere, B41 nuclear bomb, B83 nuclear bomb, Battelle Memorial Institute, Bechtel, Berkeley Hills, Biophysics, Biosecurity, Biosensor, Biotechnology, Blue Gene, BWX Technologies, C. Bruce Tarter, Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Coal gasification, Cold War, Computer security, Condensed matter physics, Crystal structure, Dangerous goods, Dark matter, Deterrence theory, Diabetes mellitus, Dielectric wall accelerator, Edward Teller, Energy, Energy density, Environmental security, Ernest Lawrence, Explosive material, Extreme ultraviolet lithography, Federally funded research and development centers, Flerovium, Free-electron laser, Fusion power, General circulation model, Genome, Genomics, George H. Miller (physicist), Geothermal energy, Global warming, Golden, Colorado, Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense), ..., Herbert York, High energy density physics, High pressure, Homeland security, IBM Roadrunner, IBM Sequoia, In situ, Inertial confinement fusion, Integrated circuit, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International security, Isotope, John S. Foster Jr., Joint Genome Institute, Laser, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LIM-49 Spartan, Limited liability company, List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California, Livermore, California, Livermorium, LLNL HRS process, LLNL RISE process, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Magnetic confinement fusion, Manhattan Project, Mark 27 nuclear bomb, Massive compact halo object, MGM-52 Lance, Michael R. Anastasio, Moscovium, Nanobiotechnology, Nanotechnology, NASA, National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center, National Ignition Facility, National Institutes of Health, National Nuclear Security Administration, National security, Naval Air Station Livermore, New Mexico, Nihonium, Nobel Peace Prize, Norman Pattiz, Nuclear fusion, Nuclear material, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Nuclear weapon, Nuclear weapons testing, Office of Nuclear Energy, Office of Science, Oganesson, Oil shale, Optics, Parallel computing, Parney Albright, Particle accelerator, Pathogen, Peloton (super computer), Physics, Pleiades (supercomputer), Plutonium, Precision engineering, Project Sherwood, Pyrotechnics, Radiation therapy, Rechargeable battery, Reliable Replacement Warhead, Research and development, Retina, Roger Batzel, San Francisco Chronicle, Sandia National Laboratories, Shale oil extraction, Slurm Workload Manager, Software, Solar energy, Soviet Union, Stockpile stewardship, Supercomputer, Tennessine, Terrorism, Texas A&M University System, Top 100 Contractors of the U.S. federal government, TOP500, Transuranium element, UGM-27 Polaris, United States, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of Energy, United States Department of Homeland Security, United States dollar, United States Environmental Protection Agency, University of California Press, University of California, Berkeley, Uranium, UUM-44 SUBROC, W38, W45, W47, W48, W56, W58, W62, W68, W70, W71, W79, W82, W87, Warhead, Weapon of mass destruction, Westwood One (1976–2011), World War II. Expand index (114 more) »

Accelerator mass spectrometry

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a form of mass spectrometry that accelerates ions to extraordinarily high kinetic energies before mass analysis.

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Accelerator physics

Accelerator physics is a branch of applied physics, concerned with designing, building and operating particle accelerators.

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AECOM

AECOM (formerly known as AECOM Technology Corporation) is an American multinational engineering firm that provides design, consulting, construction, and management services to a wide range of clients.

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Al Gore

Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Allotropy

Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of these elements.

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Anti-nuclear movement

The anti-nuclear movement is a social movement that opposes various nuclear technologies.

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Atlas (computer)

The Atlas Computer was a joint development between the University of Manchester, Ferranti, and Plessey.

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Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.

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B41 nuclear bomb

The B-41 (also known as Mk-41) was a thermonuclear weapon deployed by the United States Strategic Air Command in the early 1960s.

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B83 nuclear bomb

The B83 thermonuclear weapon is a variable-yield unguided bomb developed by the United States in the late 1970s, entering service in 1983.

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Battelle Memorial Institute

Battelle Memorial Institute (more widely known as simply Battelle) is a private nonprofit applied science and technology development company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio.

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Bechtel

Bechtel Corporation (Bechtel Group, Inc.) is an engineering, procurement, construction, and project management company.

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Berkeley Hills

The Berkeley Hills are a range of the Pacific Coast Ranges that overlook the northeast side of the valley that encompasses San Francisco Bay.

