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Innovation

Index Innovation

Innovation can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method". [1]

230 relations: A/B testing, Amazon (company), Atlassian, Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement, Australians, Balanced scorecard, Baltimore, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg L.P., Bold hypothesis, Boston Consulting Group, Brownfield land, Brownfield regulation and development, Business cluster, Business incubator, Business model, Business plan, Capital One, Capitalism, Carbon footprint, Chain-linked model, Commerce, Communication, Communities of innovation, Community development, Community Innovation Survey, Comparative advantage, Competition (companies), Competition law, Competitive advantage, Competitive intelligence, CompStat, Consumer, Cost-effectiveness analysis, Creative destruction, Creative problem-solving, Creativity, Dark Ages (historiography), Demand, Department for International Development, Developing country, Diffusion curve, Diffusion of innovations, Direct labor cost, Disruptive innovation, Drug discovery, Eco-innovation, Economic development, Economic Development Administration, Economic growth, ..., Economics, Efficiency, EHarmony, Electronic health record, Emergence, Emerging technologies, Energy, Energy independence, Engineering, Entrepreneurship, Environmental degradation, Environmental protection, Eric von Hippel, Europe, European Commission, Evidence-based policy, Exnovation, Facebook, Factor endowment, Fairchild Semiconductor, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Finland, Focus group, Frascati Manual, Gabriel Tarde, Global Competitiveness Report, Global Innovation Index, Globalization, Google, Government, Government debt, Government of Western Australia, Grand Challenges, Greatness, Harlem Children's Zone, Harvard Business Review, Harvard University, Health (journal), High tech, High-throughput screening, Higher education, HOPE VI, Hospital, Human Development Innovation Fund, Hybrid vehicle, Hype cycle, Incandescent light bulb, Indiana Business Research Center, Individual capital, Induced innovation, Industrial organization, Industrial processes, Information revolution, Information technology, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Ingenuity, Innovation economics, Innovation leadership, Innovation management, Innovation system, INSEAD, Institution, International development, International Innovation Index, Internet protocol suite, Invention, Japan, John Smart, Joseph Engelberger, Joseph Schumpeter, Journal of Generic Medicines, Knowledge economy, Landgate, Lead user, Linear model of innovation, Lisbon Strategy, List of countries by research and development spending, List of emerging technologies, List of Nobel laureates, List of Russian inventors, Management science, Manufacturing, Market (economics), Market share, Martin O'Malley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Medvedev modernisation programme, Metonymy, Metropolitan economy, Milken Institute, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology (China), Mobile app, Mobile data terminal, National Association of Manufacturers, Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, Netflix, New Scientist, New York City, Novelty (patent), Obsolescence, OECD, Open innovation, Open Innovations (event), Open space reserve, Open-source model, Operating model, Oslo Manual, Outcome-Driven Innovation, Oxford University Press, Packet switching, Paradigm shift, Participatory design, Patent, Performance measurement, Peter Drucker, Pharmaceutical innovations, Physicist, Pothole, Price controls, Pro-innovation bias, Problem solving, Procedure (term), Procter & Gamble, Product (business), Product-service system, Productivity, Public domain, Public housing, Public transport, Quality (business), Quality of life, Ray Kurzweil, Real-time locating system, Regulation, Research, Research and development, Richard Florida, ScienceDirect, Second Life, Service (economics), Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, Sigmoid function, Silicon Alley, Silicon Valley, Society, Software industry, South Korea, Stanford Research Park, Startup company, State of the art, Sustainable energy, Switzerland, Technological change, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Technological innovation system, Technological singularity, Technology, Technology life cycle, The Pentagon, Theories of technology, Timeline of historic inventions, Trans-cultural diffusion, Transistor, Transport, UNDP Innovation Facility, United States Agency for International Development, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Urban renewal, Use case, User innovation, Value network, Value-based pricing, Virtual product development, Website, William Shockley, World Wide Web. Expand index (180 more) »

A/B testing

In web analytics, A/B testing (bucket tests or split-run testing) is a randomized experiment with two variants, A and B. It includes application of statistical hypothesis testing or "two-sample hypothesis testing" as used in the field of statistics.

