Table of Contents
849 relations: Administrative divisions of France, Adolf Hitler, Adyghe language, Aegean Sea, Age of Discovery, Age of Enlightenment, Agnosticism, Akkadian language, Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Al-Andalus, Albania, Alcuin, Alderney, Alfred A. Knopf, Allies of World War I, Allies of World War II, Alps, American Economic Association, American Revolutionary War, Americas, Amsterdam, Anabaptism, Anatolia, Anaximander, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman architecture, Ancient Roman engineering, Ancient Rome, Andorra, Andorra la Vella, Angles (tribe), Anglicanism, Ankara, Antoninus Pius, Apennine Mountains, Apollo, Appeasement, Arabic, Archaic Greece, Archimedes, Arctic fox, Aristotle, Arkhangelsk, Armenian language, Aruba, Asia, Astana, Astrakhan, Asturias, ... Expand index (799 more) »
- Continents
Administrative divisions of France
The administrative divisions of France are concerned with the institutional and territorial organization of French territory.
See Europe and Administrative divisions of France
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.
Adyghe language
Adyghe (or; also known as West Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians.
See Europe and Adyghe language
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia.
Age of Discovery
The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapping with the Age of Sail.
See Europe and Age of Discovery
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Europe and Age of Enlightenment
Agnosticism
Agnosticism is the view or belief that the existence of God, the divine, or the supernatural is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.
Akkadian language
Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
See Europe and Akkadian language
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Akrotiri and Dhekelia, officially the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA), is a British Overseas Territory on the island of Cyprus.
See Europe and Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.
Albania
Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.
Alcuin
Alcuin of York (Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus; 735 – 19 May 804) – also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin – was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria.
Alderney
Alderney (Aurigny; Auregnais: Aoeur'gny) is the northernmost of the inhabited Channel Islands.
Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915.
See Europe and Alfred A. Knopf
Allies of World War I
The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).
See Europe and Allies of World War I
Allies of World War II
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.
See Europe and Allies of World War II
Alps
The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.
See Europe and Alps
American Economic Association
The American Economic Association (AEA) is a learned society in the field of economics.
See Europe and American Economic Association
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.
See Europe and American Revolutionary War
Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America. Europe and Americas are continents.
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.
Anabaptism
Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά 're-' and βαπτισμός 'baptism'; Täufer, earlier also Wiedertäufer)Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term Wiedertäufer (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased.
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
Anaximander
Anaximander (Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus,"Anaximander" in Chambers's Encyclopædia.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Ancient Roman architecture
Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical ancient Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style.
See Europe and Ancient Roman architecture
Ancient Roman engineering
The ancient Romans were famous for their advanced engineering accomplishments.
See Europe and Ancient Roman engineering
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
Andorra
Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south.
Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella is the capital and largest city of Andorra.
See Europe and Andorra la Vella
Angles (tribe)
The Angles were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period.
Anglicanism
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.
Ankara
Ankara, historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.8 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (4,130 km2).
Antoninus Pius
Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (19 September AD 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161.
Apennine Mountains
The Apennines or Apennine Mountains (Ἀπέννινα ὄρη or Ἀπέννινον ὄρος; Appenninus or Apenninus Mons– a singular with plural meaning; Appennini)Latin Apenninus (Greek Ἀπέννινος or Ἀπέννινα) has the form of an adjective, which would be segmented Apenn-inus, often used with nouns such as mons ("mountain") or Greek ὄρος, but Apenninus is just as often used alone as a noun.
See Europe and Apennine Mountains
Apollo
Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology.
Appeasement
Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic negotiation policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power with intention to avoid conflict.
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Archaic Greece
Archaic Greece was the period in Greek history lasting from to the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, following the Greek Dark Ages and succeeded by the Classical period.
Archimedes
Archimedes of Syracuse was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily.
Arctic fox
The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small species of fox native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome.
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск), also known as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.
Armenian language
Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.
See Europe and Armenian language
Aruba
Aruba, officially the Country of Aruba (Land Aruba; Pais Aruba), is a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, situated in the south of the Caribbean Sea.
See Europe and Aruba
Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. Europe and Asia are continents.
See Europe and Asia
Astana
Astana, formerly known as Nur-Sultan, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Akmola, is the capital city of Kazakhstan.
Astrakhan
Astrakhan (Астрахань) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in southern Russia.
Asturias
Asturias (Asturies) officially the Principality of Asturias, (Principado de Asturias; Principáu d'Asturies; Galician–Asturian: Principao d'Asturias) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.
Atapuerca Mountains
The Atapuerca Mountains (Sierra de Atapuerca) is a karstic hill formation near the village of Atapuerca in the province of Burgos (autonomous community of Castile and Leon), northern Spain.
See Europe and Atapuerca Mountains
Athens
Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl HarborAlso known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, in the United States, just before 8:00a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941.
See Europe and Attack on Pearl Harbor
Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.
See Europe and Austria-Hungary
Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.
See Europe and Austrian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich, Kiegyezés) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which was a military and diplomatic alliance of two sovereign states.
See Europe and Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
Avalonia
Avalonia was a microcontinent in the Paleozoic era.
Avar language
Avar (магӏарул мацӏ,, "language of the mountains" or авар мацӏ,, "Avar language"), also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan.
Aveiro, Portugal
Aveiro is a city and a municipality in Portugal.
See Europe and Aveiro, Portugal
Avignon
Avignon (Provençal or Avignoun,; Avenio) is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France.
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.
Azerbaijani language
Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch.
See Europe and Azerbaijani language
Azores
The Azores (Açores), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira).
Bailiwick of Guernsey
The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey; Guernésiais: Bailliage dé Guernési) is a self-governing British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France, comprising several of the Channel Islands.
See Europe and Bailiwick of Guernsey
Baku
Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region.
See Europe and Baku
Balkan Gagauz language
Balkan Gagauz, Balkan Turkish or Rumelian (Rumeli Türkçesi), is a Turkic language spoken in European Turkey, in Dulovo and the Deliorman area in Bulgaria, the Prizren area in Kosovo, and the Kumanovo and Bitola areas of North Macedonia.
See Europe and Balkan Gagauz language
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars were a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913.
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
Baltic languages
The Baltic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5–7.0 million people mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Europe.
See Europe and Baltic languages
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.
Baltic Shield
The Baltic Shield (or Fennoscandian Shield) is a segment of the Earth's crust belonging to the East European Craton, representing a large part of Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia and the northern Baltic Sea.
Baltica
Baltica is a paleocontinent that formed in the Paleoproterozoic and now constitutes northwestern Eurasia, or Europe north of the Trans-European Suture Zone and west of the Ural Mountains.
Barcelona
Barcelona is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain.
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea (also; Barentshavet,; Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.
Bashkir language
Bashkir or Bashkort (translit) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch.
See Europe and Bashkir language
Basque language
Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.
See Europe and Basque language
Basques
The Basques (or; euskaldunak; vascos; basques) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians.
Battle of Berlin
The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II.
See Europe and Battle of Berlin
Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain (Luftschlacht um England, "air battle for England") was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) of the Royal Navy defended the United Kingdom (UK) against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe.
See Europe and Battle of Britain
Battle of France
The Battle of France (bataille de France; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (German: Westfeldzug), the French Campaign (Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of France, that notably introduced tactics that are still used.
See Europe and Battle of France
Battle of Kursk
The Battle of Kursk was a major World War II Eastern Front battle between the forces of Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in southwestern Russia during the summer of 1943, resulting in a Soviet victory. The Battle of Kursk was the single largest battle in the history of warfare. It, along with the Battle of Stalingrad several months earlier, are the two most oft-cited turning points in the European theatre of the war.
See Europe and Battle of Kursk
Battle of Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, theme of Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey).
See Europe and Battle of Manzikert
Battle of Prokhorovka
The Battle of Prokhorovka was fought on 12 July 1943 near Prokhorovka, southeast of Kursk, in the Soviet Union, during the Second World War.
See Europe and Battle of Prokhorovka
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of StalingradSchlacht von Stalingrad see; p (17 July 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad in southern Russia.
See Europe and Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Tours
The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul.
See Europe and Battle of Tours
Battle of Vienna
The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months.
See Europe and Battle of Vienna
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium), marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
See Europe and Battle of Waterloo
Battles of Narvik
The Battles of Narvik were fought from 9 April to 8 June 1940, as a naval battle in Ofotfjord and as a land battle in the mountains surrounding the north Norwegian town of Narvik, as part of the Norwegian Campaign of the Second World War.
See Europe and Battles of Narvik
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Bear
Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae.
See Europe and Bear
Beech
Beech (Fagus) is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Eurasia and North America.
See Europe and Beech
Begging
Begging (also panhandling) is the practice of imploring others to grant a favor, often a gift of money, with little or no expectation of reciprocation.
Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.
Belgrade
Belgrade.
