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Polish literature

Index Polish literature

Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. [1]

389 relations: A World Apart (book), Adam Asnyk, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Adam Mickiewicz, Adam Naruszewicz, Adolf Dygasiński, Adolf Rudnicki, Aesthetics, Albert Brudzewski, Aleksander Świętochowski, Aleksander Fredro, Aleksander Wat, An Ancient Tale (novel), Andrzej Bursa, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Andrzej Kijowski, Andrzej Krzycki, Andrzej Sapkowski, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, Andrzej Stasiuk, Andrzej Strug, Andrzej Wajda, Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946), Antoni Gorecki, Antoni Lange, Antoni Malczewski, Antoni Słonimski, Art for art's sake, Ashes and Diamonds, Auguste Comte, Avant-garde, Émigré, Łukasz Górnicki, Łukasz Opaliński (1612–1666), Balladyna (drama), Barbara Sanguszko, Baroque in Poland, Bartosz Paprocki, Battle of Monte Cassino, Bavaria, Belarusian language, Berkeley, California, Biernat of Lublin, Bogdan Czaykowski, Bogurodzica, Bolesław I the Tall, Bolesław III Wrymouth, Bolesław Leśmian, Bolesław Prus, Book of Henryków, ..., Breviary, Bruno Jasieński, Bruno Schulz, Christianization of Poland, Cistercians, Civil and political rights, Classics, Columbia University Press, Conrad Celtes, Constitution of 3 May 1791, Council of Ministers (Poland), Cultural assimilation, Cyprian Norwid, Cyrillic script, Czartoryski Museum, Czesław Miłosz, Daniel Naborowski, Decadent movement, Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden, Dziady (poem), Eastern Orthodox Church, Edmund Chojecki, Egyptology, Elżbieta Drużbacka, Eliza Orzeszkowa, Emotion, Encyclopedia, Enlightenment in Poland, Esperanto, Ewa Lipska, Fables and Parables, Feminism, Feminism in Poland, Ferdydurke, Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski, Filippo Buonaccorsi, First Moroccan Crisis, Florian Ungler, Folklore, Franciszek Bohomolec, Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin, Franciszek Karpiński, Franciszek Nowicki, Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski, Franciszek Salezy Jezierski, Franciszek Zabłocki, French language, Gabriela Zapolska, Gallus Anonymus, Głogów, Głos wolny wolność ubezpieczający, Germanisation, Gesta principum Polonorum, Great Emigration, Greek language, Gustaw Ehrenberg, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Gustaw Morcinek, Halina Poświatowska, Harvard University Press, Henryk Rzewuski, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Henryków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Hieronim Morsztyn, History of Poland (1945–1989), History of the Germans in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland, Holy Cross Sermons, Home Army, Horace, Hortulus Animae, Hugo Kołłątaj, Human rights, Ignacy Krasicki, Independence, Insatiability, Institute of National Remembrance, Insurgency, Interwar period, Invasion of Poland, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Izabela Czartoryska, Jadwiga Łuszczewska, Jadwiga Staniszkis, Jagiellonian dynasty, Jagiellonian University, Jakub Jasiński, Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, Jan Łaski, Jan Śniadecki, Jan Brzechwa, Jan Chryzostom Pasek, Jan Czeczot, Jan Długosz, Jan Dobraczyński, Jan Kasprowicz, Jan Kochanowski, Jan Lechoń, Jan of Czarnków, Jan Potocki, January Uprising, Janusz Zajdel, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz, Józef Andrzej Załuski, Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Józef Mackiewicz, Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński, Józef Piłsudski, Józef Szujski, Jędrzej Śniadecki, Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine, Jerusalem Delivered, Jerzy Andrzejewski, Jerzy Borejsza, Jerzy Ficowski, Jerzy Jan Lerski, Jerzy Pilch, Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland, Joanna Bator, Joanna Chmielewska, Johannes Dantiscus, Journalist, Julian Przyboś, Julian Tuwim, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Kasper Straube, Kasper Twardowski, Kazimierz Brandys, Kazimierz Brodziński, Kazimierz Moczarski, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Kazimierz Wierzyński, Kazimierz Wyka, Kazimierz Zalewski, Klemens Janicki, Klementyna Hoffmanowa, Kołłątaj's Forge, Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński, Kordian, Kornel Makuszyński, Kornel Ujejski, Koziołek Matołek, Kraków, Krystyna Krahelska, Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński, Krzysztof Opaliński, Kulturkampf, Laments (Kochanowski), Latin, Laurentius Corvinus, Laurus nobilis, Leon Kruczkowski, Leopold Staff, Leopold Tyrmand, Linguistics, List of Polish monarchs, List of Polish-language authors, List of Polish-language poets, List of Roman Catholic bishops of Lviv, Lithuanian language, Lucjan Siemieński, Lviv, Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Marek Hłasko, Marek Krajewski, Maria Dąbrowska, Maria Ilnicka, Maria Konopnicka, Maria Kuncewiczowa, Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, Maria Rodziewiczówna, Maria Wirtemberska, Mary, mother of Jesus, Maurycy Mochnacki, Medallions, Melchior Wańkowicz, Memoir, Michał Bałucki, Michał Czajkowski, Middle Ages, Mieczysław Romanowski, Mikołaj Hussowczyk, Mikołaj Rej, Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland), Ministry of Public Security (Poland), Miron Białoszewski, Modernism, Monk, Music of Poland, Nad Niemnem, Narcyza Żmichowska, Nicholas II of Russia, Nobel Prize, Nobel Prize in Literature, November Uprising, Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), Old Polish language, Olga Tokarczuk, Onufry Kopczyński, Ossolineum, Paganism, Pan Tadeusz, Paraphrase, Partitions of Poland, Patriotism, Paweł Huelle, Pharaoh (novel), Philosophy, Piotr Skarga, Playwright, Poet laureate, Pola Gojawiczyńska, Poland, Poles, Polish Academy of Literature, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish comics, Polish language, Polish October, Polish poetry, Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Pope, Positivism, Positivism in Poland, Prussian deportations, Quern-stone, Quo Vadis (novel), Rafał Wojaczek, Reason, Renaissance, Roman Romkowski, Romanticism, Romanticism in Poland, Rota (poem), Russian Empire, Ryszard Kapuściński, Ryszard Legutko, Samizdat, Samuel Linde, Samuel Twardowski, Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass, Sapphic stanza in Polish poetry, Schweipolt Fiol, Science fiction and fantasy in Poland, Sebastian Grabowiecki, Second Polish Republic, Sergiusz Piasecki, Seweryn Goszczyński, Silesia, Skepticism, Social organism, Socialist realism in Poland, Socialist realism in Polish literature, Society for Elementary Books, Society of Jesus, Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana, Sovereignty, Soviet invasion of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski, Stanisław Barańczak, Stanisław Dygat, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Stanisław Konarski, Stanisław Lem, Stanisław Leszczyński, Stanisław Młodożeniec, Stanisław Przybyszewski, Stanisław Staszic, Stanisław Trembecki, Stanisław Wyspiański, Stefan Żeromski, Stefan Grabiński, Stefan Kisielewski, Stowarzyszenie Pisarzy Polskich, Symbolism (arts), Szlachta, Szymon Starowolski, Szymon Szymonowic, Tadeusz Borowski, Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, Tadeusz Czacki, Tadeusz Gajcy, Tadeusz Konwicki, Tadeusz Miciński, Tadeusz Różewicz, Tadeusz Rittner, Teofil Lenartowicz, The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom, The Doll (novel), The Holocaust in Poland, The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, The Peasants, The Spring to Come, The Trilogy, Third Partition of Poland, This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen, Three Bards, Tomasz Zan, Torquato Tasso, Trilogy, Ukrainian language, University of California Press, Vernacular, Wacław Berent, Wacław Potocki, Wacław Sieroszewski, Warsaw, Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning, Warsaw Uprising, Władysław Orkan, Władysław Reymont, Władysław Syrokomla, Włodzimierz Sokorski, Wincenty Kadłubek, Wincenty Pol, Wisława Szymborska, Witold Gombrowicz, Wojciech Kuczok, Wrocław, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Yiddish, Young Poland, Załuski Library, Zbigniew Herbert, Zbigniew Morsztyn, Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal), Zemsta, Zielony Balonik, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, Zofia Nałkowska, Zygmunt Krasiński, Zygmunt Miłkowski, 1905 Russian Revolution. Expand index (339 more) »

A World Apart (book)

A World Apart: The Journal of a Gulag Survivor (Inny świat: zapiski sowieckie) Amazon.com, Inc. 2011.