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Biophysics

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the approaches and methods of physics to study biological systems.

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Biosecurity

Biosecurity has multiple meanings and is defined differently according to various disciplines.

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Biosensor

A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).

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Blue Gene

Blue Gene is an IBM project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the PFLOPS (petaFLOPS) range, with low power consumption.

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BWX Technologies

BWX Technologies, Inc., headquartered in Lynchburg, Virginia is an American technology i.e. power generation company.

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C. Bruce Tarter

Curtis Bruce Tarter is a physicist from the United States.

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Center for the Advancement of Science in Space

The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, or CASIS, is a US government-funded national laboratory, with principal research facilities located in the United States portion of the International Space Station (ISS).

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Coal gasification

Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas–a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapour (H2O)–from coal and water, air and/or oxygen.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Computer security

Cybersecurity, computer security or IT security is the protection of computer systems from theft of or damage to their hardware, software or electronic data, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.

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Condensed matter physics

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter.

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Crystal structure

In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material.

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Dangerous goods

Dangerous goods or hazardous goods are solids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment.

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Dark matter

Dark matter is a theorized form of matter that is thought to account for approximately 80% of the matter in the universe, and about a quarter of its total energy density.

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Deterrence theory

Deterrence theory gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons.

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Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

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Dielectric wall accelerator

A Dielectric Wall Accelerator (DWA) is a compact linear particle accelerator concept designed and patented in the late 1990s, that works by inducing a travelling electromagnetic wave in a tube which is constructed mostly from dielectric material.

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Edward Teller

Edward Teller (Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", although he claimed he did not care for the title.

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Energy

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

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Energy density

Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume.

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Environmental security

Environmental security examines threats posed by environmental events and trends to individuals, communities or nations.

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Ernest Lawrence

Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was a pioneering American nuclear scientist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron.

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Explosive material

An explosive material, also called an explosive, is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure.

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Extreme ultraviolet lithography

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (also known as EUV or EUVL) is a next-generation lithography technology using an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength, currently expected to be 13.5 nm.

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Federally funded research and development centers

Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) are public-private partnerships which conduct research for the United States Government.

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Flerovium

Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114.

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Free-electron laser

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a kind of laser whose lasing medium consists of very-high-speed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron.

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Fusion power

Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.

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General circulation model

A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model.

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Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.

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Genomics

Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.

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George H. Miller (physicist)

George H. Miller Ph.D. served as director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) from 2007 until 2011.

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Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.

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Global warming

Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.

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Golden, Colorado

Golden is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado, United States.

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Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)

Harold Brown (born September 19, 1927) is an American scientist who served as U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the cabinet of President Jimmy Carter.

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Herbert York

Herbert Frank York (24 November 1921 – 19 May 2009) was a part-Mohawkhttp://www.edge.org/conversation/nsa-the-decision-problem.

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High energy density physics

High-energy-density physics (HEDP) is a new subfield of physics intersecting nuclear physics, astrophysics and plasma physics.

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High pressure

In science and engineering the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure.

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Homeland security

Homeland security is an American umbrella term for "the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur".

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IBM Roadrunner

Roadrunner was a supercomputer built by IBM for the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA.

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IBM Sequoia

IBM Sequoia is a petascale Blue Gene/Q supercomputer constructed by IBM for the National Nuclear Security Administration as part of the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (ASC).

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In situ

In situ (often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position".

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Inertial confinement fusion

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a type of fusion energy research that attempts to initiate nuclear fusion reactions by heating and compressing a fuel target, typically in the form of a pellet that most often contains a mixture of deuterium and tritium.

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Integrated circuit

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at the request of member governments, dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective, scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts.

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International security

International security, also called global security, refers to the amalgamation of measures taken by states and international organizations, such as the United Nations, European Union, and others, to ensure mutual survival and safety.

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Isotope

Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.

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John S. Foster Jr.

John Stuart Foster Jr. (born September 18, 1922) is an American physicist, best known as the fourth director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and as Director, Defense Research and Engineering under four Secretaries of Defense and two Presidents.

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Joint Genome Institute

The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), currently located in Walnut Creek, California, was created in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in genome mapping, DNA sequencing, technology development, and information sciences pioneered at the DOE genome centers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).

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Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab, is a United States national laboratory located in the Berkeley Hills near Berkeley, California that conducts scientific research on behalf of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).