Benelux
The Benelux Union (Benelux Unie; Union Benelux; Benelux-Unioun) or Benelux is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in Western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
Berlin
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).
Bern
Bern, or Berne,Bärn; Bèrna; Berna; Berna.
See Europe and Bern
Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
The Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, also known as the Bern Convention (or Berne Convention), is a binding international legal instrument in the field of Nature Conservation, it covers the natural heritage in Europe, as well as in some African countries.
See Europe and Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
Birch
A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams.
See Europe and Birch
Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.
Book of Jubilees
The Book of Jubilees is an ancient Jewish apocryphal text of 50 chapters (1341 verses), considered canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, as well as by Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews).
See Europe and Book of Jubilees
Bordeaux
Bordeaux (Gascon Bordèu; Bordele) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, southwestern France.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.
See Europe and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait (Istanbul strait, colloquially Boğaz) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey.
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.
Breakup of Yugoslavia
After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, the constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused a series of inter-ethnic Yugoslav Wars.
See Europe and Breakup of Yugoslavia
Breton language
Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language group spoken in Brittany, part of modern-day France.
See Europe and Breton language
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
British English
British English is the set of varieties of the English language native to the island of Great Britain.
See Europe and British English
British Overseas Territories
The British Overseas Territories (BOTs) are the 14 territories with a constitutional and historical link with the United Kingdom that, while not forming part of the United Kingdom itself, are part of its sovereign territory.
See Europe and British Overseas Territories
Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary (abbr.; 35 volumes, small; 86 volumes, large) is a comprehensive multi-volume encyclopaedia in Russian.
See Europe and Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
Brussels
Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.
Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania.
Budapest
Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary.
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.
Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between the 5th and 7th centuries.
Byzantium
Byzantium or Byzantion (Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Thracian settlement and later a Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and which is known as Istanbul today.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Europe and Cambridge University Press
Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.
Capital city
A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational division, usually as its seat of the government.
Cardium pottery
Cardium pottery or Cardial ware is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the heart-shaped shell of the Corculum cardissa, a member of the cockle family Cardiidae.
See Europe and Cardium pottery
Carnivore
A carnivore, or meat-eater (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning meat or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements are met by the consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other soft tissues) whether through hunting or scavenging.
Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.
See Europe and Carolingian dynasty
Carolingian Empire
The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.
See Europe and Carolingian Empire
Carolingian Renaissance
The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.
See Europe and Carolingian Renaissance
Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe and Southeast Europe.
See Europe and Carpathian Mountains
Cathedral school
Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities.
See Europe and Cathedral school
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Europe and Catholic Church
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe.
See Europe and Caucasus Mountains
Causewayed enclosure
A causewayed enclosure is a type of large prehistoric earthwork common to the early Neolithic in Europe.
See Europe and Causewayed enclosure
Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic.
See Europe and Celtic languages
Celtic Sea
The Celtic Sea is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the southern coast of Ireland bounded to the north by Saint George's Channel; other limits include the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany.
Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.
See Europe and Celts
Central and Eastern Europe
Central and Eastern Europe is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (primarily the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact in Europe, as well as from former Yugoslavia.
See Europe and Central and Eastern Europe
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).
Centralized government
A centralized government (also united government) is one in which both executive and legislative power is concentrated centrally at the higher level as opposed to it being more distributed at various lower level governments.
See Europe and Centralized government
Ceuta
Ceuta (Sabta; Sabtah) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast.
See Europe and Ceuta
Chalcolithic
The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper.
Channel Islands
The Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy.
See Europe and Channel Islands
Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
Charles Martel
Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.
Chechen language
Chechen (Нохчийн мотт, Noxçiyn mott) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of Europe, Jordan, Austria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) and Georgia.
See Europe and Chechen language
Chișinău
Chișinău (formerly known as Kishinev) is the capital and largest city of Moldova.
Child labour
Child labour is the exploitation of children through any form of work that interferes with their ability to attend regular school, or is mentally, physically, socially and morally harmful.
Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.
See Europe and Chile
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
See Europe and China
Christendom
Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christianization
Christianization (or Christianisation) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity.
See Europe and Christianization
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
See Europe and Christopher Columbus
Chuvash language
Chuvash (Чӑвашла) is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas.
See Europe and Chuvash language
City of San Marino
The City of San Marino (Città di San Marino), also known simply as San Marino and locally as Città, is the capital city of the Republic of San Marino and one of its nine.
See Europe and City of San Marino
City-state
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Europe and Classical antiquity
Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes (Κλεισθένης), or Clisthenes, was an ancient Athenian lawgiver credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC.
Coimbra
Coimbra (also,, or) is a city and a municipality in Portugal.
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Columbia (supercontinent)
Columbia, also known as Nuna or Hudsonland, is a hypothetical ancient supercontinent.
See Europe and Columbia (supercontinent)
Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
See Europe and Columbia University Press
Comecon
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, CEMA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of socialist states elsewhere in the world.
Confederation
A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a political union of sovereign states or communities united for purposes of common action.
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire.
See Europe and Congress of Berlin
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
See Europe and Congress of Vienna
Conifer
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms.
Constantine the Great
Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
See Europe and Constantine the Great
Constantine the Great and Christianity
During the reign of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (306–337 AD), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire.
See Europe and Constantine the Great and Christianity
Constantinople
Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.
See Europe and Constitutional monarchy
Continental climate
Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm to hot summers and cold winters).
See Europe and Continental climate
Continental Europe
Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.
See Europe and Continental Europe
Copenhagen
Copenhagen (København) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the urban area.
Corded Ware culture
The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.
See Europe and Corded Ware culture
Cornish language
Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family.
See Europe and Cornish language
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.
See Europe and Council of Europe
Crete
Crete (translit, Modern:, Ancient) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica.
See Europe and Crete
Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441–1783, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde.
See Europe and Crimean Khanate
Crimean Tatar language
Crimean Tatar, also called Crimean, is a moribund Kipchak Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada.
See Europe and Crimean Tatar language
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group and nation native to Crimea.
Crisis of the late Middle Ages
The crisis of the Middle Ages was a series of events in the 14th and 15th centuries that ended centuries of European stability during the late Middle Ages.
See Europe and Crisis of the late Middle Ages
Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.
Crown Dependencies
The Crown Dependencies are three offshore island territories in the British Islands that are self-governing possessions of the British Crown: the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey, both located in the English Channel and together known as the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland.
See Europe and Crown Dependencies
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Korona Królestwa Polskiego; Corona Regni Poloniae) was a political and legal idea formed in the 14th century, assuming unity, indivisibility and continuity of the state.
See Europe and Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
Culture of Europe
The culture of Europe is diverse, and rooted in its art, architecture, traditions, cuisines, music, folklore, embroidery, film, literature, economics, philosophy and religious customs.
See Europe and Culture of Europe
Culture of Greece
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Minoan and later in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, while influencing the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.
See Europe and Culture of Greece
Cumania
The name Cumania originated as the Latin exonym for the Cuman–Kipchak confederation, which was a tribal confederation in the western part of the Eurasian Steppe, between the 10th and 13th centuries.
Cumans
The Cumans or Kumans (kumani; Kumanen;; Połowcy; cumani; polovtsy; polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language.
Cupressus sempervirens
Cupressus sempervirens, the Mediterranean cypress (also known as Italian cypress, Tuscan cypress, Persian cypress, or pencil pine), is a species of cypress native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Iran.
See Europe and Cupressus sempervirens
Curaçao
Curaçao (or, or, Papiamentu), officially the Country of Curaçao (Land Curaçao; Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea, specifically the Dutch Caribbean region, about north of Venezuela.
Cyprus
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Cyprus in the Middle Ages
The Medieval history of Cyprus starts with the division of the Roman Empire into an Eastern and Western half.
See Europe and Cyprus in the Middle Ages
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany.
De facto
De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.
Decolonization
independence. Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas.
Deforestation
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.
Deluge (history)
The Deluge (potop szwedzki; švedų tvanas) was a series of mid-17th-century military campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
See Europe and Deluge (history)
Democracy
Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.
Demographics of Europe
Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe's boundaries.
See Europe and Demographics of Europe
Denmark
Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.
Dependent territory
A dependent territory, dependent area, or dependency (sometimes referred as an external territory) is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state and remains politically outside the controlling state's integral area.
See Europe and Dependent territory
Der Spiegel (website)
() is a German news website.
See Europe and Der Spiegel (website)
Diet of Worms
The Diet of Worms of 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial Free City of Worms.
Dinaric Alps
The Dinaric Alps, also Dinarides, are a mountain range in Southern and Southcentral Europe, separating the continental Balkan Peninsula from the Adriatic Sea.
Distribution of wealth
The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society.
See Europe and Distribution of wealth
Dolphin
A dolphin is an aquatic mammal in the clade Odontoceti (toothed whale).
Don (river)
The Don (p) is the fifth-longest river in Europe.