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Amazon (company)

Amazon.com, Inc., doing business as Amazon, is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company based in Seattle, Washington that was founded by Jeff Bezos on July 5, 1994.

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Atlassian

Atlassian Corporation Plc is an Australian enterprise software company that develops products for software developers, project managers, and content management.

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Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement

The Australia – United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) is a preferential trade agreement between Australia and the United States modelled on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

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Australians

Australians, colloquially known as Aussies, are people associated with Australia, sharing a common history, culture, and language (Australian English).

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Balanced scorecard

The balanced scorecard is a strategy performance management tool – a semi-standard structured report, that can be used by managers to keep track of the execution of activities by the staff within their control and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions.

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Baltimore

Baltimore is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland, and the 30th-most populous city in the United States.

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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), also known as the Gates Foundation, is a private foundation founded by Bill and Melinda Gates.

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Bloomberg L.P.

Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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Bold hypothesis

Bold hypothesis (or "bold conjecture") is a concept in the philosophy of science of Karl Popper, first explained in his debut The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935) and subsequently elaborated in writings such as Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1963).

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Boston Consulting Group

The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) is an American multinational management consulting firm with 90 offices in 50 countries.

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Brownfield land

Brownfield land is a term used in urban planning to describe any previously developed land that is not currently in use, whether contaminated or not or, in North America, more specifically to describe land previously used for industrial or commercial purposes with known or suspected pollution including soil contamination due to hazardous waste.

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Brownfield regulation and development

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines brownfield land as property where the reuse may be complicated by the presence of hazardous materials.

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Business cluster

A business cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field.

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Business incubator

A business incubator is a company that helps new and startup companies to develop by providing services such as management training or office space.

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Business model

A business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value,Business Model Generation, Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Alan Smith, and 470 practitioners from 45 countries, self-published, 2010 in economic, social, cultural or other contexts.

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Business plan

A business plan is a formal statement of business goals, reasons they are attainable, and plans for reaching them.

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Capital One

Capital One Financial Corporation is a bank holding company specializing in credit cards, auto loans, banking and savings products headquartered in McLean, Virginia.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Carbon footprint

A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions caused by an individual, event, organisation, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.

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Chain-linked model

The chain-linked model or Kline model of innovation was introduced by Stephen J. Kline in 1985, and further described by Kline and Rosenberg in 1986.

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Commerce

Commerce relates to "the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale.” Commerce includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that operate in any country or internationally.

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Communication

Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.

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Communities of innovation

Communities that support innovation have been referred to as Communities of Innovation (CoI),Coakes, E. and P. Smith.

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Community development

The United Nations defines community development as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." It is a broad term given to the practices of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens and professionals to improve various aspects of communities, typically aiming to build stronger and more resilient local communities.

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Community Innovation Survey

The Community Innovation Surveys (CIS) are a series of surveys executed by national statistical offices throughout the European Union and in Norway and Iceland.

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Comparative advantage

The law or principle of comparative advantage holds that under free trade, an agent will produce more of and consume less of a good for which they have a comparative advantage.

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Competition (companies)

Company competition, or competitiveness, pertains to the ability and performance of a firm, sub-sector or country to sell and supply goods and services in a given market, in relation to the ability and performance of other firms, sub-sectors or countries in the same market.

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Competition law

Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.

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Competitive advantage

In business, a competitive advantage is the attribute that allows an organization to outperform its competitors.

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Competitive intelligence

Competitive intelligence (CI) is the action of defining, gathering, analyzing, and distributing intelligence about products, customers, competitors, and any aspect of the environment needed to support executives and managers in strategic decision making for an organization.

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CompStat

CompStat—or COMPSTAT—(short for COMPare STATistics, which was the computer file name of the original program) is a combination of management, philosophy, and organizational management tools for police departments.

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Consumer

A consumer is a person or organization that use economic services or commodities.

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Cost-effectiveness analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action.