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Adam Asnyk

Adam Asnyk (11 September 1838 – 2 August 1897), was a Polish poet and dramatist of the Positivist era.

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Adam Jerzy Czartoryski

Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (Аdomas Jurgis Čartoriskis, also known as Adam George Czartoryski in English; 14 January 177015 July 1861) was a Polish nobleman, statesman and author.

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Adam Mickiewicz

Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (24 December 179826 November 1855) was a Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator, professor of Slavic literature, and political activist.

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Adam Naruszewicz

Adam Stanisław Naruszewicz (Adomas Naruševičius) (20 October 1733 – 8 July 1796) was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman from an impoverished aristocratic family, poet, historian, dramatist, translator, publicist, Jesuit and titular Bishop of Smolensk (1775–1788 as suffragan bishop and 1788–1790 as full diocesan bishop) and bishop of Łuck (1790–1796).

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Adolf Dygasiński

Adolf Dygasiński (March 7, 1839, Niegosławice–June 3, 1902, Grodzisk Mazowiecki) was a Polish novelist, publicist and educator.

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Adolf Rudnicki

Adolf Rudnicki (February 19, 1912, Warsaw − November 14, 1990, Warsaw) was a Polish-Jewish author and essayist, best known for his works about The Holocaust and the Jewish resistance in Poland during World War II.

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Aesthetics

Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

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Albert Brudzewski

Albert Brudzewski, also Albert Blar (of Brudzewo), Albert of Brudzewo or Wojciech Brudzewski (in Latin, Albertus de Brudzewo; c.1445–c.1497) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician, philosopher and diplomat.

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Aleksander Świętochowski

Aleksander Świętochowski (pseudonyms Poseł Prawdy and others; 18 January 1849 – 25 April 1938) was a Polish writer, educator, and philosopher of the Positivist period that followed the January 1863 Uprising.

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Aleksander Fredro

Aleksander Fredro (20 June 1793 – 15 July 1876) was a Polish poet, playwright and author active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions by neighboring empires.

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Aleksander Wat

Aleksander Wat was the pen name of Aleksander Chwat (1 May 1900 – 29 July 1967), a Polish poet, writer, art theoretician, memorist, and one of the precursors of the Polish futurism movement in the early 1920s, considered to be one of the more important Polish writers of the mid 20th century.

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An Ancient Tale (novel)

An Ancient Tale.

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Andrzej Bursa

Andrzej Bursa (March 21, 1932 – November 15, 1957) was a Polish poet and writer.

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Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski

Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (Andreas Fricius Modrevius) (ca. September 20, 1503 – autumn, 1572) was a Polish Renaissance scholar, humanist and theologian, called "the father of Polish democracy".

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Andrzej Kijowski

Andrzej Kijowski (29 November 1928, Krakow, Poland – 29 June 1985, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish literary critic, essayist, prose and screenwriter.

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Andrzej Krzycki

Andrzej Krzycki herbu Kotwicz (also Andreas Cricius) (Krzycko Małe, 7 July 1482 – † Skierniewice, 10 May, 1537) was a Renaissance Polish writer and archbishop.

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Andrzej Sapkowski

Andrzej Sapkowski (born 21 June 1948) is a Polish fantasy writer.

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Andrzej Stanisław Załuski

Andrzej Stanisław Kostka Załuski (December 2, 1695 – December 16, 1758) was a priest (bishop) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Andrzej Stasiuk

Andrzej Stasiuk (born 25 September 1960 in Warsaw, Poland) is one of the most successful and internationally acclaimed contemporary Polish writers, journalists and literary critics.

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Andrzej Strug

Andrzej Strug, real name Tadeusz (or Stefan) Gałecki (sources vary; 28 November 1871/1873 in Lublin – 9 December 1937 in Warsaw) was a Polish socialist politician, publicist and activist for Poland's independence.

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Andrzej Wajda

Andrzej Witold Wajda (6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director.

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Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)

The anti-communist resistance in Poland, also referred to as the Polish anti-Communist insurrection fought between 1944 and 1946 (and up until 1953), was an armed struggle by the Polish Underground against the Soviet takeover of Poland at the end of World War II in Europe.

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Antoni Gorecki

Antoni Gorecki (1787 – 18 September 1861) was a Polish poet and writer, author of satires and short stories for children.

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Antoni Lange

Antoni Lange (1863 – 17 March 1929) was a Polish poet, philosopher, polyglot (15 languages), writer, novelist, science-writer, reporter and translator.

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Antoni Malczewski

Antoni Malczewski (3 June 1793 – 2 May 1826) was a Polish romantic poet, known for his only work, "a narrative poem of dire pessimism", Maria (1825).

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Antoni Słonimski

Antoni Słonimski (15 November 1895 – 4 July 1976) was a Polish poet, artist, journalist, playwright and prose writer, president of the Union of Polish Writers in 1956–1959 during the Polish October, known for his devotion to social justice.

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Art for art's sake

"Art for art's sake" is the usual English rendering of a French slogan from the early 19th century, "l'art pour l'art", and expresses a philosophy that the intrinsic value of art, and the only "true" art, is divorced from any didactic, moral, or utilitarian function.

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Ashes and Diamonds

Ashes and Diamonds (Polish original: Popiół i diament, literally: Ash and Diamond) is a 1948 novel by the Polish writer Jerzy Andrzejewski, the first edition Zaraz po wojnie (Directly after the war).

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Auguste Comte

Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism.

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Avant-garde

The avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard", literally "fore-guard") are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.

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Émigré

An émigré is a person who has emigrated, often with a connotation of political or social self-exile.

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Łukasz Górnicki

Łukasz Ogończyk Górnicki (1527 in Oświęcim – 22 July 1603 in Lipniki by Tykocin), humanist of the Polish Renaissance, poet, political commentator, secretary and chancellor of Sigismund August of Poland.

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Łukasz Opaliński (1612–1666)

Łukasz de Bnin Opaliński (Luca Opalinius; 1612–1666) was a Polish nobleman, poet, political activist and one of the most important Polish political writers of the 17th century.

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Balladyna (drama)

Balladyna is a tragedy written by Juliusz Słowacki in 1834 and published in 1839 in Paris.

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Barbara Sanguszko

Arms of Pogoń Litewska Barbara Urszula Sanguszko, née Dunin (pseudonym: A Dame; A definite Polish dame; definitely a worthy dowager; 4 February 1718 – 2 October 1791 in Warsaw) was a Polish noblewoman, poet, translator, and moralist during the Enlightenment in Poland.

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Baroque in Poland

The Polish Baroque lasted from the early 17th to the mid-18th century.

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Bartosz Paprocki

Bartosz Paprocki (also Bartholomeus Paprocky or Bartholomew Paprocki, Bartłomiej (Bartosz) Paprocki, Bartoloměj Paprocký z Hlahol a Paprocké Vůle; ca. 1540/43 in Paprocka Wola near Sierpc – 27 December 1614 in Lviv, Poland, today Ukraine) was a Polish and Czech writer, historiographer, translator, poet, heraldist and pioneer in Polish and Bohemian-Czech genealogy (often referred to as the "father of Polish and Bohemian-Czech genealogy").