Douglas Freshfield
Douglas William Freshfield (27 April 1845 – 9 February 1934) was a British lawyer, mountaineer and author, who edited the Alpine Journal from 1872 to 1880.
See Europe and Douglas Freshfield
Douglas, Isle of Man
Douglas (Doolish) is the capital city and largest settlement of the Isle of Man, with a population of 26,677 (2021) and an area of.
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Dover Publications
Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward and Blanche Cirker.
See Europe and Dover Publications
Drainage divide
A drainage divide, water divide, ridgeline, watershed, water parting or height of land is elevated terrain that separates neighboring drainage basins.
See Europe and Drainage divide
Dublin
Dublin is the capital of the Republic of Ireland and also the largest city by size on the island of Ireland.
Early modern Europe
Early modern Europe, also referred to as the post-medieval period, is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the mid 15th century to the late 18th century.
See Europe and Early modern Europe
Early Muslim conquests
The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
See Europe and Early Muslim conquests
East Francia
East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.
East Germany
East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.
East–West Schism
The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054.
See Europe and East–West Schism
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
Eastern Front (World War II)
The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in contemporary German and Ukrainian historiographies, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland.
See Europe and Eastern Front (World War II)
Eastern Hemisphere
The Eastern Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth which is east of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and west of the antimeridian (which crosses the Pacific Ocean and relatively little land from pole to pole).
See Europe and Eastern Hemisphere
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Europe and Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.
See Europe and Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern question
In diplomatic history, the Eastern question was the issue of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries and the subsequent strategic competition and political considerations of the European great powers in light of this.
See Europe and Eastern question
Echinoderm
An echinoderm is any deuterostomal animal of the phylum Echinodermata, which includes starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers, as well as the sessile sea lilies or "stone lilies".
Edinburgh
Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.
Education in France
Education in France is organized in a highly centralized manner, with many subdivisions.
See Europe and Education in France
El País
() is a Spanish-language daily newspaper in Spain.
Elections in India
India has a parliamentary system as defined by its constitution, with power distributed between the union government and the states.
See Europe and Elections in India
Elections to the European Parliament
Elections to the European Parliament take place every five years by universal adult suffrage; with more than 400 million people eligible to vote, they are the second largest democratic elections in the world after India's.
See Europe and Elections to the European Parliament
Emba (river)
The Emba (Ембі Embı or Жем Jem, Эмба) in west Kazakhstan rises in the Mugodzhar Hills and flows across the Sub-Ural Plateau and Caspian Depression into the Caspian Sea.
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan, also referred to as the Japanese Empire, Imperial Japan, or simply Japan, was the Japanese nation-state that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the reformed Constitution of Japan in 1947.
See Europe and Empire of Japan
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Europe and Encyclopædia Britannica
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
English Armada
The English Armada (lit), also known as the Counter Armada or the Drake–Norris Expedition, was an attack fleet sent against Spain by Queen Elizabeth I of England that sailed on 28 April 1589 during the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War.
Enlargement of the European Union
The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union.
See Europe and Enlargement of the European Union
Epithet
An epithet, also a byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) commonly accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a real or fictitious person, place, or thing.
Erzya language
The Erzya language (эрзянь кель), also Erzian or historically Arisa, is spoken by approximately 300,000 people in the northern, eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent regions of Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia.
Essen
Essen is the central and, after Dortmund, second-largest city of the Ruhr, the largest urban area in Germany.
See Europe and Essen
Estonian language
Estonian (eesti keel) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family.
See Europe and Estonian language
Euclid
Euclid (Εὐκλείδης; BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician.
Eurasian brown bear
The Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is one of the most common subspecies of the brown bear, and is found in much of Eurasia.
See Europe and Eurasian brown bear
Eurasian wolf
The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), also known as the common wolf,Mech, L. David (1981), The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, University of Minnesota Press, p. 354, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to Europe and Asia.
Euratom
The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) is an international organisation established by the Euratom Treaty on 25 March 1957 with the original purpose of creating a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe, by developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member states while selling the surplus to non-member states.
Euripides
Euripides was a tragedian of classical Athens.
Euro
The euro (symbol: €; currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the member states of the European Union.
See Europe and Euro
Eurocentrism
Eurocentrism (also Eurocentricity or Western-centrism) refers to viewing the West as the center of world events or superior to all other cultures.
Eurodistrict
A eurodistrict is a European administrative entity that contains urban agglomerations which lie across the border between two or more states.
Euronews
Euronews (stylised in lowercase) is a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France.
Europa (consort of Zeus)
In Greek mythology, Europa (Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē) was a Phoenician princess from Tyre and the mother of King Minos of Crete.
See Europe and Europa (consort of Zeus)
European Capital of Culture
A European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union (EU) for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong pan-European dimension.
See Europe and European Capital of Culture
European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union.
See Europe and European Central Bank
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
See Europe and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
European Coal and Steel Community
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was a European organization created after World War II to integrate Europe's coal and steel industries into a single common market based on the principle of supranationalism which would be governed by the creation of a High Authority which would be made up of appointed representatives from the member states who would not represent their national interest, but would take and make decisions in the general interests of the Community as a whole.
See Europe and European Coal and Steel Community
European Court of Justice
The European Court of Justice (ECJ), formally just the Court of Justice (Cour de Justice), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law.
See Europe and European Court of Justice
European Economic Community
The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.
See Europe and European Economic Community
European hedgehog
The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), also known as the West European hedgehog or common hedgehog, is a hedgehog species native to Europe from Iberia and Italy northwards into Scandinavia and westwards into the British Isles.
See Europe and European hedgehog
European integration
European integration is the process of industrial, economic, political, legal, social, and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe, or nearby.
See Europe and European integration
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions.
See Europe and European Parliament
European Russia
European Russia is the western and most populated part of the Russian Federation.
See Europe and European Russia
European single market
The European single market, also known as the European internal market or the European common market, is the single market comprising mainly the member states of the European Union (EU).
See Europe and European single market
European theatre of World War II
The European theatre of World War II was one of the two main theatres of combat during World War II.
See Europe and European theatre of World War II
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
Euroregion
In European politics, the term Euroregion usually refers to a transnational co-operation structure between two (or more) contiguous territories located in different European countries.
Eurostat
Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Eurozone
The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.
Evangelicalism
Evangelicalism, also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that emphasizes the centrality of sharing the "good news" of Christianity, being "born again" in which an individual experiences personal conversion, as authoritatively guided by the Bible, God's revelation to humanity.
Exsurge Domine
is a papal bull promulgated on 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X. It was written in response to the teachings of Martin Luther which opposed the views of the Catholic Church.
Factory Acts
The Factory Acts were a series of acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom beginning in 1802 to regulate and improve the conditions of industrial employment.
Fall of Constantinople
The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.
See Europe and Fall of Constantinople
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.
See Europe and Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
Federation
A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).
Fennoscandia
Fennoscandia (Finnish, Swedish and nocat; Fennoskandiya), or the Fennoscandian Peninsula, is a peninsula in Europe which includes the Scandinavian and Kola peninsulas, mainland Finland, and Karelia.
Feudalism
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.
Fifth-century Athens
Fifth-century Athens was the Greek city-state of Athens in the time from 480 to 404 BC.
See Europe and Fifth-century Athens
Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe
This page compares the sovereign states of Europe on economic, financial and social indicators.
See Europe and Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe
Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.
See Europe and Financial Times
Finland
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.
First Austrian Republic
The First Austrian Republic (Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I which ended the Habsburg rump state of Republic of German-Austria—and ended with the establishment of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria based upon a dictatorship of Engelbert Dollfuss and the Fatherland's Front in 1934.
See Europe and First Austrian Republic
First Bulgarian Empire
The First Bulgarian Empire (blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans.
See Europe and First Bulgarian Empire
Fjord
In physical geography, a fjord or fiord is a long, narrow sea inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier.
See Europe and Fjord
Flag
A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design.
See Europe and Flag
Flora Europaea
The Flora Europaea is a 5-volume encyclopedia of plants, published between 1964 and 1993 by Cambridge University Press.
Florence
Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.
Flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae, commonly called angiosperms.
See Europe and Flowering plant
Forced labour
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families.
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) is the ministry of foreign affairs and a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.
See Europe and Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Forest
A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense community of trees.
Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III.
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) is a multilateral treaty of the Council of Europe aimed at protecting the rights of minorities.
See Europe and Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
France in the Middle Ages
The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions), and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis against the House of Plantagenet and their Angevin Empire, culminating in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) (compounded by the catastrophic Black Death in 1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.
See Europe and France in the Middle Ages
Francia
The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo.
See Europe and Francisco Franco
Franks
Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
Free market
In economics, a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers.
Free Territory of Trieste
The Free Territory of Trieste was an independent territory in Southern Europe between northern Italy and Yugoslavia, facing the north part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the United Nations Security Council in the aftermath of World War II.
See Europe and Free Territory of Trieste
French First Republic
In the history of France, the First Republic (Première République), sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, and officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution.
