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137 relations: Abdominal pain, Actin, ADP-ribosylation, Agar plate, Amersfoort, Ampicillin, Anaerobic organism, Antibiotic, Antibiotic use in livestock, Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Antibody, Antimicrobial resistance, Appendix (anatomy), B cell, Bacteria, BBC News Online, Bezlotoxumab, Bile acid, Bleach, Calgary, CBC News, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cephalosporin, Ciprofloxacin, Classical Latin, Clindamycin, Clinical prediction rule, Clostridium difficile (bacteria), Clostridium difficile toxin A, Clostridium difficile toxin B, Colectomy, Colestyramine, Colitis, Colitis-X, Colonisation (biology), Colonoscopy, Colony (biology), Coroner, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cytopathic effect, Cytotoxicity, Diarrhea, Disinfectant, DNA, Elemental diet, ELISA, Endospore, England, Enterotoxin, Epidemiology, ..., Fecal microbiota transplant, Fecal–oral route, Feces, Fibrin, Fidaxomicin, Gastric acid, Gastrointestinal perforation, Giardia lamblia, Gold standard (test), Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria, Greek language, H2 antagonist, Hand washing, Harderwijk, Healthcare Commission, Hospital, Hospital-acquired infection, Ileus, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin therapy, Infection, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Infectious Diseases Society of America, Inflammation, Ion-exchange resin, JAMA (journal), JAMA Pediatrics, Kent, Koch's postulates, Lactoferrin, Large intestine, Latin, Leicester, Levofloxacin, Loperamide, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Medarex, Medical sign, Merck & Co., Metronidazole, Mississauga, Mississauga Hospital, Montreal, Motility, National Health Service, Nature (journal), Nitazoxanide, Nursing home care, Oral rehydration therapy, Oxygen, Positive and negative predictive values, Probiotic, Proton-pump inhibitor, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Quinolone antibiotic, Ramoplanin, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Rectum, Restriction enzyme, Rho family of GTPases, Ribotyping, Ridinilazole, Rifalazil, Rifaximin, Saccharomyces boulardii, Salix Pharmaceuticals, Sensitivity and specificity, Sepsis, Sigmoidoscopy, Spore, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Stool test, Terminal cleaning, The Times, Tigecycline, Toronto, Toxic megacolon, Toxin, Trehalose, United Kingdom, University of Notre Dame, Vaccine, Vancomycin, Vaporized hydrogen peroxide, White blood cell. Expand index (87 more) »
Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues.
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Actin
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments.
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ADP-ribosylation
ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein.
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Agar plate
An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a solid growth medium, typically agar plus nutrients, used to culture small organisms such as microorganisms.
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Amersfoort
Amersfoort is a city and municipality in the province of Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Ampicillin
Ampicillin is an antibiotic used to prevent and treat a number of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis.
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Anaerobic organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antibiotic use in livestock
Antibiotic use in livestock is the use of antibiotics for any purpose in the husbandry of livestock, which includes treatment when ill (therapeutic), treatment of a batch of animals when at least one is diagnosed as ill (metaphylaxis, similar to the way bacterial meningitis is treated in children), and preventative treatment (prophylaxis) against disease.
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Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.
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Appendix (anatomy)
The appendix (or vermiform appendix; also cecal appendix; vermix; or vermiform process) is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops in the embryo.
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B cell
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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BBC News Online
BBC News Online is the website of BBC News, the division of the BBC responsible for newsgathering and production.
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Bezlotoxumab
Bezlotoxumab (trade name Zinplava) is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the prevention of recurrence of Clostridium difficile infections.
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Bile acid
Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates.
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Bleach
Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product which is used industrially and domestically to whiten clothes, lighten hair color and remove stains.
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Calgary
Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta.
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CBC News
CBC News is the division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs on the corporation's English-language operations, namely CBC Television, CBC Radio, CBC News Network, and CBC.ca.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Cephalosporin
The cephalosporins (sg.) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium, which was previously known as "Cephalosporium".
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Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Classical Latin
Classical Latin is the modern term used to describe the form of the Latin language recognized as standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
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Clindamycin
Clindamycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Clinical prediction rule
A clinical prediction rule is a type of medical research study in which researchers try to identify the best combination of medical sign, symptoms, and other findings in predicting the probability of a specific disease or outcome.
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Clostridium difficile (bacteria)
Clostridium difficile (etymology and pronunciation), also known as C. difficile, C. diff, or sometimes CDF/cdf, is a species of Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium.
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Clostridium difficile toxin A
Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a toxin generated by Clostridium difficile.
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Clostridium difficile toxin B
Clostridium difficile toxin B is a toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium difficile.
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Colectomy
Colectomy (col- + -ectomy) is bowel resection of the large bowel (colon).
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Colestyramine
Colestyramine (INN) or cholestyramine (USAN) (trade names Questran, Questran Light, Cholybar, Olestyr) is a bile acid sequestrant, which binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption.