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Battle of Monte Cassino

The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle for Rome and the Battle for Cassino) was a costly series of four assaults by the Allies against the Winter Line in Italy held by Axis forces during the Italian Campaign of World War II.

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Bavaria

Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.

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Belarusian language

Belarusian (беларуская мова) is an official language of Belarus, along with Russian, and is spoken abroad, mainly in Ukraine and Russia.

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Berkeley, California

Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California.

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Biernat of Lublin

Biernat of Lublin (Polish: Biernat z Lublina, Latin Bernardus Lublinius, ca. 1465 – after 1529) was a Polish poet, fabulist, translator and physician.

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Bogdan Czaykowski

Bogdan Czaykowski (b. 1932, Rivno, Ukraine, then in Poland,; d. 2007, Canada) was a Polish Canadian poet, essayist, literary translator and literary critic, professor emeritus and former Dean at the University of British Columbia.

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Bogurodzica

Bogurodzica ("Mother of God/Theotokos") is the oldest Polish hymn.

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Bolesław I the Tall

Bolesław I the Tall (Bolesław I Wysoki) (b. 1127 – d. Leśnica, 7 or 8 December 1201) was a Duke of Wroclaw from 1163 until his death in 1201.

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Bolesław III Wrymouth

Bolesław III Wrymouth (also known as Boleslaus III the Wry-mouthed, Bolesław III Krzywousty) (20 August 1086 – 28 October 1138), was a Duke of Lesser Poland, Silesia and Sandomierz between 1102 and 1107 and over the whole Poland between 1107 and 1138.

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Bolesław Leśmian

Bolesław Leśmian (born Bolesław Lesman; January 22, 1877 – November 5, 1937) was a Polish poet, artist and member of the Polish Academy of Literature.

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Bolesław Prus

Bolesław Prus (pronounced: bɔ'lεswaf 'prus; 20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), born Aleksander Głowacki, is a leading figure in the history of Polish literature and philosophy and a distinctive voice in world literature.

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Book of Henryków

The Book of Henryków (Księga henrykowska, Liber fundationis claustri Sancte Marie Virginis in Heinrichau) is a Latin chronicle of the Cistercian abbey in Henryków in Lower Silesia.

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Breviary

The Breviary (Latin: breviarium) is a book in many Western Christian denominations that "contains all the liturgical texts for the Office, whether said in choir or in private." Historically, different breviaries were used in the various parts of Christendom, such as Aberdeen Breviary, Belleville Breviary, Stowe Breviary and Isabella Breviary, although eventually the Roman Breviary became the standard within the Roman Catholic Church.

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Bruno Jasieński

Bruno Jasieński; born Wiktor Zysman (17 July 1901 – 17 September 1938) was a Polish poet and leader of the Polish futurist movement in the interwar period,Dr Feliks Tomaszewski, Virtual Library of Polish Literature, University of Gdansk.

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Bruno Schulz

Bruno Schulz (July 12, 1892 – November 19, 1942) was a Polish Jewish writer, fine artist, literary critic and art teacher.

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Christianization of Poland

The Christianization of Poland (Polish: chrystianizacja Polski) refers to the introduction and subsequent spread of Christianity in Poland.

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Cistercians

A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (abbreviated as OCist, SOCist ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), or ‘’’OCSO’’’ (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), which are religious orders of monks and nuns. They are also known as “Trappists”; as Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though that term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania); or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking to restore the simpler lifestyle of the original Cistercians began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, leading eventually to the Holy See’s reorganization in 1892 of reformed houses into a single order Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. Cistercians who did not observe these reforms became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century.

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Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

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Classics

Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Conrad Celtes

Conrad Celtes (Konrad Celtes; Conradus Celtis (Protucius); 1 February 1459 – 4 February 1508) was a German Renaissance humanist scholar and Neo-Latin poet.

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Constitution of 3 May 1791

The Constitution of 3 May 1791 (Konstytucja 3 Maja, Gegužės trečiosios konstitucija) was adopted by the Great Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a dual monarchy comprising the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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Council of Ministers (Poland)

The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rada Ministrów w Polsce) is the collective executive decision-making body of the Polish government.

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Cultural assimilation

Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble those of a dominant group.

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Cyprian Norwid

Cyprian Kamil Norwid, a.k.a. Cyprian Konstanty Norwid (24 September 1821 – 23 May 1883), was a nationally esteemed Polish poet, dramatist, painter, and sculptor.

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Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script is a writing system used for various alphabets across Eurasia (particularity in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North Asia).

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Czartoryski Museum

The Czartoryski Museum and Library (Muzeum Książąt Czartoryskich w Krakowie) is a museum located in Kraków, Poland, founded in Puławy in 1796 by Princess Izabela Czartoryska.

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Czesław Miłosz

Czesław Miłosz (30 June 1911 – 14 August 2004) was a Polish poet, prose writer, translator and diplomat.

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Daniel Naborowski

Daniel Naborowski (1573–1640) was a Polish Baroque poet.

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Decadent movement

The Decadent Movement was a late 19th-century artistic and literary movement, centered in Western Europe, that followed an aesthetic ideology of excess and artificiality.

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Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden

The dissolution of the union (Unionsoppløsningen; Unionsoppløysinga; Landsmål: Unionsoppløysingi; Unionsupplösningen) between the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden under the House of Bernadotte, was set in motion by a resolution of the Norwegian Parliament (the Storting) on 7 June 1905.

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Dziady (poem)

Dziady (Forefathers' Eve) is a poetic drama by the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Edmund Chojecki

Edmund Franciszek Maurycy Chojecki (Wiski, Podlasie, 15 October 1822 – 1 December 1899, Paris) was a Polish journalist, playwright, novelist, poet and translator.

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Egyptology

Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek -λογία, -logia. علم المصريات) is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD.

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Elżbieta Drużbacka

Elżbieta Drużbacka (née Kowalska, 1695 or 1698 – March 14, 1765 in Tarnów) was a Polish poet.

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Eliza Orzeszkowa

Eliza Orzeszkowa (June 6, 1841 – May 18, 1910) was a Polish novelist and a leading writer, Britannica, Retrieved June 5, 2016 of the Positivism movement during foreign Partitions of Poland.

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Emotion

Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.

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Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field or discipline.

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Enlightenment in Poland

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis.

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Esperanto

Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.

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Ewa Lipska

Ewa Lipska (born October 8, 1945, in Kraków), is a Polish poet from the generation of the Polish "New Wave." Collections of her verse have been translated into English, Italian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, German and Hungarian.

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Fables and Parables

Fables and Parables (Bajki i przypowieści, 1779), by Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801), is a work in a long international tradition of fable-writing that reaches back to antiquity.

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Feminism

Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social equality of sexes.

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Feminism in Poland

The history of feminism in Poland has traditionally been divided into seven periods, beginning with the 19th century first-wave feminism.

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Ferdydurke

Ferdydurke is a novel by the Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz, published in 1937.

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Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski

Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (27 May 1876 – 3 January 1945) was a Polish writer, explorer, university professor, and anti-Communist political activist.

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Filippo Buonaccorsi

Filippo Buonaccorsi, called "Callimachus" (Latin: Philippus Callimachus Experiens, Bonacursius;; 2 May 1437 – 1 November 1496) was an Italian humanist and writer.

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First Moroccan Crisis

The First Moroccan Crisis (also known as the Tangier Crisis) was an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco.

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Florian Ungler

Florian Ungler (died 1536 in Kraków) and Kasper Hochfeder were printers from Bavaria that after 1510 became pioneers of printing and publishing in the Polish language.

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Folklore

Folklore is the expressive body of culture shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group.