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LIM-49 Spartan

The LIM-49A Spartan was a United States Army anti-ballistic missile, designed to intercept attacking nuclear warheads from Intercontinental ballistic missiles at long range and while still outside the atmosphere.

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Limited liability company

A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States of America-specific form of a private limited company.

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List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California

This is a list of Wikipedia articles that are relevant to the topic of nuclear power and nuclear weapons history in the US state of California.

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Livermore, California

Livermore (formerly Livermores, Livermore Ranch, and Nottingham) is a city in Alameda County, California, in the United States.

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Livermorium

Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and atomic number 116.

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LLNL HRS process

LLNL HRS (hot recycled solid) process is an above-ground shale oil extraction technology.

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LLNL RISE process

The LLNL RISE process was an experimental shale oil extraction technology developed by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

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Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos or LANL for short) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory initially organized during World War II for the design of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project.

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Magnetic confinement fusion

Magnetic confinement fusion is an approach to generate thermonuclear fusion power that uses magnetic fields to confine the hot fusion fuel in the form of a plasma.

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Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

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Mark 27 nuclear bomb

The Mark 27 nuclear bomb and closely related W27 warhead were two American thermonuclear bomb designs from the late 1950s.

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Massive compact halo object

A massive astrophysical compact halo object (MACHO) is any kind of astronomical body that might explain the apparent presence of dark matter in galaxy halos.

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MGM-52 Lance

The MGM-52 Lance is a mobile field artillery tactical surface-to-surface missile (tactical ballistic missile) system used to provide both nuclear and conventional fire support to the United States Army.

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Michael R. Anastasio

Michael Anastasio (born 1948) led two national science laboratories during a time of transition.

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Moscovium

Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Mc and atomic number 115.

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Nanobiotechnology

Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology.

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

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National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center

The National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) is located at the University of California's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

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National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility, or NIF, is a large laser-based inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research device, located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California.

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National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.

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National Nuclear Security Administration

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is a United States federal government agency responsible for enhancing national security through the military application of nuclear science.

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National security

National security refers to the security of a nation state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, and is regarded as a duty of government.

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Naval Air Station Livermore

Naval Air Station Livermore was a United States Navy military facility located in Livermore, California.

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New Mexico

New Mexico (Nuevo México, Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern Region of the United States of America.

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Nihonium

Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Nh and atomic number 113.

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Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.

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Norman Pattiz

Norman Joel Pattiz (born January 18, 1943) is an American broadcasting entrepreneur who founded radio network Westwood One.

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Nuclear fusion

In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).

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Nuclear material

Nuclear material refers to the metals uranium, plutonium, and thorium, in any form, according to the IAEA.

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Nuclear Regulatory Commission

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with protecting public health and safety related to nuclear energy.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

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Nuclear weapons testing

Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield, and explosive capability of nuclear weapons.

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Office of Nuclear Energy

The Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) is an agency of the United States Department of Energy which promotes nuclear power as a resource capable of meeting the United States' energy, environmental, and national security needs by resolving technical and regulatory barriers through research, development, and demonstration.

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Office of Science

The Office of Science is a component of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).

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Oganesson

Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Og and atomic number 118.

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Oil shale

Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons, called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales), can be produced.

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Optics

Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.

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Parallel computing

Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out concurrently.

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Parney Albright

Dr.

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Particle accelerator

A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to nearly light speed and to contain them in well-defined beams.

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Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.

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Peloton (super computer)

The Peloton Super Computer purchase is a program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory intended to provide tera-FLOP computing capability using commodity Scalable Units (SUs).

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Pleiades (supercomputer)

Pleiades is a petascale supercomputer housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at NASA Ames Research Center located at Moffett Field near Mountain View, California.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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Precision engineering

Precision engineering is a subdiscipline of electrical engineering, software engineering, electronics engineering, mechanical engineering, and optical engineering concerned with designing machines, fixtures, and other structures that have exceptionally high tolerances, are repeatable, and are stable over time.

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Project Sherwood

Project Sherwood was the codename for a United States program in controlled nuclear fusion during the period it was classified.

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Pyrotechnics

Pyrotechnics is the science of using materials capable of undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound.

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Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is therapy using ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator.

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Rechargeable battery

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, secondary cell, or accumulator is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use.