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Colitis
Colitis is an inflammation of the colon.
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Colitis-X
Colitis X, equine colitis X or peracute toxemic colitis is a catchall term for various fatal forms of acute or peracute colitis found in horses, but particularly a fulminant colitis where clinical signs include sudden onset of severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, shock, and dehydration.
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Colonisation (biology)
Colonisation or colonization is the process in biology by which a species spreads to new areas.
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Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy or coloscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus.
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Colony (biology)
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another.
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Coroner
A coroner is a person whose standard role is to confirm and certify the death of an individual within a jurisdiction.
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Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several species that cause cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic disease of the mammalian intestinal tract.
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Cytopathic effect
Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect (abbreviated CPE) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion.
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Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Disinfectant
Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to the surface of non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Elemental diet
An elemental diet is a diet that proposes the ingestion, or in more severe cases use of a gastric feeding tube or intravenous feeding, of liquid nutrients in an easily assimilated form.
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ELISA
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a test that uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance.
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Endospore
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Enterotoxin
An enterotoxin is a protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines.
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Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
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Fecal microbiota transplant
Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), also known as a stool transplant, is the process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a recipient.
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Fecal–oral route
The fecal–oral route (or oral–fecal route or fecal oral route) describes a particular route of transmission of a disease.
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Feces
Feces (or faeces) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested in the small intestine.
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Fibrin
Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood.
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Fidaxomicin
Fidaxomicin (trade names Dificid, Dificlir, and previously OPT-80 and PAR-101) is the first in a new class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic drugs. It is a fermentation product obtained from the actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum subspecies hamdenesis. Fidaxomicin is non-systemic, meaning it is minimally absorbed into the bloodstream, it is bactericidal, and it has demonstrated selective eradication of pathogenic Clostridium difficile with minimal disruption to the multiple species of bacteria that make up the normal, healthy intestinal flora. The maintenance of normal physiological conditions in the colon can reduce the probability of Clostridium difficile infection recurrence. It is marketed by Cubist Pharmaceuticals after acquisition of its originating company Optimer Pharmaceuticals. The target use is for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Fidaxomicin is available in a 200 mg tablet that is administered every 12 hours for a recommended duration of 10 days. Total duration of therapy should be determined by the patient's clinical status. It is currently one of the most expensive antibiotics approved for use. A standard course costs upwards of £1350.
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Gastric acid
Gastric acid, gastric juice or stomach acid, is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl).
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Gastrointestinal perforation
Gastrointestinal perforation, also known as ruptured bowel, is a hole in the wall of part of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis, is a flagellated parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis.
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Gold standard (test)
In medicine and statistics, gold standard test is usually diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions.
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Gram stain
Gram stain or Gram staining, also called Gram's method, is a method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative).
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Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their cell wall.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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H2 antagonist
H2 antagonists, sometimes referred to as H2RA and also called H2 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the histamine H2 receptors of the parietal cells in the stomach.
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Hand washing
Hand washing, also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms.
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Harderwijk
Harderwijk (Dutch Low Saxon: Harderwiek) is a municipality and city almost at the exact geographical centre of the Netherlands.
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Healthcare Commission
The Healthcare Commission was a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department of Health of the United Kingdom.
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Hospital
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment.
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Hospital-acquired infection
A hospital-acquired infection (HAI), also known as a nosocomial infection, is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility.
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Ileus
Ileus is a disruption of the normal propulsive ability of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA in its secretory form) is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes.
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Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody.
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Immunoglobulin therapy
Immunoglobulin therapy, also known as normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG), is the use of a mixture of antibodies (immunoglobulins) to treat a number of health conditions.
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Infectious disease (medical specialty)
Infectious disease, also known as infectious diseases, infectious medicine, infectious disease medicine or infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections.
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Infectious Diseases Society of America
The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) is a medical association representing physicians, scientists and other health care professionals who specialize in infectious diseases.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Ion-exchange resin
An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange.
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JAMA (journal)
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association.
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JAMA Pediatrics
JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) Pediatrics is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Medical Association.
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Kent
Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties.
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Koch's postulates
Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.
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Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin (LF), also known as lactotransferrin (LTF), is a multifunctional protein of the transferrin family.
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Large intestine
The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Leicester
Leicester ("Lester") is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire.
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Levofloxacin
Levofloxacin, sold under the trade names Levaquin among others, is an antibiotic.
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Loperamide
Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium among others, is a medication used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea.
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Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust
Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust is a large NHS Trust in the English National Health Service that manages hospitals in Kent, primarily managing Maidstone Hospital and Tunbridge Wells Hospital at Pembury.
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Medarex
Medarex (former NASDAQ symbol: MEDX) was an American biopharmaceutical company based in Princeton, New Jersey, with manufacturing facilities in Bloomsbury and Annandale, New Jersey, and research facilities in Milpitas and Sunnyvale, California.