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Franciszek Bohomolec

Franciszek Bohomolec h. Bogoria (29 January 1720 – 24 April 1784) was a Polish dramatist, linguist, and theatrical reformer who was one of the principal playwrights of the Polish Enlightenment.

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Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin

Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin (4 October 1750, Vitebsk – 25 August 1807, Końskowola) is considered to be one of the most distinguished Polish poets of the Polish sentimentalism in the Enlightenment period.

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Franciszek Karpiński

Franciszek Karpiński (4 October 1741 – 16 September 1825) was the leading sentimental Polish poet of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Franciszek Nowicki

Franciszek Henryk Siła-Nowicki (29 January 1864, in Kraków, Austrian Empire – 3 September 1935, in Zawoja, Poland) was a Young Poland poet, a mountaineer, socialist activist, and designer of the Orla Perć (Eagle's Path) High Tatras mountain trail.

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Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski

Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski (1801–1871) was a Polish writer, poet, translator, critic, journalist and publisher.

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Franciszek Salezy Jezierski

Franciszek Salezy Jezierski (1740–1791) was a Polish writer, social and political activist of the Enlightenment period.

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Franciszek Zabłocki

Franciszek Zabłocki (January 2, 1754, Volhynia – September 10, 1821, Końskowola), is considered the most distinguished Polish comic dramatist and satirist of the Enlightenment period.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Gabriela Zapolska

Maria Gabriela Stefania Korwin-Piotrowska (1857–1921), known as Gabriela Zapolska, was a Polish novelist, playwright, naturalist writer, feuilletonist, theatre critic and stage actress.

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Gallus Anonymus

Gallus Anonymus (Polonized variant: Gall Anonim) is the name traditionally given to the anonymous author of Gesta principum Polonorum (Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), composed in Latin about 1115.

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Głogów

Głogów (Glogau, rarely Groß-Glogau, Hlohov) is a town in southwestern Poland.

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Głos wolny wolność ubezpieczający

Głos wolny wolność ubezpieczający (variously translated as A Free Voice Ensuring Freedom or The Free Voice Guaranteeing Freedom) is a Polish political treatise.

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Germanisation

Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is the spread of the German language, people and culture or policies which introduced these changes.

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Gesta principum Polonorum

The Gesta principum Polonorum (Deeds of the Princes of the Poles) is a medieval gesta, or deeds narrative, concerned with Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth, his ancestors, and the Polish principality during and before his reign.

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Great Emigration

The Great Emigration (Wielka Emigracja) involved the emigration of thousands of Poles, particularly from the political and cultural elites, from 1831 to 1870, after the failure of the November Uprising and of other uprisings (1846, 1863).

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Greek language

Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

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Gustaw Ehrenberg

Gustaw Ehrenberg (14 February 1818 in Warsaw – 28 September 1895 in Krakow) was a Polish poet.

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Gustaw Herling-Grudziński

Gustaw Herling-Grudziński (May 20, 1919 − July 4, 2000) was a Polish writer, journalist, essayist, World War II underground fighter, and political dissident abroad during the communist system in Poland.

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Gustaw Morcinek

Gustaw Morcinek (born Augustyn Morcinek; 24 August 1891 in Karviná, Austria-Hungary – 20 December 1963 in Kraków, Poland) was a Polish writer, educator and later member of Sejm from 1952 to 1957.

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Halina Poświatowska

Halina Poświatowska (née Halina Myga, entered into church records as Helena Myga; May 9, 1935 in Częstochowa, Poland – October 11, 1967 in Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish poet and writer, one of the most important figures in modern/contemporary Polish literature.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Henryk Rzewuski

Henryk Rzewuski (Slavuta, Volyn, 3 May 1791 – 28 February 1866, Chudniv, Volyn) was a Polish Romantic-era journalist and novelist.

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Henryk Sienkiewicz

Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (also known by the pseudonym "Litwos"; 5 May 1846 – 15 November 1916) was a Polish journalist, novelist and Nobel Prize laureate.

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Henryków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Henryków (Heinrichau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ziębice, within Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Hieronim Morsztyn

Hieronim Morsztyn (1581–1623) was a Polish poet.

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History of Poland (1945–1989)

The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Soviet dominance and communist rule imposed after the end of World War II over Poland, as reestablished within new borders.

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History of the Germans in Poland

The history of the Germans in Poland dates back over a millennium.

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History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.

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Holy Cross Sermons

The Holy Cross Sermons (Kazania świętokrzyskie) are the oldest extant prose text in the Polish language, dating probably from the late 13th, or from the early 14th century.

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Home Army

The Home Army (Armia Krajowa;, abbreviated AK) was the dominant Polish resistance movement in Poland, occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, during World War II.

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Horace

Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC – November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian).

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Hortulus Animae

Hortulus Animae (Little Garden of the Soul, Seelengärtlein, Jardin des Âmes, Raj duszny) was the Latin title of a prayer book also available in German.

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Hugo Kołłątaj

Hugo Stumberg Kołłątaj, alt.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.

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Ignacy Krasicki

Ignacy Krasicki (3 February 173514 March 1801), from 1766 Prince-Bishop of Warmia (in German, Ermland) and from 1795 Archbishop of Gniezno (thus, Primate of Poland), was Poland's leading Enlightenment poet"Ignacy Krasicki", Encyklopedia Polski (Encyclopedia of Poland), p. 325.

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Independence

Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory.

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Insatiability

Insatiability (Nienasycenie) is a novel by the Polish writer, dramatist, philosopher, painter and photographer, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (Witkacy).

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Institute of National Remembrance

The Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; IPN) is a Polish government-affiliated research institute with lustration prerogatives, as well as prosecution powers.

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Insurgency

An insurgency is a rebellion against authority (for example, an authority recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (lawful combatants).

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Interwar period

In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939.

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Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II.

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Isaac Bashevis Singer

Isaac Bashevis Singer (יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער; November 21, 1902 – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-born Jewish writer in Yiddish, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978.

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Izabela Czartoryska

Princess Izabela Dorota Czartoryska (née Fleming; 3 March 1746 – 15 July 1835) was a Polish noblewoman, writer, and art collector who is widely regarded as a very prominent figure of the Enlightenment in Poland.

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Jadwiga Łuszczewska

Jadwiga Łuszczewska (pseudonym: Deotyma (Diotima); 1 July 1834 – 23 September 1908) was a Polish poet and novelist.

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Jadwiga Staniszkis

Jadwiga Staniszkis (born April 26, 1942 in Warsaw) is a Polish sociologist and political scientist, essayist, a former professor at the University of Warsaw and the Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu (Business School), a Polish campus of National-Louis University.

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Jagiellonian dynasty

The Jagiellonian dynasty was a royal dynasty, founded by Jogaila (the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who in 1386 was baptized as Władysław, married Queen regnant (also styled "King") Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. The dynasty reigned in several Central European countries between the 14th and 16th centuries. Members of the dynasty were Kings of Poland (1386–1572), Grand Dukes of Lithuania (1377–1392 and 1440–1572), Kings of Hungary (1440–1444 and 1490–1526), and Kings of Bohemia (1471–1526). The personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (converted in 1569 with the Treaty of Lublin into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) is the reason for the common appellation "Poland–Lithuania" in discussions about the area from the Late Middle Ages onward. One Jagiellonian briefly ruled both Poland and Hungary (1440–44), and two others ruled both Bohemia and Hungary (1490–1526) and then continued in the distaff line as a branch of the House of Habsburg. The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Kraków and Gdańsk.

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Jagiellonian University

The Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński; Latin: Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis, also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.

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Jakub Jasiński

Jakub Jasiński of Rawicz Clan (24 July 1761, in Węglów near Pyzdry in Greater Poland – 4 November 1794, in Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish general, and poet of Enlightenment.

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Jan Andrzej Morsztyn

Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (1621–93) was a Polish poet, member of the landed nobility, and official in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Jan Łaski

Jan Łaski or Johannes Alasco (1499 – 8 January 1560) was a Polish Reformed reformer.