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Creative destruction

Creative destruction (German: schöpferische Zerstörung), sometimes known as Schumpeter's gale, is a concept in economics which since the 1950s has become most readily identified with the Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter who derived it from the work of Karl Marx and popularized it as a theory of economic innovation and the business cycle.

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Creative problem-solving

Creative problem-solving is the mental process of searching for an original and previously unknown solution to a problem.

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Creativity

Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed.

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Dark Ages (historiography)

The "Dark Ages" is a historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages, that asserts that a demographic, cultural, and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.

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Demand

In economics, demand is the quantities of a commodity or a service that people are willing and able to buy at various prices, over a given period of time.

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Department for International Development

The Department for International Development (DFID) is a United Kingdom government department responsible for administering overseas aid.

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Developing country

A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

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Diffusion curve

Diffusion curves are vector graphic primitives for creating smooth-shaded images.

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Diffusion of innovations

Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread.

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Direct labor cost

Direct labor cost is a part of wage-bill or payroll that can be specifically and consistently assigned to or associated with the manufacture of a product, a particular work order, or provision of a service.

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Disruptive innovation

In business, a Disruptive innovation is an innovation that creates a new market and value network and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network, displacing established market-leading firms, products, and alliances.

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Drug discovery

In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered.

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Eco-innovation

Eco-innovation is the development of products and processes that contribute to sustainable development, applying the commercial application of knowledge to elicit direct or indirect ecological improvements.

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Economic development

economic development wikipedia Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.

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Economic Development Administration

The Economic Development Administration (EDA) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that provides grants and technical assistance to economically distressed communities in order to generate new employment, help retain existing jobs and stimulate industrial and commercial growth through a variety of investment programs.

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Economic growth

Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time.

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Economics

Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Efficiency

Efficiency is the (often measurable) ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result.

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EHarmony

eharmony is an online dating website.

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Electronic health record

An electronic health record (EHR), or electronic medical record (EMR), is the systematized collection of patient and population electronically-stored health information in a digital format.

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Emergence

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.

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Emerging technologies

Emerging technologies are technologies that are perceived as capable of changing the status quo.

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Energy

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

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Energy independence

Energy independence is independence or autarky regarding energy resources, energy supply and/or energy generation by the energy industry.

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Engineering

Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations.

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Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which is often initially a small business.

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Environmental degradation

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.

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Environmental protection

Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on individual, organization controlled or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans.

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Eric von Hippel

Eric von Hippel (born August 27, 1941) is an American economist and a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, specializing in the nature and economics of distributed and open innovation.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

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Evidence-based policy

Evidence-based policy is a term often applied in multiple fields of public policy to refer to situations whereby policy decisions are informed by rigorously established objective evidence.

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Exnovation

In commerce and management, exnovation, an opposite of innovation, can occur when products and processes that have been tested and confirmed to be best-in-class are standardized to ensure that they are not innovated further.

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Facebook

Facebook is an American online social media and social networking service company based in Menlo Park, California.

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Factor endowment

In economics a country's factor endowment is commonly understood as the amount of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship that a country possesses and can exploit for manufacturing.

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Fairchild Semiconductor

Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California.

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Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung), abbreviated BMBF, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Finland

Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.

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Focus group

A focus group is a small, but demographically diverse group of people and whose reactions are studied especially in market research or political analysis in guided or open discussions about a new product or something else to determine the reactions that can be expected from a larger population.

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Frascati Manual

The Frascati Manual is a document setting forth the methodology for collecting statistics about research and development.

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Gabriel Tarde

Gabriel Tarde (in full Jean-Gabriel De Tarde; 12 March 1843 – 13 May 1904) was a French sociologist, criminologist and social psychologist who conceived sociology as based on small psychological interactions among individuals (much as if it were chemistry), the fundamental forces being imitation and innovation.

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Global Competitiveness Report

The Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) is a yearly report published by the World Economic Forum.

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Global Innovation Index

The Global Innovation Index (GII) is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation.

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Globalization

Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.

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Government debt

Government debt (also known as public interest, public debt, national debt and sovereign debt) is the debt owed by a government.