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Medical sign
A medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or characteristic that may be detected by a patient or anyone, especially a physician, before or during a physical examination of a patient.
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Merck & Co.
Merck & Company, Inc., d.b.a. Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside the United States and Canada, is an American pharmaceutical company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.
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Metronidazole
Metronidazole, marketed under the brand name Flagyl among others, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication.
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Mississauga
Mississauga Also pronounced: Dictionary Reference:, The Free Dictionary: is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario.
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Mississauga Hospital
Mississauga Hospital is a regional and teaching hospital in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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Montreal
Montreal (officially Montréal) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada.
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Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.
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National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) is the name used for each of the public health services in the United Kingdom – the National Health Service in England, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, and Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland – as well as a term to describe them collectively.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Nitazoxanide
Nitazoxanide is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is used in medicine for the treatment of various helminthic, protozoal, and viral infections.
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Nursing home care
Nursing homes are a type of residential care that provide around-the-clock nursing care for elderly people.
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Oral rehydration therapy
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration, especially that due to diarrhea.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Positive and negative predictive values
The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV respectively) are the proportions of positive and negative results in statistics and diagnostic tests that are true positive and true negative results, respectively.
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Probiotic
Probiotics are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed.
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Proton-pump inhibitor
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid production.
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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of large deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules by applying to a gel matrix an electric field that periodically changes direction.
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Quinolone antibiotic
A quinolone antibiotic is any member of a large group of broad-spectrum bactericides that share a bicyclic core structure related to the compound 4-quinolone.
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Ramoplanin
Ramoplanin (INN) is a glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic drug derived from strain ATCC 33076 of Actinoplanes.
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Real-time polymerase chain reaction
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR), also known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Rectum
The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in humans and some other mammals, and the gut in others.
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Restriction enzyme
A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.
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Rho family of GTPases
The Rho family of GTPases is a family of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, and is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily.
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Ribotyping
Ribotyping is a molecular technique for bacterial identification and characterization that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses.
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Ridinilazole
Ridinilazole (INN, previously known as SMT19969) is a non-absorbable small molecule antibiotic for oral administration to treat ''Clostridium difficile'' infection (CDI).
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Rifalazil
Rifalazil (also known as KRM-1648 and AMI-1648) is an antibiotic.
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Rifaximin
Rifaximin, sold under the trade name Xifaxan among others, is an antibiotic used to treat traveler's diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy.
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Saccharomyces boulardii
Saccharomyces boulardii is a tropical species of yeast first isolated from lychee and mangosteen fruit in 1923 by French scientist Henri Boulard.
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Salix Pharmaceuticals
Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American specialty pharmaceutical company based in Raleigh, North Carolina.
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Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as a classification function.
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Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
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Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy (from the Greek term for letter "s/ς" + "eidos" + "scopy": namely, to look inside an "s"/"ς"-like object) is the minimally invasive medical examination of the large intestine from the rectum through the nearest part of the colon, the sigmoid colon.
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Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.
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Stoke Mandeville Hospital
Stoke Mandeville Hospital is a large National Health Service (NHS) hospital in Aylesbury, England.
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Stool test
A stool test involves the collection and analysis of fecal matter to diagnose the presence or absence of a medical condition.
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Terminal cleaning
Terminal cleaning is a cleaning method used in healthcare environments to control the spread of infections.
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The Times
The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.
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Tigecycline
Tigecycline is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Toronto
Toronto is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016.
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Toxic megacolon
Toxic megacolon (megacolon toxicum) is an acute form of colonic distension.
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Toxin
A toxin (from toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded.
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Trehalose
Trehalose is a sugar consisting of two molecules of glucose.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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University of Notre Dame
The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame or ND) is a private, non-profit Catholic research university in the community of Notre Dame, Indiana, near the city of South Bend, in the United States.
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Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
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Vancomycin
Vancomycin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Vaporized hydrogen peroxide
Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (trademarked VHP, also known as hydrogen peroxide vapor, HPV) is a vapor form of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with applications as a low-temperature antimicrobial vapor used to decontaminate enclosed and sealed areas such as laboratory workstations, isolation and pass-through rooms, and even aircraft interiors.
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White blood cell
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
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Redirects here:
Antibiotic Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis, Antibiotics associated colitis, C Difficile, C dif, C diff, C difficile, C dificile, C-diff, C-difficile, C. dif, C. diff, C. diff colitis, C. diff diarrhea, C. difficile associated diarrhea, C. difficile infection, C.dif diarrhea, C.diff, C.difficile, CDAD, Cdiff, Clostridium Difficile, Clostridium Difficile Colitis, Clostridium Enterocolitis, Clostridium difficile 27, Clostridium difficile Infection, Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD)., Clostridium difficile colitis, Clostridium difficile diarrhea, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), Clostridium difficile vaccines, Clostridium dificile, Enterocolitis, pseudomembranous, Pseudo-membranous colitis, Pseudomembranous Colitis, Pseudomembranous enteritis, Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, Si dificile.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_infection