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French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
See Europe and French Revolution
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher.
See Europe and Galen
Gaul
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
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Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip (Гаврило Принцип,; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie, Duchess von Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
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Gdańsk
Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.
Geography (Ptolemy)
The Geography (Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις,, "Geographical Guidance"), also known by its Latin names as the Geographia and the Cosmographia, is a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century Roman Empire.
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Georgia (country)
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.
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Georgian language
Georgian (ქართული ენა) is the most widely spoken Kartvelian language; it serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages.
See Europe and Georgian language
German Empire
The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
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Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
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Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Giovanni Boccaccio (16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist.
See Europe and Giovanni Boccaccio
Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.
Glasnost
Glasnost (гласность) is a concept relating to openness and transparency.
Golden Banana
The Golden Banana or Sun Belt is an area of higher population density lying between Cartagena in the west and Genoa in the east along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
Golden jackal
The golden jackal (Canis aureus), also called the common jackal, is a wolf-like canid that is native to Eurasia.
Goths
The Goths (translit; Gothi, Gótthoi) were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.
See Europe and Goths
Governorate (Russia)
A governorate (guberniya, pre-1918 spelling: губе́рнія) was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire.
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Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)
The Grand Alliance, sometimes erroneously referred to as its precursor the League of Augsburg, was formed on 20 December 1689. Signed by William III on behalf of the Dutch Republic and England, and Emperor Leopold I for the Habsburg Monarchy, its primary purpose was to oppose the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France.
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Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
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Grassland
A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae).
Great Famine (Ireland)
The Great Famine, also known as the Great Hunger (an Gorta Mór), the Famine and the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of starvation and disease in Ireland lasting from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a historical social crisis and subsequently had a major impact on Irish society and history as a whole.
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Great Famine of 1315–1317
The Great Famine of 1315–1317 (occasionally dated 1315–1322) was the first of a series of large-scale crises that struck parts of Europe early in the 14th century.
See Europe and Great Famine of 1315–1317
Great Moravia
Great Moravia (Regnum Marahensium; Μεγάλη Μοραβία, Meghálī Moravía; Velká Morava; Veľká Morava; Wielkie Morawy, Großmähren), or simply Moravia, was the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, possibly including territories which are today part of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Poland, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine and Slovenia.
Great power
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.
Great Purge
The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (translit), also known as the Year of '37 (label) and the Yezhovshchina (label), was Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to consolidate power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet state.
Greater Caucasus
The Greater Caucasus is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains.
See Europe and Greater Caucasus
Greco-Persian Wars
The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC.
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Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
Greek War of Independence
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829.
See Europe and Greek War of Independence
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.
Guernsey
Guernsey (Guernésiais: Guernési; Guernesey) is the second-largest island in the Channel Islands, located west of the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy.
Gulag
The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.
See Europe and Gulag
Habsburg monarchy
The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg.
See Europe and Habsburg monarchy
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia ('Holy Wisdom'), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi), is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey.
Halford Mackinder
Sir Halford John Mackinder (15 February 1861 – 6 March 1947) was a British geographer, academic and politician, who is regarded as one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy.
See Europe and Halford Mackinder
Hawk
Hawks are birds of prey of the family Accipitridae.
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Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
See Europe and Hebrew language
Hecataeus of Miletus
Hecataeus of Miletus (Ἑκαταῖος ὁ Μιλήσιος;Named after the Greek goddess Hecate--> c. 550 – c. 476 BC), son of Hegesander, was an early Greek historian and geographer.
See Europe and Hecataeus of Miletus
Hegemony
Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.
Heligoland
Heligoland (Helgoland,; Heligolandic Frisian: deät Lun,, Mooring Frisian: Hålilönj, Helgoland) is a small archipelago in the North Sea.
Helsinki
Helsinki is the capital and most populous city in Finland.
Herman Moll
Herman Moll (mid-17th century – 22 September 1732) was a British cartographer, engraver, and publisher.
Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300.
See Europe and High Middle Ages
Hilaire Belloc
Joseph Hilaire Pierre René Belloc (27 July 187016 July 1953) was a French-English writer and historian of the early 20th century.
Hinduism
Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.
Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kôios), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician and philosopher of the classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
Histories (Herodotus)
The Histories (Ἱστορίαι, Historíai; also known as The History) of Herodotus is considered the founding work of history in Western literature.
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Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension, the term historiography is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.
Holy Land
The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine.
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
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Homer
Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.
See Europe and Homer
Homeric Hymns
The Homeric Hymns are a collection of thirty-three ancient Greek hymns and one epigram.
Hominini
The Hominini (hominins) form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae (hominines).
Homo antecessor
Homo antecessor (Latin "pioneer man") is an extinct species of archaic human recorded in the Spanish Sierra de Atapuerca, a productive archaeological site, from 1.2 to 0.8 million years ago during the Early Pleistocene.
See Europe and Homo antecessor
House of Medici
The House of Medici was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first consolidated power in the Republic of Florence under Cosimo de' Medici during the first half of the 15th century.
See Europe and House of Medici
Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Uralic language of the proposed Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries.
See Europe and Hungarian language
Hungary
Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD.
See Europe and Huns
Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived lifestyle, in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild edible plants but also insects, fungi, honey, bird eggs, or anything safe to eat, and/or by hunting game (pursuing and/or trapping and killing wild animals, including catching fish).
See Europe and Hunter-gatherer
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
See Europe and Iberian Peninsula
Iceland
Iceland (Ísland) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe.
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
See Europe and India
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
See Europe and Indo-European languages
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.
See Europe and Industrial Revolution
Inquisition
The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.
Interglacial
An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age.
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Europe and International Monetary Fund
International Organization for Migration
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is a United Nations related organization working in the field of migration.
See Europe and International Organization for Migration
Invasion of Poland
The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II.
See Europe and Invasion of Poland
Irreligion
Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.
Irtysh
The Irtysh is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan.
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.
Islam in Russia
Islam is a major religious minority in the Russian Federation, which has the largest Muslim population in Europe excluding Turkey.
See Europe and Islam in Russia
Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (Mannin, also Ellan Vannin) or Mann, is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland.
Istanbul
Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, straddling the Bosporus Strait, the boundary between Europe and Asia.
Isturits
Isturits (also Isturitz) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
Italian language
Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.
See Europe and Italian language
Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
See Europe and Italian Peninsula
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
See Europe and Italy
Ivan III of Russia
Ivan III Vasilyevich (Иван III Васильевич; 22 January 1440 – 27 October 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1462 until his death in 1505.
See Europe and Ivan III of Russia
Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Иван IV Васильевич; 25 August 1530 –), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584.
See Europe and Ivan the Terrible
Jersey
Jersey (label), officially known as the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west France.
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
Jewish population by country
the world's core Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population.
See Europe and Jewish population by country
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.
See Europe and Johannes Kepler
John Cary
John Cary (c. 1754 – 1835) was an English cartographer.
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.
Juan Sebastián Elcano
Juan Sebastián Elcano (Elkano in modern Basque; sometimes given as del Cano; 1486/1487 – 4 August 1526) was a Spanish navigator, ship-owner and explorer of Basque origin from Getaria, part of the Crown of Castile when he was born, best known for having completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth in the Spanish ship Victoria on the Magellan expedition to the Spice Islands.
See Europe and Juan Sebastián Elcano
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
Justinian I
Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.
Kalmykia
Kalmykia, officially the Republic of Kalmykia, is a republic of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia.
Kara Sea
The Kara Sea is a marginal sea, separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and from the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.
Karachay-Balkar
Karachay–Balkar (Къарачай-Малкъар тил, Qaraçay-Malqar til), or Mountain Turkic (Таулу тил, page), is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey.
See Europe and Karachay-Balkar
Katakana
is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji and in some cases the Latin script (known as rōmaji).
Kazakh language
Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs.
See Europe and Kazakh language
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.
Kerch Strait
The Kerch Strait is a strait in Eastern Europe.
Kingdom of Asturias
The Kingdom of Asturias was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius.
See Europe and Kingdom of Asturias
Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)
The Kingdom of Croatia (Kraljevina Hrvatska; Regnum Croatiæ), or Croatian Kingdom (Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo), was a medieval kingdom in Southern Europe comprising most of what is today Croatia (without western Istria, some Dalmatian coastal cities, and the part of Dalmatia south of the Neretva River), as well as most of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.
See Europe and Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)
Kingdom of Galicia
The Kingdom of Galicia (Reino de Galicia, or Galiza; Reino de Galicia; Reino da Galiza; Galliciense Regnum) was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.
See Europe and Kingdom of Galicia
Kingdom of Great Britain
The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800.
See Europe and Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of León
The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.
See Europe and Kingdom of León
Klaipėda
Klaipėda (Memel) is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast.