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Government of Western Australia

The Government of Western Australia, also referred to formally as Her Majesty's Government of Western Australia, or as the Western Australian Government or the West Australian Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of Western Australia.

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Grand Challenges

Grand Challenges are difficult but important problems set by various institutions or professions to encourage solutions or advocate for the application of government or philanthropic funds especially in the most highly developed economies Gould, M. "GIScience grand challenges: How can research and technology in this field address big-picture problems? ArcUser, 13 (4), 64–65." (2010).

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Greatness

Greatness is a concept of a state of superiority affecting a person or object in a particular place or area.

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Harlem Children's Zone

The Harlem Children's Zone (HCZ) is a non-profit organization for poverty-stricken children and families living in Harlem, providing free support in the form of parenting workshops, a pre-school program, three charter schools, and child-oriented health programs for thousands of children and families.

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Harvard Business Review

Harvard Business Review (HBR) is a general management magazine published by Harvard Business Publishing, a wholly owned subsidiary of Harvard University.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Health (journal)

Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine is a bimonthly peer-reviewed healthcare journal that covers research in the fields of health and the social sciences.

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High tech

High technology, often abbreviated to high tech (adjective forms high-technology, high-tech or hi-tech) is technology that is at the cutting edge: the most advanced technology available.

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High-throughput screening

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific experimentation especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology and chemistry.

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Higher education

Higher education (also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education) is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education.

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HOPE VI

HOPE VI is a plan by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

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Hospital

A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment.

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Human Development Innovation Fund

The Human Development Innovation Fund (also known as HDIF or HDIFtz or the Human Development Impact Fund) is a 40 million British Pound challenge fund providing grants to businesses, NGOs and research institutions for scaling innovations focused on the quality, value for money, and sustainability of basic services in education, health and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).

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Hybrid vehicle

A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor, e.g. in diesel-electric trains using diesel engines to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor, and submarines that use diesels when surfaced and batteries when submerged.

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Hype cycle

The hype cycle is a branded graphical presentation developed and used by the American research, advisory and information technology firm Gartner, for representing the maturity, adoption and social application of specific technologies.

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Incandescent light bulb

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence).

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Indiana Business Research Center

The Indiana Business Research Center (IBRC), established in 1925, is a research unit in the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University.

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Individual capital

Individual capital, the economic view of talent, comprises inalienable or personal traits of persons, tied to their bodies and available only through their own free will, such as skill, creativity, enterprise, courage, capacity for moral example, non-communicable wisdom, invention or empathy, non-transferable personal trust and leadership.

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Induced innovation

Induced innovation is a macroeconomic hypothesis first proposed in 1932 by John Hicks in his work The Theory of Wages.

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Industrial organization

In economics, industrial organization or industrial economy is a field that builds on the theory of the firm by examining the structure of (and, therefore, the boundaries between) firms and markets.

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Industrial processes

Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale.

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Information revolution

The term information revolution describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond the Industrial Revolution.

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Information technology

Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise.

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Information Technology and Innovation Foundation

The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) is a U.S. nonprofit public policy think tank based out of Washington, D.C. The organization focuses on public policies that spur technology innovation.

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Ingenuity

Ingenuity is the quality of being clever, original, and inventive, often in the process of applying ideas to solve problems or meet challenges.

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Innovation economics

Innovation economics is a growing economic theory that emphasizes entrepreneurship and innovation.

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Innovation leadership

Innovation leadership is a philosophy and technique that combines different leadership styles to influence employees to produce creative ideas, products, and services.

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Innovation management

Innovation management is a combination of the management of innovation processes, and change management.

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Innovation system

The concept of the innovation system stresses that the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises, and institutions is key to an innovative process.

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INSEAD

INSEAD is a graduate and proprofit business school with campuses in Europe (Fontainebleau, France), Asia (Singapore), and the Middle East (Abu Dhabi).

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Institution

Institutions are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior".

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International development

International development or global development is a wide concept concerning level of development on an international scale.