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Jan Śniadecki

Jan Śniadecki (29 August 1756 – 9 November 1830) was a Polish mathematician, philosopher and astronomer at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Jan Brzechwa

Jan Brzechwa, (15 August 1898 – 2 July 1966) was a Polish poet and author, known mostly for his contribution to children's literature.

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Jan Chryzostom Pasek

Jan Chryzostom Pasek (c. 1636–1701) was a Polish nobleman and writer during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Jan Czeczot

Jan Czeczot of Ostoja (Jonas Čečiotas, Ян Чачот, Jan Čačot, 1796–1847) was a Polish romantic poet and ethnographer.

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Jan Długosz

Jan Długosz (1 December 1415 – 19 May 1480), also known as Ioannes, Joannes, or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius, was a Polish priest, chronicler, diplomat, soldier, and secretary to Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki of Kraków.

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Jan Dobraczyński

Jan Dobraczyński (Warsaw, 20 April 1910 – 5 March 1994, Warsaw) was a Polish writer, novelist, politician and Catholic publicist.

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Jan Kasprowicz

Jan Kasprowicz (December 12, 1860 – August 1, 1926) was a poet, playwright, critic and translator; a foremost representative of Young Poland.

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Jan Kochanowski

Jan Kochanowski (1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language.

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Jan Lechoń

Leszek Józef Serafinowicz (pen name: Jan Lechoń; March 13, 1899 in Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire – June 8, 1956 in New York City) was a Polish poet, literary and theater critic, diplomat, and co-founder of the Skamander literary movement and the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

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Jan of Czarnków

Jan(ko) of Czarnków (Jan(ko) z Czarnkowa) (ca. 1320–1387), of Nałęcz coat of arms, was a Polish chronicler, Deputy Chancellor of the Crown and Archdeacon of Gniezno.

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Jan Potocki

Count Jan Potocki (8 March 1761 – 23 December 1815) was a Polish nobleman, Polish Army Captain of Engineers, ethnologist, Egyptologist, linguist, traveler, adventurer, and popular author of the Enlightenment period, whose life and exploits made him a legendary figure in his homeland.

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January Uprising

The January Uprising (Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m. sukilimas, Belarusian: Паўстанне 1863-1864 гадоў, Польське повстання) was an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire.

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Janusz Zajdel

Janusz Andrzej Zajdel (15 August 1938 – 19 July 1985) was a Polish science fiction author, second in popularity in Poland to Stanisław Lem.

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Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz

Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, also known under his literary pseudonym Eleuter (20 February 1894 – 2 March 1980), was a Polish poet, essayist, dramatist and writer.

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Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz

Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz (Jarosław Marek Szulc; born 13 July 1935, in Warsaw) is a Polish poet, essayist, dramatist and literary critic.

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Józef Andrzej Załuski

Józef Andrzej Załuski (12 January 17029 January 1774) was a Polish Catholic priest, Bishop of Kiev, a sponsor of learning and culture, and a renowned bibliophile.

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Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic

Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic (August 20, 1597 – October 14, 1677) was a Polish poet and historian of the Baroque era, most famous for his pastoral poems Sielanki nowe ruskie (New Ruthenian Pastorals), first published in Kraków in 1663.

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Józef Bohdan Zaleski

Józef Bohdan Zaleski (14 February 1802 in Bohatyrka, Kiev guberniya – 31 March 1886 in Villepreux, near Paris) was a Polish Romantic poet.

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Józef Ignacy Kraszewski

Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (28 July 1812 – 19 March 1887) was a Polish writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, painter and author who produced more than 200 novels and 150 novellas, short stories, and art reviews.

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Józef Mackiewicz

Józef Mackiewicz (April 1, 1902 – January 31, 1985) was a Polish writer, novelist and political commentator; best known for his documentary novels Nie trzeba głośno mówić (One Is Not Supposed to Speak Aloud), and Droga donikąd (The Road to Nowhere).

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Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński

Count Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1748 – 17 March 1826) was a Polish literature and art historian, nobleman, politician, writer, researcher of literature, and founder of the Ossoliński Institute.

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Józef Piłsudski

Józef Klemens Piłsudski (5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman; he was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal of Poland" (from 1920), and de facto leader (1926–35) of the Second Polish Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs.

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Józef Szujski

Józef Szujski (Tarnow, 16 June 1835 – Cracow, 7 February 1883) was a Polish politician, historian, poet and professor of the Jagiellonian University.

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Jędrzej Śniadecki

Jędrzej Śniadecki (archaic; 30 November 1768 – 12 May 1838) was a Polish writer, physician, chemist and biologist.

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Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine

Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine (Jan Piotr Norblin; 15 July 1745 – 23 February 1830) was a French-born painter, draughtsman, engraver, drawing artist and caricaturist.

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Jerusalem Delivered

Jerusalem Delivered (La Gerusalemme liberata) is an epic poem by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso, first published in 1581, that tells a largely mythified version of the First Crusade in which Christian knights, led by Godfrey of Bouillon, battle Muslims in order to take Jerusalem.

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Jerzy Andrzejewski

Jerzy Andrzejewski (19 August 1909 – 19 April 1983) was a prolific Polish author.

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Jerzy Borejsza

Jerzy Borejsza (born Beniamin Goldberg; 1905 in Warsaw – 1952 in Warsaw) was a Polish communist activist and writer, chief of the communist press and publishing syndicate in the Stalinist period of the People's Republic of Poland.

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Jerzy Ficowski

Jerzy Ficowski (October 4, 1924, Warsaw – May 9, 2006, Warsaw) was a Polish poet, writer and translator (from Yiddish, Russian, Romani and Hungarian).

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Jerzy Jan Lerski

Jerzy Jan Lerski (nom de guerre: Jur; also known as George Jan Lerski; was a Polish lawyer, soldier, historian, political scientist and politician. After World War II he emigrated to the United States, where he became a full professor at the University of San Francisco.

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Jerzy Pilch

Jerzy Pilch (born 10 August 1952 in Wisła, Poland) is a Polish writer, columnist, and journalist.

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Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland were established during World War II in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland.

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Joanna Bator

Joanna Bator (born 2 February 1968) is a Polish novelist, journalist, feminist and academic.

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Joanna Chmielewska

Joanna Chmielewska was the pen name of Irena Kühn née Becker (2 April 1932 – 7 October 2013), a Polish novelist and screenwriter.

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Johannes Dantiscus

Johannes Dantiscus, (Johann(es) von Höfen-Flachsbinder, Jan Dantyszek; 1 October 1485 – 27 October 1548) was prince-bishop of Warmia and Bishop of Chełmno (Culm).

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Journalist

A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information to the public.

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Julian Przyboś

Julian Przyboś (5 March 1901 – 6 October 1970) was a Polish poet, essayist and translator, one of the most important poets of Kraków Avantgarde.

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Julian Tuwim

Julian Tuwim (September 13, 1894 – December 27, 1953), known also under the pseudonym "Oldlen" as a lyricist,.

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Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz (6 February 1758, Skoki, near Brest – 21 May 1841, Paris) was a Polish poet, playwright and statesman.

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Juliusz Słowacki

Juliusz Słowacki (23 August 1809 – 3 April 1849) was a Polish Romantic poet.

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Kasper Straube

Kasper Straube (also Kaspar or Caspar, also known as The Printer of the Turrecrematas) was a German 15th century printer from Bavaria.

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Kasper Twardowski

Kasper Twardowski (ca. 1592 – ca. 1641) OCLC ResearchWorks Online Computer Library Center, WorldCat Identities, Dublin OH, USA.

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Kazimierz Brandys

Kazimierz Brandys (27 October 1916 – 11 March 2000) was a Polish essayist and writer of film scripts.