Komi language
Komi (label; Old Permic script: 𐍚𐍞𐍜𐍙 𐍚𐍯𐍮), also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (зыран коми кыв, 𐍗𐍯𐍛𐍐𐍝 𐍚𐍞𐍜𐍙 𐍚𐍯𐍮),.
Kraków
(), also spelled as Cracow or Krakow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.
Kuban (river)
The Kuban is a river in Russia that flows through the Western Caucasus and drains into the Sea of Azov.
Kuma–Manych Depression
The Kuma–Manych depression (Kumo–Manychskaya vpadina), is a geological depression in southwestern Russia that separates the Russian Plain to the north from Ciscaucasia to the south.
See Europe and Kuma–Manych Depression
Kumyk language
Kumyk (къумукъ тил,L. S. Levitskaya, "Kumyk language", in Languages of the world. Turkic languages (1997). qumuq til, قموق تیل) is a Turkic language spoken by about 426,212 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation.
Kyiv
Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.
See Europe and Kyiv
Language
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.
Language isolate
A language isolate is a language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with any other languages.
See Europe and Language isolate
Languages of Europe
There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family.
See Europe and Languages of Europe
Last Glacial Period
The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known as the Last glacial cycle, occurred from the end of the Last Interglacial to the beginning of the Holocene, years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the Late Pleistocene.
See Europe and Last Glacial Period
Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.
See Europe and Late Middle Ages
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Europe and Latin
Latin America
Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.
Latitude
In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body.
Latvia
Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
Latvian language
Latvian (latviešu valoda), also known as Lettish, is an East Baltic language belonging to the Indo-European language family.
See Europe and Latvian language
Laurasia
Laurasia was the more northern of two large landmasses that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent from around (Mya), the other being Gondwana.
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.
See Europe and Leonardo da Vinci
Leprosy
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
Lerwick
Lerwick (or; Leirvik; Larvik) is the main town and port of the Shetland archipelago, Scotland.
Lezgian language
Lezgian, also called Lezgi or Lezgin, is a Northeast Caucasian language.
See Europe and Lezgian language
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south.
Lisbon
Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.
List of countries and dependencies by population
This is a list of countries and dependencies by population.
See Europe and List of countries and dependencies by population
List of countries and dependencies by population density
This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by population density, sorted by inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile.
See Europe and List of countries and dependencies by population density
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.
See Europe and List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
GDP (PPP) means gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity.
See Europe and List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)
This is an alphabetical list of countries by past and projected gross domestic product (nominal) as ranked by the IMF.
See Europe and List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)
List of countries by total fertility rate
This is a list of all sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate (TFR): the expected number of children born per woman in her child-bearing years.
See Europe and List of countries by total fertility rate
List of epidemics and pandemics
This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease in humans.
See Europe and List of epidemics and pandemics
List of former European colonies
This is a list of former European colonies.
See Europe and List of former European colonies
List of metropolitan areas in Europe
This list ranks metropolitan areas in Europe by their population according to three different sources; it includes metropolitan areas that have a population of over 1 million.
See Europe and List of metropolitan areas in Europe
List of sovereign states
The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty.
See Europe and List of sovereign states
List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.
See Europe and List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)
List of states with limited recognition
A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such.
See Europe and List of states with limited recognition
List of transcontinental countries
This is a list of countries with territory that straddles more than one continent, known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states.
See Europe and List of transcontinental countries
Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.
Lithuanian language
Lithuanian is an East Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
See Europe and Lithuanian language
Ljubljana
Ljubljana (also known by other historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia, located along a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, north of the country's largest marsh, inhabited since prehistoric times.
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.
Luxembourg City
Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxembourg; Luxemburg), also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg or d'Stad; Ville de Luxembourg; Stadt Luxemburg or Luxemburg-Stadt), is the capital city of Luxembourg and the country's most populous commune.
See Europe and Luxembourg City
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.
See Europe and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Madeira
Madeira, officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (Região Autónoma da Madeira), is one of two autonomous regions of Portugal, the other being the Azores.
Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
Magna Carta
(Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called Magna Carta or sometimes Magna Charta ("Great Charter"), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.
Malta
Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Maltese language
Maltese (Malti, also L-Ilsien Malti or Lingwa Maltija) is a Semitic language derived from late medieval Sicilian Arabic with Romance superstrata.
See Europe and Maltese language
Manx language
Manx (Gaelg or Gailck, or), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Gaelic language of the insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family.
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (English:; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher.
See Europe and Marcus Aurelius
Mari language
The Mari language (марий йылме,; p), formerly known as the Cheremiss language, spoken by approximately 400,000 people, belongs to the Uralic language family.
Mariehamn
Mariehamn (Maarianhamina; Portus Mariae) is the capital of Åland, an autonomous territory under Finnish sovereignty.
Maritsa
Maritsa or Maritza (Марица), also known as Evros (Έβρος) and Meriç (Meriç), is a river that runs through the Balkans in Southeast Europe.
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe.
Marten
A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus Martes within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae.
Medieval demography
Medieval demography is the study of human demography in Europe and the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages.
See Europe and Medieval demography
Mediterranean Basin
In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin, also known as the Mediterranean Region or sometimes Mediterranea, is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have mostly a Mediterranean climate, with mild to cool, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.
See Europe and Mediterranean Basin
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Europe and Mediterranean Sea
Megacity
A megacity is a very large city, typically with a population of more than 10 million people.
Megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones.
Melilla
Melilla (script) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast.
Methodism
Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a Protestant Christian tradition whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley.
Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole), also known as European France, is the area of France which is geographically in Europe.
See Europe and Metropolitan France
Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
Migration Period
The Migration Period (circa 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.
See Europe and Migration Period
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.
See Europe and Mikhail Gorbachev
Milan
Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.
See Europe and Milan
Mingrelian language
Mingrelian, or Megrelian (მარგალური ნინა) is a Kartvelian language spoken in Western Georgia (regions of Mingrelia and Abkhazia), primarily by the Mingrelians.
See Europe and Mingrelian language
Minoan civilization
The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age culture which was centered on the island of Crete.
See Europe and Minoan civilization
Minority group
The term "minority group" has different usages, depending on the context.
Minsk
Minsk (Мінск,; Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers.
See Europe and Minsk
Modernity
Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era) and the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of the Renaissancein the Age of Reason of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century Enlightenment.
Moksha language
Moksha (label) is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Mokshas.
See Europe and Moksha language
Moldavia
Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei, literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: Молдова or Цара Мѡлдовєй) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River.
Moldova
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned between them or managed the sovereignty of the states in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania.
See Europe and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Monaco
Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, on the Mediterranean Sea.
Monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.
Monasticism
Monasticism, also called monachism or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.
Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities including the largest such as Kiev (50,000 inhabitants) and Chernigov (30,000 inhabitants).
See Europe and Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
Montenegro
Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.
Moors
The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
See Europe and Moors
Moscow
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.
Mugalzhar
Mugalzhar (Мұғалжар), also known as Mugodzhar Hills or Mugodzhar Range (Мугоджары), is a mountain range of moderate height in the Aktobe Region of northwestern Kazakhstan.
Munich Agreement
The Munich Agreement was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy.
See Europe and Munich Agreement
Music
Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise expressive content.
See Europe and Music
Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.
See Europe and Muslim conquest of Persia
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934 (1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938.
See Europe and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mycenaean Greece
Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in ancient Greece, spanning the period from approximately 1750 to 1050 BC.
See Europe and Mycenaean Greece
Nagorno-Karabakh
Nagorno-Karabakh is a region in Azerbaijan, covering the southeastern stretch of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range.
See Europe and Nagorno-Karabakh
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası) is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
See Europe and Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Naples
Naples (Napoli; Napule) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's administrative limits as of 2022.
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
Napoleonic Code
The Napoleonic Code, officially the Civil Code of the French (simply referred to as Code civil), is the French civil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception.
See Europe and Napoleonic Code
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.
See Europe and Napoleonic Wars
Nation state
A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.
See Europe and National Geographic Society
National park
A national park is a nature park designated for conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance.
National symbol
A national symbol is a manifestation of a nation or community to the world, serving as a representation of their identity and values.
See Europe and National symbol
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
See Europe and NATO
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
See Europe and Nature (journal)
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
Neandertal (valley)
The Neandertal (also,; sometimes called "the Neander Valley" in English) is a small valley of the river Düssel in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located about east of Düsseldorf, the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia.
See Europe and Neandertal (valley)
Near East
The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.
Neogene
The Neogene is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago.
Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
Neolithic Europe
The European Neolithic is the period from the arrival of Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of Early European Farmers in Europe, (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) until –1700 BC (the beginning of Bronze Age Europe with the Nordic Bronze Age).
See Europe and Neolithic Europe
Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.
See Europe and Neolithic Revolution
Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
New Monarchs
The New Monarchs is a concept developed by European historians during the first half of the 20th century to characterize 15th-century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments.
New World
The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.
New York City
New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.