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International Innovation Index

The International Innovation Index is a global index measuring the level of innovation of a country, produced jointly by The Boston Consulting Group (BCG), the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), and The Manufacturing Institute (MI), the NAM's nonpartisan research affiliate.

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Internet protocol suite

The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks.

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Invention

An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process.

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Japan

Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.

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John Smart

John Smart (c. 1740–1811), was an English painter of portrait miniatures.

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Joseph Engelberger

Joseph Frederick Engelberger (July 26, 1925 – December 1, 2015) was an American physicist, engineer and entrepreneur.

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Joseph Schumpeter

Joseph Alois Schumpeter (8 February 1883 – 8 January 1950) was an Austrian political economist.

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Journal of Generic Medicines

The Journal of Generic Medicines is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering marketing, patent law, and regulatory issues relevant for generic drugs.

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Knowledge economy

The knowledge economy is the use of knowledge (savoir, savoir-faire, savoir-être) to generate tangible and intangible values.

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Landgate

The Western Australian Land Information Authority operates under the business name of Landgate.

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Lead user

Lead user is a term developed by Eric von Hippel in 1986().

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Linear model of innovation

The Linear Model of Innovation is an early model of innovation that suggests technical change happens in a linear fashion from Invention to Innovation to Diffusion.

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Lisbon Strategy

The Lisbon Strategy, also known as the Lisbon Agenda or Lisbon Process, was an action and development plan devised in 2000, for the economy of the European Union between 2000 and 2010.

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List of countries by research and development spending

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms and as per latest data available.

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List of emerging technologies

Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage.

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List of Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset, Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

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List of Russian inventors

This is a list of inventors from the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.

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Management science

Management science (MS), is the broad interdisciplinary study of problem solving and decision making in human organizations, with strong links to management, economics, business, engineering, management consulting, and other sciences.

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Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.

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Market (economics)

A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.

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Market share

Market share is the percentage of a market (defined in terms of either units or revenue) accounted for by a specific entity.

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Martin O'Malley

Martin Joseph O'Malley (born January 18, 1963) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 61st Governor of Maryland from 2007 to 2015.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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Medvedev modernisation programme

The Medvedev modernisation programme is an initiative launched by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev in 2009, which aims at modernising Russia's economy and society, decreasing the country's dependency on oil and gas revenues and creating a diversified economy based on high technology and innovation.

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Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.

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Metropolitan economy

A metropolitan economy refers to the cohesive, naturally evolving concentration of industries, commerce, markets, 2.

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Milken Institute

The Milken Institute is an independent economic think tank based in Santa Monica, California.

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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

The, also known as MEXT, Monka-shō, and formerly the, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government.

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Ministry of Science and Technology (China)

The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of the Government of the People's Republic of China, formerly the State Science and Technology Commission, is a ministry which coordinates science and technology activities in the country.

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Mobile app

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone/tablet or watch.

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Mobile data terminal

A mobile data terminal (MDT) or mobile digital computer (MDC) is a computerized device used in public transit vehicles, taxicabs, courier vehicles, service trucks, commercial trucking fleets, military logistics, fishing fleets, warehouse inventory control, and emergency vehicles, such as police cars, to communicate with a central dispatch office.

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National Association of Manufacturers

The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) is an advocacy group headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, with 10 additional offices across the country.

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Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake

Naval Air Weapons Station (NAWS) China Lake is a part of Navy Region Southwest under Commander, Navy Installations Command and is located in the Western Mojave Desert region of California, approximately north of Los Angeles.

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Netflix

Netflix, Inc. is an American over-the-top media services provider, headquartered in Los Gatos, California.

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New Scientist

New Scientist, first published on 22 November 1956, is a weekly, English-language magazine that covers all aspects of science and technology.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Novelty (patent)

Novelty is a requirement for a patent claim to be patentable.

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Obsolescence

Obsolescence is the state of being which occurs when an object, service, or practice is no longer wanted even though it may still be in good working order.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Open innovation

Open innovation is a term used to promote an information age mindset toward innovation that runs counter to the secrecy and silo mentality of traditional corporate research labs.