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Kazimierz Brodziński

Kazimierz Brodziński (8 March 1791 in Królówka – 10 October 1835 in Dresden) was an important Polish Romantic poet.

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Kazimierz Moczarski

Kazimierz Damazy Moczarski (July 21, 1907 – September 27, 1975) was a Polish writer and journalist, officer of the Polish Home Army (noms de guerre: Borsuk, Grawer, Maurycy, and Rafał; active in anti-Nazi resistance).

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Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer

Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer (12 February 1865 – 18 January 1940) was a Polish poet, novelist, playwright, journalist and writer.

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Kazimierz Wierzyński

Kazimierz Wierzyński (Drohobycz, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, 27 August 1894 – 13 February 1969, London) was a Polish poet and journalist; an elected member of the prestigious Polish Academy of Literature in the Second Polish Republic.

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Kazimierz Wyka

Kazimierz Wyka (1910–1975) was a Polish literary historian, literary critic, and professor at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków following World War II.

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Kazimierz Zalewski

Kazimierz Zalewski (December 5, 1849 – January 11, 1919), pseudonym Jerzy Myriel, was a Polish dramatist, literary and theatre critic, one of the leading author of middle-class positivistic drama.

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Klemens Janicki

Klemens Janicki (Janiciusz, Januszkowski, from Januszkowo) ('Clemens Ianicius') (1516–1543) was one of the most outstanding Latin poets of the 16th century.

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Klementyna Hoffmanowa

Klementyna Hoffmanowa (born Klementyna Tańska; 23 November 1798 – 21 September 1845) was a Polish popular literary writer, translator, editor, and one of Poland's first writers of children's literature.

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Kołłątaj's Forge

Kołłątaj's Forge (Kuźnica Kołłątajowska) was a group of social and political activists, publicists and writers from the period of the Great Sejm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński

Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński (23 January 1905 – 6 December 1953), alias Karakuliambro, was a Polish poet.

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Kordian

Kordian (Kordian: Część pierwsza trylogii.; English: Kordian: First Part of a Trilogy: The Coronation Plot) is a drama written in 1833, and published in 1834, by Juliusz Słowacki, one of the "Three Bards" of Polish literature.

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Kornel Makuszyński

Kornel Makuszyński (8 January 1884 – 31 July 1953) was a Polish writer of children's and youth literature.

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Kornel Ujejski

Kornel Ujejski (September 12, 1823 in Beremyany, Galicia, Austria - September 19, 1897 in Pavliv near Lviv, Galicia, Austria), also known as Cornelius Ujejski, was a Polish poet, patriot and political writer of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary.

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Koziołek Matołek

Koziołek Matołek (Matołek the Billy-Goat) is a fictional character created by Kornel Makuszyński (story) and Marian Walentynowicz (art) in one of the first and most famous Polish comics back in 1933.

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Krystyna Krahelska

Krystyna Krahelska "Danuta" (24 March 1914 - 2 August 1944) was a Polish poet, ethnographer, member of the Home Army, and a participant in the Warsaw Uprising.

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Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński

Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński, (nom de guerre: Jan Bugaj; January 22, 1921 – August 4, 1944) was a Polish poet and Home Army soldier, one of the most renowned authors of the Generation of Columbuses, the young generation of Polish poets of whom several perished in the Warsaw Uprising and during the German occupation of Poland.

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Krzysztof Opaliński

Krzysztof Opaliński (21 January 1611 – 6 December 1655) was a Polish nobleman, politician, writer, satirist and Governor of Poznań.

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Kulturkampf

Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") is a German term referring to power struggles between emerging constitutional democratic nation states and the Roman Catholic Church over the place and role of religion in modern polity, usually in connection with secularization campaigns.

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Laments (Kochanowski)

The Laments (also Lamentations or Threnodies; Treny) are a series of nineteen threnodies (elegies) by Jan Kochanowski.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Laurentius Corvinus

Laurentius Corvinus (Laurentius Rabe; Wawrzyniec Korwin; 1465–1527) was a Silesian scholar who lectured as an "extraordinary" (i.e. untenured) professor at the University of Krakow when Nicolaus Copernicus began to study there.

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Laurus nobilis

Laurus nobilis is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glabrous (smooth and hairless) leaves, in the flowering plant family Lauraceae.

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Leon Kruczkowski

Leon Kruczkowski (1900–1962) was a Polish writer and publicist, and a prominent figure of the Polish theatre in the post-World War II period.

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Leopold Staff

Leopold Staff (November 14, 1878 – May 31, 1957) was a Polish poet; one of the greatest artists of European modernism twice granted the Degree of Doctor honoris causa by universities in Warsaw and in Kraków.

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Leopold Tyrmand

Leopold Tyrmand (May 16, 1920 – March 19, 1985) was a Polish-Jewish novelist, writer and editor.

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Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.

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List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).

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List of Polish-language authors

Notable Polish novelists, poets, playwrights, historians and philosophers, listed in chronological order by year of birth.

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List of Polish-language poets

List of poets who have written much of their poetry in the Polish language.

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List of Roman Catholic bishops of Lviv

The Latin Archdiocese of Lviv (Archidioecesis Leopolitanus Latinorum) was erected on August 28, 1412 in the city of Lwow (today Lviv).

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Lithuanian language

Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.

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Lucjan Siemieński

Lucjan Siemieński (1807–1877) was a Polish Romantic poet, prose writer, and literary critic.

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Lviv

Lviv (Львів; Львов; Lwów; Lemberg; Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016.

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Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski

Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (in Latin, Matthias Casimirus Sarbievius; Lithuanian: Motiejus Kazimieras Sarbievijus; Sarbiewo, Poland, 24 February 1595 Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski's biography by Mirosław Korolko in: – 2 April 1640, Warsaw, Poland), was Europe's most prominent Latin poet of the 17th century, and a renowned theoretician of poetics.

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Marek Hłasko

Marek Hłasko (14 January 1934 – 14 June 1969) was a Polish author and screenwriter.

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Marek Krajewski

Marek Krajewski (born 4 September 1966, in Wrocław) is an award-winning Polish crime writer and linguist.

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Maria Dąbrowska

Maria Dąbrowska (6 October 1889 – 19 May 1965) was a Polish writer, novelist, essayist, journalist and playwright,Marcel Cornis-Pope, John Neubauer, Benjamins Publishing, 2010.

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Maria Ilnicka

Maria Ilnicka, maiden name Majkowska (1825 or 1827 – August 26, 1897, Warsaw) was a Polish poet, novelist, translator and journalist.

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Maria Konopnicka

Maria Konopnicka, née Wasiłowska (23 May 1842 – 8 October 1910) was a Polish poet, novelist, children's writer, translator, journalist, critic, and activist for women's rights and for Polish independence.

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Maria Kuncewiczowa

Maria Kuncewiczowa (Samara, Russian Empire, 30 October 1895 - 15 July 1989, Lublin, Poland) was a Polish writer and novelist.

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Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska

Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, née Kossak (24 November 1891 – 9 July 1945), was a prolific Polish poet known as the Polish Sappho and "queen of lyrical poetry" during Poland's interwar period., University of Toronto. She was also a dramatist.

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Maria Rodziewiczówna

Maria Rodziewiczówna (February 2, 1863 – November 16, 1944, near Żelazna) was a Polish writer, among the most famous of the interwar years.

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Maria Wirtemberska

Maria Wirtemberska, also known as Maria Anna Princess Czartoryska, Duchess von Württemberg-Montbéliard (March 15, 1768, Warsaw – October 21, 1854, Paris), was a Polish noble, writer, and philanthropist.

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Mary, mother of Jesus

Mary was a 1st-century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran.

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Maurycy Mochnacki

Maurycy Mochnacki (born 13 September 1803 in Bojaniec near Żółkiew – died on 20 December 1834 in Auxerre) was a Polish literary, theatre and music critic, publicist, journalist, pianist, historian and independence activist.