See Europe and Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicosia
Nicosia (also known as Lefkosia in Greek and Lefkoşa in Turkish) is the capital and largest city of Cyprus.
Nile
The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.
See Europe and Nile
Ninety-five Theses
The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.
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Noah
Noah appears as the last of the Antediluvian patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions.
See Europe and Noah
Nogai Horde
The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century.
Nogai language
Nogai (Ногай тили, Nogay tili, Ногайша, Nogayşa) also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.
Nordic Council
The Nordic Council is the official body for formal inter-parliamentary Nordic cooperation among the Nordic countries.
Norman Cantor
Norman Frank Cantor (November 19, 1929 – September 18, 2004) was a Canadian-American medievalist.
Normandy landings
The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during the Second World War.
See Europe and Normandy landings
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres. Europe and North America are continents.
North Asia
North Asia or Northern Asia is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms and consists of three federal districts of Russia: Ural, Siberian, and the Far Eastern.
North Atlantic Current
The North Atlantic Current (NAC), also known as North Atlantic Drift and North Atlantic Sea Movement, is a powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward.
See Europe and North Atlantic Current
North Nicosia
North Nicosia or Northern Nicosia (Kuzey Lefkoşa; Βόρεια Λευκωσία) is the capital and largest city of the de facto state of Northern Cyprus.
North Sea
The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
Northeast Caucasian languages
The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Nakh-Daghestani or Vainakh-Daghestani, or sometimes Caspian languages (from the Caspian Sea, in contrast to Pontic languages for the Northwest Caucasian languages), is a family of languages spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia and in Northern Azerbaijan as well as in Georgia and diaspora populations in Western Europe and the Middle East.
See Europe and Northeast Caucasian languages
Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus.
See Europe and Northern Cyprus
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.
See Europe and Northern Hemisphere
Northern War of 1655–1660
The Northern War of 1655–1660, also known as the Second Northern War, First Northern War or Little Northern War, was fought between Sweden and its adversaries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1655–60), the Tsardom of Russia (1656–58), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657–60), the Habsburg monarchy (1657–60) and Denmark–Norway (1657–58 and 1658–60).
See Europe and Northern War of 1655–1660
Northwest Caucasian languages
The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages, is a family of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) chiefly in three Russian republics (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia), the disputed territory of Abkhazia, Georgia, and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.
See Europe and Northwest Caucasian languages
Northwestern Europe
Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern and Western Europe.
See Europe and Northwestern Europe
Norway
Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT.
See Europe and Nuclear proliferation
Nuuk
Nuuk (Nuuk, formerly Godthåb) is the capital of and most populous city in Greenland, an autonomous territory in the Kingdom of Denmark.
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Oak
An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family.
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Ob (river)
The Ob is a major river in Russia.
Oceania
Oceania is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Europe and Oceania are continents.
Octopus
An octopus (octopuses or octopodes) is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda. The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids.
Olive
The olive, botanical name Olea europaea, meaning 'European olive', is a species of small tree or shrub in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin.
See Europe and Olive
Online Etymology Dictionary
The Online Etymology Dictionary or Etymonline, sometimes abbreviated as OED (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary, which the site often cites), is a free online dictionary that describes the origins of English words, written and compiled by Douglas R. Harper.
See Europe and Online Etymology Dictionary
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
See Europe and Operation Barbarossa
Orient
The Orient is a term referring to the East in relation to Europe, traditionally comprising anything belonging to the Eastern world.
Oslo
Oslo (or; Oslove) is the capital and most populous city of Norway.
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Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Ottoman wars in Europe
A series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century.
See Europe and Ottoman wars in Europe
Oulu
Oulu (Uleåborg) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of North Ostrobothnia.
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Owl
Owls are birds from the order Strigiformes, which includes over 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers adapted for silent flight.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Europe and Oxford University Press
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
Pale of Settlement
The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 (de facto until 1915) in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden.
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Pan-European identity
Pan-European identity is the sense of personal identification with Europe, in a cultural or political sense.
See Europe and Pan-European identity
Pandemic
A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals.
Pannonian Avars
The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.
See Europe and Pannonian Avars
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city of France.
See Europe and Paris
Parliament
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.
Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a system of democratic government where the head of government (who may also be the head of state) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which they are accountable.
See Europe and Parliamentary system
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
See Europe and Partitions of Poland
Pax Romana
The (Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long period of Roman history which is identified as a golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonic power, and regional expansion.
Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.
See Europe and Peace of Westphalia
Pechenegs
The Pechenegs or PatzinaksPeçeneq(lər), Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: بَجَنَكْ, Pecenegi, Печенег(и), Печеніг(и), Besenyő(k), Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, პაჭანიკი, pechenegi, печенези,; Печенези, Pacinacae, Bisseni were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language.
Penguin Books
Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.
Pentecostalism
Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Charismatic Christian movement that emphasizes direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit.
Persecution of Jews
The persecution of Jews has been a major event in Jewish history prompting shifting waves of refugees and the formation of diaspora communities.
See Europe and Persecution of Jews
Peter Simon Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist, botanist, ethnographer, explorer, geographer, geologist, natural historian, and taxonomist.
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Peter the Great
Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.
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Petrarch
Francis Petrarch (20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374; Franciscus Petrarcha; modern Francesco Petrarca), born Francesco di Petracco, was a scholar from Arezzo and poet of the early Italian Renaissance and one of the earliest humanists.
Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.
See Europe and Pew Research Center
Philip II of Spain
Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.
See Europe and Philip II of Spain
Phoenician language
Phoenician (Phoenician) is an extinct Canaanite Semitic language originally spoken in the region surrounding the cities of Tyre and Sidon.
See Europe and Phoenician language
Phoney War
The Phoney War (Drôle de guerre; Sitzkrieg) was an eight-month period at the start of World War II during which there was only one limited military land operation on the Western Front, when French troops invaded Germany's Saar district.
Physical geography
Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the three main branches of geography.
See Europe and Physical geography
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems.
Picts
The Picts were a group of peoples in what is now Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, in the Early Middle Ages.
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Pillars of Hercules
The Pillars of Hercules are the promontories that flank the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar.
See Europe and Pillars of Hercules
Pine
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae.
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Plain
In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.
See Europe and Plain
Plantation
Plantations are farms specializing in cash crops, usually mainly planting a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on.
Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
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Platonic Academy
The Academy (Akadēmía), variously known as Plato's Academy, the Platonic Academy, and the Academic School, was founded at Athens by Plato circa 387 BC.
See Europe and Platonic Academy
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
Podgorica
Podgorica (Подгорица) is the capital and largest city of Montenegro.
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.
Polar bear
The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a large bear native to the Arctic and nearby areas.
Polis
Polis (πόλις), plural poleis (πόλεις), means ‘city’ in ancient Greek.
See Europe and Polis
Polish language
Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.
See Europe and Polish language
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
See Europe and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Politics
Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status.
Pontic–Caspian steppe
The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.
See Europe and Pontic–Caspian steppe
Pope
The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
See Europe and Pope
Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II (Urbanus II; – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death.
Population decline
Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size.
See Europe and Population decline
Population density
Population density (in agriculture: standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area.
See Europe and Population density
Population growth
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group.
See Europe and Population growth
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups.
See Europe and Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.
Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and later overseas territories, governed by the Kingdom of Portugal, and later the Republic of Portugal.
See Europe and Portuguese Empire
Posidonius
Posidonius (Ποσειδώνιος, "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος), was a Greek politician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, historian, mathematician, and teacher native to Apamea, Syria.
Prague
Prague (Praha) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia.
Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.
Principality of Serbia
The Principality of Serbia (Knjažestvo Srbija) was an autonomous state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian Revolution, which lasted between 1804 and 1817.
See Europe and Principality of Serbia
Principality of Serbia (early medieval)
The Principality of Serbia (Kneževina Srbija) was one of the early medieval states of the Serbs, located in the western regions of Southeastern Europe.
See Europe and Principality of Serbia (early medieval)
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a partially-annexed territory of Nazi Germany that was established on 16 March 1939 after the German occupation of the Czech lands.
See Europe and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Proto-Indo-European mythology
Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, speakers of the hypothesized Proto-Indo-European language.
See Europe and Proto-Indo-European mythology
Prussia
Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.
Pyrenees
The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain.
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (Πυθαγόρας; BC) was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism.
Quaternary glaciation
The Quaternary glaciation, also known as the Pleistocene glaciation, is an alternating series of glacial and interglacial periods during the Quaternary period that began 2.58 Ma (million years ago) and is ongoing.
See Europe and Quaternary glaciation
Quattrocento
The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1400 to 1499 are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento from the Italian word for the number 400, in turn from millequattrocento, which is Italian for the year 1400.
Quercus suber
Quercus suber, commonly called the cork oak, is a medium-sized, evergreen oak tree in the section ''Quercus'' sect. ''Cerris''.
Rainforest
Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire.
Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.
Rationalism
In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.