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Open Innovations (event)

Open Innovations (Forum and Technology Show) is an annual international forum that focuses on new technologies and perspectives of the international cooperation on innovations.

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Open space reserve

An open space reserve (also called open space preserve, open space reservation, and green space) is an area of protected or conserved land or water on which development is indefinitely set aside.

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Open-source model

The open-source model is a decentralized software-development model that encourages open collaboration.

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Operating model

Operating model is both an abstract or visual representation (model) of how an organization delivers value to its customers or beneficiaries as well as how an organisation actually runs itself.

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Oslo Manual

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's document "The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data", also known as the Oslo Manual, contains guidelines for collecting and using data on industrial innovation.

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Outcome-Driven Innovation

Outcome-Driven Innovation (ODI) is a strategy and innovation process developed by Anthony W. Ulwick.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.

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Packet switching

Packet switching is a method of grouping data which is transmitted over a digital network into packets which are made of a header and a payload.

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Paradigm shift

A paradigm shift (also radical theory change), a concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996), is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.

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Participatory design

Participatory design (originally co-operative design, now often co-design) is an approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is usable.

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Patent

A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.

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Performance measurement

Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component.

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Peter Drucker

Peter Ferdinand Drucker (November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was an Austrian-born American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of the modern business corporation.

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Pharmaceutical innovations

Pharmaceutical innovations are currently guided by a patent system, the patent system protects the innovator of medicines for a period of time.

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Physicist

A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.

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Pothole

A pothole is a structural failure in a road surface, usually asphalt pavement, due to water in the underlying soil structure and traffic passing over the affected area.

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Price controls

Price controls are governmental restrictions on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market.

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Pro-innovation bias

In diffusion of innovation theory, a pro-innovation bias is the belief that an innovation should be adopted by whole society without the need of its alteration.

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Problem solving

Problem solving consists of using generic or ad hoc methods, in an orderly manner, to find solutions to problems.

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Procedure (term)

A procedure is a document written to support a "policy directive".

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Procter & Gamble

Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G) is an American multi-national consumer goods corporation headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by British American William Procter and Irish American James Gamble.

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Product (business)

In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need.

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Product-service system

Product-service systems (PSS) are business models that provide for cohesive delivery of products and services.

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Productivity

Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production.

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Public domain

The public domain consists of all the creative works to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply.

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Public housing

Public housing is a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local.

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Public transport

Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or mass transit) is transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip.

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Quality (business)

In business, engineering, and manufacturing, quality has a pragmatic interpretation as the non-inferiority or superiority of something; it's also defined as being suitable for its intended purpose (fitness for purpose) while satisfying customer expectations.

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Quality of life

Quality of life (QOL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.

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Ray Kurzweil

Raymond Kurzweil (born February 12, 1948) is an American author, computer scientist, inventor and futurist.

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Real-time locating system

Real-time locating systems (RTLS) are used to automatically identify and track the location of objects or people in real time, usually within a building or other contained area.

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Regulation

Regulation is an abstract concept of management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends.

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Research

Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.

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Research and development

Research and development (R&D, R+D, or R'n'D), also known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, or improving existing services or products.

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Richard Florida

Richard L. Florida (born November 26, 1957, in Newark, New Jersey) is an American urban studies theorist focusing on social and economic theory.

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ScienceDirect

ScienceDirect is a website which provides subscription-based access to a large database of scientific and medical research.

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Second Life

Second Life is an online virtual world, developed and owned by the San Francisco-based firm Linden Lab and launched on June 23, 2003.

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Service (economics)

In economics, a service is a transaction in which no physical goods are transferred from the seller to the buyer.

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Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory

Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory was a pioneering semiconductor developer founded by renowned inventor William Shockley as a division of Beckman Instruments, Inc., in 1956.

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Sigmoid function

A sigmoid function is a mathematical function having a characteristic "S"-shaped curve or sigmoid curve.

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Silicon Alley

Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high tech industries including the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, game design, financial technology (fintech), and other fields within information technology that are supported by the area's entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments.