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Medallions

Medallions (the original Polish title: Medaliony) is a book consisting of eight short stories by the Polish author Zofia Nałkowska.

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Melchior Wańkowicz

Melchior Wańkowicz (10 January 1892 – 10 September 1974) was a Polish army officer, popular writer, political journalist and publisher.

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Memoir

A memoir (US: /ˈmemwɑːr/; from French: mémoire: memoria, meaning memory or reminiscence) is a collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or events, both public or private, that took place in the subject's life.

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Michał Bałucki

Michał Bałucki, pseudonym Elpidon (born September 29, 1837 in Kraków; died October 17, 1901 in Kraków), was a Polish playwright and poet.

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Michał Czajkowski

Michał Czajkowski (Mykhailo Chaikovsky; 29 September 180418 January 1886), also known in Turkey as Mehmet Sadyk Pasha (Mehmet Sadık Paşa), was a Polish writer and political émigré of distant Cossack heritage who worked both for the resurrection of Poland and also for the reestablishment of a Cossack state.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Mieczysław Romanowski

Mieczysław Romanowski (1833–1863) was a Polish Romantic poet.

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Mikołaj Hussowczyk

Mikołaj Hussowczyk (Мікола Гусоўскі/Mikola Husoŭski, Mikalojus Husovianas, Nicolaus Hussovianus).

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Mikołaj Rej

Mikołaj Rej or Mikołaj Rey of Nagłowice (4 February 1505 – between 8 September/5 October 1569) was a Polish poet and prose writer of the emerging Renaissance in Poland as it succeeded the Middle Ages, as well as a politician and musician.

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Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński

Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński (c. 1550 – c. 1581) was an influential Polish poet of the late Renaissance who wrote in both Polish and Latin.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych) is the Polish government department tasked with maintaining Poland's international relations and coordinating its participation in international and regional supra-national political organisations such as the European Union and United Nations.

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Ministry of Public Security (Poland)

The Ministry of Public Security of Poland (Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego or MBP) was a postwar communist, secret police, intelligence and counter-espionage service operating from 1945 to 1954 under minister for Public Security general (Generał brygady) Stanisław Radkiewicz, and supervised by Jakub Berman of the Politburo.

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Miron Białoszewski

Miron Białoszewski (born June 30, 1922, Warsaw – died June 17, 1983, Warsaw), was a Polish poet, novelist, playwright and actor.

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Modernism

Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Monk

A monk (from μοναχός, monachos, "single, solitary" via Latin monachus) is a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks.

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Music of Poland

The Music of Poland covers diverse aspects of music and musical traditions which have originated, and are practiced in Poland.

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Nad Niemnem

Nad Niemnem is a Positivist novel written by Eliza Orzeszkowa in 1888 during the foreign Partitions of Poland.

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Narcyza Żmichowska

Narcyza Żmichowska (Warsaw, 4 March 1819 – 24 December 1876, Warsaw), also known under her popular nom de plume Gabryella, was a Polish novelist and poet.

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Nicholas II of Russia

Nicholas II or Nikolai II (r; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.

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Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.

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Nobel Prize in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish literature prize that has been awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: "den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning").

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November Uprising

The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire.

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Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)

The occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during the Second World War (1939–1945) began with the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945.

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Old Polish language

Old Polish language (język staropolski) is the period in the history of the Polish language between the 9th and the 16th centuries, followed by the Middle Polish language.

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Olga Tokarczuk

Olga Tokarczuk (born 29 January 1962) is a Polish writer, activist, and public intellectual who has been described as one of the most critically acclaimed and commercially successful authors of her generation.

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Onufry Kopczyński

Onufry Kopczyński (30 November 1736 – 14 February 1817) was an important educator and grammarian of the Polish language during the Polish Enlightenment.

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Ossolineum

The Ossolineum or the National Ossoliński Institute (Zakład Narodowy im., ZNiO) is a non-profit foundation located in Wrocław, Poland since 1947, and subsidized from the state budget.

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Paganism

Paganism is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for populations of the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population or because they were not milites Christi (soldiers of Christ).

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Pan Tadeusz

Pan Tadeusz (full title in English: Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray: A Nobleman's Tale from the Years of 1811 and 1812 in Twelve Books of Verse; Polish original: Pan Tadeusz, czyli ostatni zajazd na Litwie. Historia szlachecka z roku 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach wierszem) is an epic poem by the Polish poet, writer and philosopher Adam Mickiewicz.

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Paraphrase

A paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.

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Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.

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Patriotism

Patriotism or national pride is the ideology of love and devotion to a homeland, and a sense of alliance with other citizens who share the same values.

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Paweł Huelle

Paweł Huelle (born 10 September 1957 in Gdańsk, Poland) is a Polish prose writer.

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Pharaoh (novel)

Pharaoh (Faraon) is the fourth and last major novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus (1847–1912).

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Philosophy

Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

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Piotr Skarga

Piotr Skarga (less often, Piotr Powęski; 2 February 1536 – 27 September 1612) was a Polish Jesuit, preacher, hagiographer, polemicist, and leading figure of the Counter-Reformation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Playwright

A playwright or dramatist (rarely dramaturge) is a person who writes plays.

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Poet laureate

A poet laureate (plural: poets laureate) is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, typically expected to compose poems for special events and occasions.

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Pola Gojawiczyńska

Pola Gojawiczyńska, real name Apolonia Gojawiczyńska, née Koźniewska (1 April 1896 – 29 March 1963) was a Polish writer.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Polish Academy of Literature

The Polish Academy of Literature (Polska Akademia Literatury, PAL) was one of the most important state institutions of literary life in the Second Polish Republic, operating between 1933–1939 with the headquarters in Warsaw.

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Polish Academy of Sciences

The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning.

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Polish comics

Polish comics are comics written and produced in Poland.

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Polish language

Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.

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Polish October

Polish October, also known as October 1956, Polish thaw, or Gomułka's thaw, marked a change in the politics of Poland in the second half of 1956.

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Polish poetry

Polish poetry has a centuries-old history, similar to the Polish literature.

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Polish Scientific Publishers PWN

Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN; until 1991 Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe - National Scientific Publishers PWN, PWN) is a Polish book publisher, founded in 1951.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Pope

The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Positivism

Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.

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Positivism in Poland

Positivism in Poland was a socio-cultural movement that defined progressive thought in literature and social sciences of partitioned Poland, following the suppression of the 1863 January Uprising against the occupying army of Imperial Russia.

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Prussian deportations

The Prussian deportations (or Prussian expulsions of Poles, rugi pruskie, Polenausweisungen) were the mass expulsions of ethnic Poles (and to a lesser extent, Polish Jews) from the German-controlled Prussia between 1885 and 1890.

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Quern-stone

Quern-stones are stone tools for hand-grinding a wide variety of materials.

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Quo Vadis (novel)

Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero, commonly known as Quo Vadis, is a historical novel written by Henryk Sienkiewicz in Polish.

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Rafał Wojaczek

Rafał Wojaczek (December 6, 1945 – May 11, 1971) was a Polish poet of the postwar generation.

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Reason

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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Roman Romkowski

Roman Romkowski born Natan Grünspan-Kikiel,Tadeusz Piotrowski, McFarland, 1998.

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Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

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Romanticism in Poland

Romanticism in Poland, a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822.

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Rota (poem)

Rota ("The Oath") is an early 20th-century Polish poem,Maja Trochimczyk, including music recording in Real Audio format.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Ryszard Kapuściński

Ryszard Kapuściński (March 4, 1932 – January 23, 2007) was a Polish journalist, photographer, poet and author.

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Ryszard Legutko

Ryszard Antoni Legutko, born 24 December 1949, is a Polish philosopher and politician.