Real wages
Real wages are wages adjusted for inflation, or, equivalently, wages in terms of the amount of goods and services that can be bought.
Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.
Reformation
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.
Reformed Christianity
Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.
See Europe and Reformed Christianity
Refugee
A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their country of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for asylum.
Regions of Europe
Europe, the westernmost portion of Eurasia, is often divided into regions and subregions based on geographical, cultural or historical factors.
See Europe and Regions of Europe
Regions of Finland
Finland is divided into 19 regions (maakunta; landskap) which are governed by regional councils that serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of each region.
See Europe and Regions of Finland
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror or the Mountain Republic was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
See Europe and Reign of Terror
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
Renaissance art
Renaissance art (1350 – 1620) is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology.
See Europe and Renaissance art
Renaissance humanism
Renaissance humanism was a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.
See Europe and Renaissance humanism
Renaissance of the 12th century
The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages.
See Europe and Renaissance of the 12th century
Republic
A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.
See Europe and Republic of Ireland
Reykjavík
Reykjavík is the capital and largest city of Iceland.
Rhine
--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.
See Europe and Rhine
Rhineland
The Rhineland (Rheinland; Rhénanie; Rijnland; Rhingland; Latinised name: Rhenania) is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.
Richard J. C. Atkinson
Richard John Copland Atkinson CBE (22 January 1920 – 10 October 1994) was a British prehistorian and archaeologist.
See Europe and Richard J. C. Atkinson
Riga
Riga is the capital, the primate, and the largest city of Latvia, as well as one of the most populous cities in the Baltic States.
See Europe and Riga
Rioni
The Rioni (რიონი) is the main river of western Georgia.
See Europe and Rioni
Robert S. P. Beekes
Robert Stephen Paul Beekes (2 September 1937 – 21 September 2017) was a Dutch linguist who was emeritus professor of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at Leiden University and an author of many monographs on the Proto-Indo-European language.
See Europe and Robert S. P. Beekes
Rodinia
Rodinia (from the Russian родина, rodina, meaning "motherland, birthplace") was a Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic supercontinent that assembled 1.26–0.90 billion years ago (Ga) and broke up 750–633 million years ago (Ma).
Roman Britain
Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Roman Italy
Italia (in both the Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans.
Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
Roman–Persian Wars
The Roman–Persian Wars, also known as the Roman–Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian.
See Europe and Roman–Persian Wars
Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
See Europe and Romance languages
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
Romanian language
Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova.
See Europe and Romanian language
Rome
Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.
See Europe and Rome
Royal family
A royal family is the immediate family of kings/queens, emirs/emiras, sultans/sultanas, or raja/rani and sometimes their extended family.
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.
See Europe and Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
See Europe and Russian Civil War
Russian Empire census
The Russian Empire census, formally the First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897, was the first and only nation-wide census performed in the Russian Empire.
See Europe and Russian Empire census
Russian famine of 1921–1922
The Russian famine of 1921–1922, also known as the Povolzhye famine (Голод в Поволжье, 'Volga region famine') was a severe famine in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that began early in the spring of 1921 and lasted until 1922.
See Europe and Russian famine of 1921–1922
Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.
See Europe and Russian language
Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov', abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskovskiy patriarkhat), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian church.
See Europe and Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.
See Europe and Russian Revolution
Russians
Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was a major armed conflict that saw Russian arms largely victorious against the Ottoman Empire.
See Europe and Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
Saarland
Saarland (Sarre) is a state of Germany in the southwest of the country.
Sahara
The Sahara is a desert spanning across North Africa.
Saint Peter Port
St.
See Europe and Saint Peter Port
Samara Bend
The Samara Bend (Samarskaya Luka) is a large hairpin bend of the middle Volga River to the east where it meets the Samara River.
San Marino
San Marino (San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino (Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate and enclave within Italy.
Sarajevo
Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits.
Sark
Sark (Sercquiais: Sèr or Cerq, French) is an island, part of the Channel Islands in the southwestern English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, France.
See Europe and Sark
Saxons
The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
See Europe and Scientific Revolution
Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic (endonym: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland.
See Europe and Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Highlands
The Highlands (the Hielands; a' Ghàidhealtachd) is a historical region of Scotland.
See Europe and Scottish Highlands
Sea of Azov
The Sea of Azov is an inland shelf sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about) Strait of Kerch, and sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea.
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939.
See Europe and Second Polish Republic
Secularism
Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion.
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Europe and Semitic languages
Serbia
Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.
Serbian Empire
The Serbian Empire (Српско царство / Srpsko carstvo) was a medieval Serbian state that emerged from the Kingdom of Serbia.
Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian – also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.
Shock therapy (economics)
In economics, shock therapy is a group of policies intended to be implemented simultaneously in order to liberalize the economy, including liberalization of all prices, privatization, trade liberalization, and stabilization via tight monetary policies and fiscal policies.
See Europe and Shock therapy (economics)
Siege of Constantinople (717–718)
The second Arab siege of Constantinople was a combined land and sea offensive in 717–718 by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.
See Europe and Siege of Constantinople (717–718)
Skopje
Skopje (Скопје; Shkup, Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia.
Slavic languages
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.
See Europe and Slavic languages
Slavs
The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.
See Europe and Slavs
Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
The (First) Slovak Republic ((Prvá) Slovenská republika), otherwise known as the Slovak State (Slovenský štát), was a partially-recognized clerical fascist client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945 in Central Europe.
See Europe and Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
Slovakia
Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
Slovenia
Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.
Small tortoiseshell
The small tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae) is a colourful Eurasian butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.
See Europe and Small tortoiseshell
Sofia
Sofia (Sofiya) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.
See Europe and Sofia
Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Solidarity („Solidarność”), full name Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity" (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność”, abbreviated NSZZ „Solidarność”), is a Polish trade union founded in August 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland.
See Europe and Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Solutrean
The Solutrean industry is a relatively advanced flint tool-making style of the Upper Paleolithic of the Final Gravettian, from around 22,000 to 17,000 BP.
Sophocles
Sophocles (497/496 – winter 406/405 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41.
South Ossetia
South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus.
South Slavs
South Slavs are Slavic people who speak South Slavic languages and inhabit a contiguous region of Southeast Europe comprising the eastern Alps and the Balkan Peninsula.
Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos.
See Europe and Southeast Europe
Southern Europe
Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe.
See Europe and Southern Europe
Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half (hemisphere) of Earth that is south of the Equator.
See Europe and Southern Hemisphere
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
See Europe and Spain
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.
Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Europe and Spanish language
Spanish miracle
The Spanish miracle (el milagro español) refers to a period of exceptionally rapid development and growth across all major areas of economic activity in Spain during the latter part of the Francoist regime, 1959 to 1974, in which GDP averaged a 6.5 percent growth rate per year, and was itself part of a much longer period of an above average GDP growth rate from 1951 to 2007.
See Europe and Spanish miracle
Spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea, a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth.
Squid
A squid (squid) is a mollusc with an elongated soft body, large eyes, eight arms, and two tentacles in the orders Myopsida, Oegopsida, and Bathyteuthida.
See Europe and Squid
St Helier
St Helier (Jèrriais:; Saint-Hélier) is the capital of Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel.
St. Martin's Press
St.
See Europe and St. Martin's Press
Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and most populous city of the Kingdom of Sweden as well as the largest urban area in the Nordic countries.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric megalithic structure on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, west of Amesbury.
Strabo
StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.
Strait of Gibraltar
The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa.
See Europe and Strait of Gibraltar
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.
Sub-replacement fertility
Sub-replacement fertility is a total fertility rate (TFR) that (if sustained) leads to each new generation being less populous than the older, previous one in a given area.
See Europe and Sub-replacement fertility
Sudetenland
The Sudetenland (Czech and Sudety) is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by Sudeten Germans.
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal (قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia (and by extension, the Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt).
Supercontinent
In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass. Europe and supercontinent are continents.
Superpower
Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale.
Supranational union
A supranational union is a type of international organization and political union that is empowered to directly exercise some of the powers and functions otherwise reserved to states.
See Europe and Supranational union
Svalbard
Svalbard, previously known as Spitsbergen or Spitzbergen, is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean.
Svan language
Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; tr) is a Kartvelian language spoken in the western Georgian region of Svaneti primarily by the Svan people.
Svatopluk I of Moravia
Svatopluk I or Svätopluk I, also known as Svatopluk the Great (Medieval Latin: Zuentepulc(us), Zuentibald, Sventopulch(us), Zvataplug; Old Church Slavic: Свѧтопълкъ and transliterated Svętopъłkъ; Polish: Świętopełk; Greek: Σφενδοπλόκος, Sfendoplókos), was a ruler of Great Moravia, which attained its maximum territorial expansion during his reign (870–871, 871–894).
See Europe and Svatopluk I of Moravia
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.
Taiga
Taiga (p), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches.
See Europe and Taiga
Tallinn
Tallinn is the capital and most populous city of Estonia.