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Silicon Valley

Silicon Valley (abbreviated as SV) is a region in the southern San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California, referring to the Santa Clara Valley, which serves as the global center for high technology, venture capital, innovation, and social media.

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Society

A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

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Software industry

The software industry includes businesses for development, maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "Cloud based" (such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, MaaS, AaaS, etc.). The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, consulting and data recovery.

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South Korea

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk,; lit. "The Great Country of the Han People"), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and lying east to the Asian mainland.

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Stanford Research Park

Stanford Research Park (SRP) is a technology park established in 1951 as a joint initiative between Stanford University and the City of Palo Alto.

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Startup company

A startup company (startup or start-up) is an entrepreneurial venture which is typically a newly emerged business that aims to meet a marketplace need by developing a viable business model around a product, service, process or a platform.

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State of the art

State of the art (sometimes cutting edge) refers to the highest level of general development, as of a device, technique, or scientific field achieved at a particular time.

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Sustainable energy

Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects, especially environmental effects.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Technological change

Technological change (TC), technological development, technological achievement, or technological progress is the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes.

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Technological Forecasting and Social Change

Technological Forecasting and Social Change (formerly Technological Forecasting) is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier which discusses futures studies, technology assessment, and technological forecasting.

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Technological innovation system

The technological innovation system is a concept developed within the scientific field of innovation studies which serves to explain the nature and rate of technological change.

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Technological singularity

The technological singularity (also, simply, the singularity) is the hypothesis that the invention of artificial superintelligence (ASI) will abruptly trigger runaway technological growth, resulting in unfathomable changes to human civilization.

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Technology

Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".

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Technology life cycle

The technology life-cycle (TLC) describes the commercial gain of a product through the expense of research and development phase, and the financial return during its "vital life".

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The Pentagon

The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. As a symbol of the U.S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S. Department of Defense.

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Theories of technology

There are a number of theories attempting to address technology, which tend to be associated with the disciplines of science and technology studies (STS) and communication studies.

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Timeline of historic inventions

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions and the people who created the inventions.

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Trans-cultural diffusion

In cultural anthropology and cultural geography, cultural diffusion, as conceptualized by Leo Frobenius in his 1897/98 publication Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis, is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.

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Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

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Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another.

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UNDP Innovation Facility

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) established the Innovation Facility in 2014, with support from the Government of Denmark, as a dedicated funding mechanism to nurture promising development interventions.

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United States Agency for International Development

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance.

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United States Department of Defense

The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.

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United States Patent and Trademark Office

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an agency in the U.S. Department of Commerce that issues patents to inventors and businesses for their inventions, and trademark registration for product and intellectual property identification.

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Urban renewal

Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in the United Kingdom, urban renewal or urban redevelopment in the United States) is a program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay.

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Use case

In software and systems engineering, a use case is a list of actions or event steps typically defining the interactions between a role (known in the Unified Modeling Language as an actor) and a system to achieve a goal.

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User innovation

User innovation refers to innovation by intermediate users (e.g. user firms) or consumer users (individual end-users or user communities), rather than by suppliers (producers or manufacturers).

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Value network

A value network is a business analysis perspective that describes social and technical resources within and between businesses.

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Value-based pricing

Value-based price (also value optimized pricing) is a pricing strategy which sets prices primarily, but not exclusively, according to the perceived or estimated value of a product or service to the customer rather than according to the cost of the product or historical prices.

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Virtual product development

Virtual product development (VPD) is the practice of developing and prototyping products in a completely digital 2D/3D environment.

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Website

A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server.

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William Shockley

William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor.

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World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet.

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Redirects here:

Economics of Innovation, Economics of innovation, Economics of innovation and technological change, Economists of innovation, Foundational innovation, Incremental innovation, Innovate, Innovation behavior, Innovation process, Innovations, Innovative, Innovator, Innovators, Innovitation, Pioneer (innovator), Scientific innovation, Technological advancement, Technological innovation, Trendsetter, Trendsetting.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation

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