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Reliable Replacement Warhead

The Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) was a proposed new American nuclear warhead design and bomb family that was intended to be simple, reliable and to provide a long-lasting, low-maintenance future nuclear force for the United States.

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Research and development

Research and development (R&D, R+D, or R'n'D), also known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, or improving existing services or products.

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Retina

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.

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Roger Batzel

Roger Elwood Batzel (December 1, 1921 – July 29, 2000) was an American nuclear scientist, best known as the director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for over sixteen years, from 1971 to 1988.

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San Francisco Chronicle

The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California.

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Sandia National Laboratories

The Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), managed and operated by the National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia (a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International), is one of three National Nuclear Security Administration research and development laboratories.

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Shale oil extraction

Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production.

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Slurm Workload Manager

The Slurm Workload Manager (formerly known as Simple Linux Utility for Resource Management or SLURM), or Slurm, is a free and open-source job scheduler for Linux and Unix-like kernels, used by many of the world's supercomputers and computer clusters.

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Software

Computer software, or simply software, is a generic term that refers to a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built, that actually performs the work.

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Solar energy

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Stockpile stewardship

Stockpile stewardship refers to the United States program of reliability testing and maintenance of its nuclear weapons without the use of nuclear testing.

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Supercomputer

A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer.

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Tennessine

Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Ts and atomic number 117.

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Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.

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Texas A&M University System

The Texas A&M University System is a state university system in Texas and is one of the state's six independent university systems.

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Top 100 Contractors of the U.S. federal government

The Top 100 Contractors Report is a list developed annually by the U.S. General Services Administration as part of its tracking of U.S. federal government procurement.

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TOP500

The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world.

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Transuranium element

The transuranium elements (also known as transuranic elements) are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (the atomic number of uranium).

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UGM-27 Polaris

The UGM-27 Polaris missile was a two-stage solid-fueled nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missile.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Department of Defense

The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Department of Energy

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a cabinet-level department of the United States Government concerned with the United States' policies regarding energy and safety in handling nuclear material.

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United States Department of Homeland Security

The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries.

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United States dollar

The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.

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University of California Press

University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.

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UUM-44 SUBROC

The UUM-44 SUBROC (SUBmarine ROCket) was a type of submarine-launched rocket deployed by the United States Navy as an anti-submarine weapon.

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W38

The W38 was an American thermonuclear warhead used in the early to mid-1960s as a warhead for Atlas E and F, and LGM-25 Titan I ICBMs.

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W45

The W45 was a multipurpose American nuclear warhead developed in the early 1960s, first built in 1962 and fielded in some applications until 1988.

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W47

The W47 was an American thermonuclear warhead used on the Polaris A-1 sub-launched ballistic missile system.

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W48

The W48 was an American nuclear artillery shell, capable of being fired from any standard 155 mm (6.1 inch) howitzer, e.g. the M114, M198 or M109.

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W56

The W56 was an American thermonuclear warhead produced starting in 1963 which saw service until 1993, on the Minuteman I and II ICBMs.

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W58

The W58 was an American thermonuclear warhead used on the Polaris A-3 submarine-launched ballistic missile.

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W62

The W62 is an American thermonuclear warhead designed in the late 1960s and manufactured from 1970 to 1976, used on some Minuteman III ICBMs and retired in 2010.

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W68

The W68 warhead was the warhead used on the UGM-73 Poseidon SLBM missile.

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W70

W70 is the designation for a tactical nuclear warhead developed by the United States in the early 1970s.

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W71

The W-71 nuclear warhead was a US thermonuclear warhead developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California and deployed on the LIM-49A Spartan missile, a component of the Safeguard Program, an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defense system briefly deployed by the US in the 1970s.

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W79

The W79 was an American nuclear artillery shell, capable of being fired from any standard 8 inch (203 mm) howitzer e.g. the M115 & M110 howitzer.

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W82

The W82 was a low-yield tactical nuclear warhead developed by the United States and designed to be used in a 155 mm artillery shell (sometimes called the XM785 shell).

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W87

The W87 is an American thermonuclear missile warhead.

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Warhead

A warhead is the explosive or toxic material that is delivered by a missile, rocket, or torpedo.

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Weapon of mass destruction

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.

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Westwood One (1976–2011)

Westwood One is an American radio network that was based in New York City.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory

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