Tanais
Tanais (Τάναϊς Tánaïs; Танаис) was an ancient Greek city in the Don river delta, called the Maeotian marshes in classical antiquity.
Tatar language
Tatar (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia and Crimea.
Tatars
The Tatars, in the Collins English Dictionary formerly also spelt Tartars, is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia. Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes.
Tórshavn
Tórshavn, usually locally referred to as simply Havn, is the capital and largest city of the Faroe Islands.
Tbilisi
Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis, (tr) is the capital and largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of around 1.2 million people.
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions.
See Europe and Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
See Europe and Temperate climate
Terek (river)
The Terek is a major river in the Northern Caucasus.
The Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands.
The Moscow Times
The Moscow Times is an independent English-language and Russian-language online newspaper.
See Europe and The Moscow Times
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See Europe and The World Factbook
Theodosius I
Theodosius I (Θεοδόσιος; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was a Roman emperor from 379 to 395.
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.
See Europe and Thirty Years' War
Thrace
Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.
Thucydides
Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης||; BC) was an Athenian historian and general.
Tirana
Tirana (Tirona) is the capital and largest city of Albania.
Tiraspol
Tiraspol (Moldovan Cyrillic:; Тирасполь) is the capital and largest city of Transnistria, a breakaway state of Moldova, where it is the third-largest city.
Toponymy
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of toponyms (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types.
Total fertility rate
The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.
See Europe and Total fertility rate
Trade union
A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers.
Transnistria
Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is a breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova.
Treaty of Rome
The Treaty of Rome, or EEC Treaty (officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community), brought about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), the best known of the European Communities (EC).
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.
See Europe and Treaty of Versailles
Trieste
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy.
Tskhinvali
Tskhinvali (ცხინვალი) or Tskhinval (Cxinval, Čreba,; r) is the capital of the disputed de facto independent Republic of South Ossetia, internationally considered part of Shida Kartli, Georgia (except by the Russian Federation and four other UN member states).
Tumulus
A tumulus (tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.
Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
See Europe and Turkic languages
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
Turkish language
Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.
See Europe and Turkish language
Udmurt language
Udmurt (Cyrillic: Удмурт) is a Permic language spoken by the Udmurt people who are native to Udmurtia.
See Europe and Udmurt language
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.
See Europe and Ukrainian language
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
See Europe and Umayyad Caliphate
Umeå
Umeå (locally; South Westrobothnian:; Uumaja; Ubmeje; Upmeje; Ubmi) is a city in northeast Sweden.
See Europe and Umeå
UN Tourism
UN Tourism (UNWTO until 2023) is a specialized agency of the United Nations which promotes responsible, sustainable and universally-accessible tourism.
Unification of Germany
The unification of Germany was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Habsburgs' multi-ethnic Austria or its German-speaking part).
See Europe and Unification of Germany
Unification of Italy
The unification of Italy (Unità d'Italia), also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 resulted in the consolidation of various states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy.
See Europe and Unification of Italy
Union of Krewo
In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva (also spelled Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva; unia w Krewie; Krėvos sutartis.) comprised a set of prenuptial promises made at Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in regard to his prospective marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.
See Europe and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
University of Groningen
The University of Groningen (abbreviated as UG; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, abbreviated as RUG) is a public research university of more than 30,000 students in the city of Groningen in the Netherlands.
See Europe and University of Groningen
Ural (river)
The Ural (Урал), known before 1775 as the Yaik, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in the continental border between Europe and Asia.
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.
Uralic languages
The Uralic languages, sometimes called the Uralian languages, form a language family of 42 languages spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia.
See Europe and Uralic languages
Uruguay
Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America.
UTC+05:00
UTC+05:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +05:00.
UTC−01:00
UTC−01:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of −01:00.
Vaduz
Vaduz (or, High Alemannic pronunciation)Hans Stricker, Toni Banzer, Herbert Hilbe: Liechtensteiner Namenbuch.
See Europe and Vaduz
Valencia
Valencia (officially in Valencian: València) is the capital of the province and autonomous community of the same name in Spain.
Valletta
Valletta (il-Belt Valletta) is the capital city of Malta and one of its 68 council areas.
Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.
Vasco da Gama
D. Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (– 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and nobleman who was the first European to reach India by sea.
Vatican City
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.
Venice
Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.
Vienna
Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.
Vikings
Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.
Vilnius
Vilnius, previously known in English as Vilna, is the capital of and largest city in Lithuania and the second-most-populous city in the Baltic states.
Virulence
Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host.
Visegrád Group
The Visegrád Group (also known as the Visegrád Four or the V4) is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia.
Visigoths
The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.
Vladimir the Great
Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych (Volodiměr Svętoslavič; Christian name: Basil; 15 July 1015), given the epithet "the Great", was Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978 until his death in 1015. The Eastern Orthodox Church canonised him as Saint Vladimir.
See Europe and Vladimir the Great
Volga
The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of, and a catchment area of., Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of drainage basin.
See Europe and Volga
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as the Volga Bulgar Emirate) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia.
Volga–Don Canal
Lenin Volga–Don Shipping Canal (Russian:Волго-Донской судоходный канал имени, В. И. Ленина, Volga-Donskoy soudokhodniy kanal imeni V. I. Lenina, abbreviated ВДСК, VDSK) is a ship canal in Russia.
See Europe and Volga–Don Canal
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his nom de plume M. de Voltaire (also), was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian.
Wales
Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
See Europe and Wales
Wall Street Crash of 1929
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, Crash of '29, or Black Tuesday, was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929.
See Europe and Wall Street Crash of 1929
Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (lit,; Old Romanian: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рꙋмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of modern-day Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia was traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).
Warsaw
Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland.
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.
See Europe and Weimar Republic
Welsh language
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.
West Asia
West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.
West Slavs
The West Slavs are Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages.
Westerlies
The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.
Western Bloc
The Western Bloc, also known as the Capitalist Bloc, is an informal, collective term for countries that were officially allied with the United States during the Cold War of 1947–1991.
Western Christianity
Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other).
See Europe and Western Christianity
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe.
Western Roman Empire
In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court.
See Europe and Western Roman Empire
Western Schism
The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Great Occidental Schism, the Schism of 1378, or the Great Schism, was a split within the Roman Catholic Church lasting from 20 September 1378 to 11 November 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and were eventually joined by a third line of Pisan claimants in 1409.
Whale
Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals.
See Europe and Whale
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.
See Europe and Winston Churchill
Winter War
The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland.
Wirtschaftswunder
The Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle"), also known as the Miracle on the Rhine, was the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after World War II (due to both the Marshall Plan and both governments adopting an ordoliberalism-based social market economy).
See Europe and Wirtschaftswunder
Wolf
The wolf (Canis lupus;: wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America.
See Europe and Wolf
World
The world is the totality of entities, the whole of reality, or everything that exists.
See Europe and World
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
See Europe and World Health Organization
World war
A world war is an international conflict that involves most or all of the world's major powers.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
World War II casualties
World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history.
See Europe and World War II casualties
World War II evacuation and expulsion
Mass evacuation, forced displacement, expulsion, and deportation of millions of people took place across most countries involved in World War II.
See Europe and World War II evacuation and expulsion
Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference (Yaltinskaya konferentsiya), held 4–11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe.
See Europe and Yalta Conference
Yamnaya culture
The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture, also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE.
See Europe and Yamnaya culture
Yerevan
Yerevan (Երևան; sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia, as well as one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.
Yugoslav Wars
The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but relatedNaimark (2003), p. xvii.
Zagreb
Zagreb is the capital and largest city of Croatia.
Zooplankton
Zooplankton are the animal (or heterotrophic) component of the planktonic community (the "zoo-" prefix comes from), having to consume other organisms to thrive.
See also
Continents
- Africa
- Americas
- Antarctica
- Asia
- Australia (continent)
- Boundaries between the continents
- Continent
- Continental fragment
- Continental shelves
- Continental unions
- Europe
- Four continents
- Indian subcontinent
- List of paleocontinents
- North America
- Oceania
- Paleocontinent
- Sahul
- South America
- Stokes Magnetic Anomaly
- Submerged continent
- Subregion
- Supercontinent
- Supercontinents
- Transcontinental railroad
- Zealandia
References
Also known as Boundaries of Europe, Capitals in Europe, Definition of Europe, Etymology of Europe, Euorpe, Europa (continent), Europe (continent), Europe (peninsula), Europe (region), Europe's, Europe., Europea, European Continent, European Peninsula, European affairs, European subcontinent, Evrope, Flora of Europe, Forests of Europe, Map of Europe, Name of Europe, North-eastern Europe, Northeast Europe, Northeastern Europe, Northwest Afro-Eurasia, Northwest Eurasia, Northwestern Afro-Eurasia, Northwestern Asia, Northwestern Eurasia, Old Continent, Political map of Europe, The Europe, The Europes, The Old Continent, Yurop, .
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