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Samizdat

Samizdat was a form of dissident activity across the Eastern bloc in which individuals reproduced censored and underground publications by hand and passed the documents from reader to reader.

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Samuel Linde

Samuel Linde (Thorn, now Toruń, 11 or 24 April 1771 – 8 August 1847, Warsaw) was a linguist, librarian, and lexicographer of the Polish language.

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Samuel Twardowski

Samuel Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in 17th century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, called by his contemporaries 'Polish Virgil'.

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Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass

Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass is the English title of Sanatorium Pod Klepsydrą, a novel by the Polish writer and painter Bruno Schulz, published in 1937.

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Sapphic stanza in Polish poetry

The Sapphic stanza is the only stanzaic form adapted from Greek and Latin poetry to be used widely in Polish literature.

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Schweipolt Fiol

Schweipolt Fiol (also Sebald Vehl or Veyl; born approximately in 1460? - died 1525 or 1526) was a German-born 15th century pioneer of printing in Eastern Europe, founder of the Ukrainian Cyrillic script typography.

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Science fiction and fantasy in Poland

Science fiction and fantasy in Poland dates to the late 18th century.

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Sebastian Grabowiecki

Sebastian Grabowiecki (c. 1543 – 1607) was a Polish Catholic priest and poet.

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Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).

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Sergiusz Piasecki

Sergiusz Piasecki (1901 in Lachowicze near Baranowicze – 1964 in Penley) - was one of the best known Polish language writers of the mid 20th century.

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Seweryn Goszczyński

Seweryn Goszczyński (1803-1876) was a Polish Romantic prose writer and poet.

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Silesia

Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Skepticism

Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English) is generally any questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief.

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Social organism

In sociology, the social organism is an ideological concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a "living organism".

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Socialist realism in Poland

Socialist realism in Poland (socrealizm) was a social, political, and esthetic doctrine enforced by the pro-Soviet communist government in the process of Stalinization of the postwar People's Republic of Poland.

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Socialist realism in Polish literature

Socialist realism was a political doctrine enforced in Poland by the Soviet-sponsored communists government soon after the end of World War II and the Soviet takeover of the country.

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Society for Elementary Books

The Society for Elementary Books (Polish: Towarzystwo do Ksiąg Elementarnych; 1775–92) was an institution formed by Poland's Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej) in Warsaw in 1775.

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Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.

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Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana

Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana ("Literary Sodality of the Vistula") was an international academic society modelled after the Roman Academy, founded around 1488 in Cracow by Conrad Celtes, a German humanist scholar who in other areas founded several similar societies.

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Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

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Soviet invasion of Poland

The Soviet invasion of Poland was a Soviet Union military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939.

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Stanisław August Poniatowski

Stanisław II Augustus (also Stanisław August Poniatowski; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798), who reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, was the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Stanisław Barańczak

Stanisław Barańczak (November 13, 1946 – December 26, 2014) was a Polish poet, literary critic, scholar, editor, translator and lecturer.

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Stanisław Dygat

Stanisław Dygat (1914–1978) was a Polish writer.

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Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz

Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (24 February 188518 September 1939), commonly known as Witkacy, was a Polish writer, painter, philosopher, playwright, novelist, and photographer active in the interwar period.

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Stanisław Konarski

Stanisław Konarski (actual name: Hieronim Konarski; 30 September 1700 – 3 August 1773) was a Polish pedagogue, educational reformer, political writer, poet, dramatist, Piarist priest and precursor of the Enlightenment in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Stanisław Lem

Stanisław Herman Lem (12 or 13 September 1921 – 27 March 2006) was a Polish writer of science fiction, philosophy, and satire, and a trained physician.

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Stanisław Leszczyński

Stanisław I Leszczyński (also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, Stanislovas Leščinskis, Stanislas Leszczynski; 20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766) was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Lorraine and a count of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Stanisław Młodożeniec

Stanisław Młodożeniec (born 31 January 1895 in Dobrocice - died 21 January 1959 in Warsaw) was a poet, and a founder of Polish futurism.

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Stanisław Przybyszewski

Stanisław Przybyszewski (7 May 1868 – 23 November 1927) was a Polish novelist, dramatist, and poet of the decadent naturalistic school.

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Stanisław Staszic

Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a leading figure in the Polish Enlightenment: a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman.

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Stanisław Trembecki

Stanisław Trembecki (8 May 1739 – 12 December 1812) was a Polish Enlightenment poet, well known for his poems Na dzień siódmy września and Nadgrobek hajduka, which are said to have started a new trend in Polish political lyric poetry.

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Stanisław Wyspiański

Stanisław Wyspiański (15 January 1869 – 28 November 1907) was a Polish playwright, painter and poet, as well as interior and furniture designer.

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Stefan Żeromski

Stefan Żeromski (14 October 1864 – 20 November 1925) was a Polish novelist and dramatist.

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Stefan Grabiński

Stefan Grabiński (26 February 1887 - 12 November 1936) was a Polish writer of fantastic literature and horror stories.

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Stefan Kisielewski

Stefan Kisielewski (March 7, 1911 in Warsaw – September 27, 1991 in Warsaw, Poland), nicknames Kisiel, Julia Hołyńska, Teodor Klon, Tomasz Staliński, was a Polish writer, publicist, composer and politician, and one of the members of Znak, one of the founders of the Unia Polityki Realnej, the Polish libertarian and conservative political party.

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Stowarzyszenie Pisarzy Polskich

The Stowarzyszenie Pisarzy Polskich is a Polish Writers' Association, an organization of Polish writers, poets, playwrights, critics and translators.

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Symbolism (arts)

Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts.

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Szlachta

The szlachta (exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia (both after Union of Lublin became a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Zaporozhian Host.

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Szymon Starowolski

Szymon Starowolski (1588 – 1656; Simon Starovolscius) was a writer, scholar and historian in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Szymon Szymonowic

Szymon Szymonowic (in Latin, Simon Simonides; in Armenian, Շիմոն Շիմոնովիչ; also, in Polish, "Szymonowicz" and "Bendoński"; born Lwów, 24 October 1558 – died 5 May 1629, Czarnięcin, near Zamość) was a Polish Renaissance poet.

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Tadeusz Borowski

Tadeusz Borowski (12 November 1922 – 1 July 1951) was a Polish writer and journalist.

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Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński

Tadeusz Kamil Marcjan Żeleński (better known by his pen name, Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński; 21 December 1874 – 4 July 1941) was a Polish stage writer, poet, critic and, above all, the translator of over 100 French literary classics into Polish.

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Tadeusz Czacki

Tadeusz Czacki (28 August 1765 in Poryck, Volhynia – 8 February 1813 in Dubno) was a Polish historian, pedagogue and numismatist.

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Tadeusz Gajcy

Tadeusz Stefan Gajcy (8 February 1922, Warsaw - 16 August 1944, Warsaw) was a Polish poet and Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army) soldier.

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Tadeusz Konwicki

Tadeusz Konwicki (22 June 1926 – 7 January 2015) was a Polish writer and film director, as well as a member of the Polish Language Council.

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Tadeusz Miciński

Tadeusz Miciński (9 November 1873 in Łódź – February 1918 in Cherykaw Raion, Belarus) was an influential Polish poet, gnostic and playwright, and was a forerunner of Expressionism and Surrealism.

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Tadeusz Różewicz

Tadeusz Różewicz (9 October 1921 – 24 April 2014) was a Polish poet, playwright, writer, and translator.

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Tadeusz Rittner

Tadeusz Rittner (pseudonym: Tomasz Czaszka) (May 31, 1873 – June 19, 1921) was a Polish dramatist, prose writer, and literary critic.

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Teofil Lenartowicz

Teofil Aleksander Lenartowicz (27 February 1822 in Warsaw – 3 February 1893 in Florence) University of Gdańsk was a Polish ethnographer, sculptor, poet and Romantic conspirator.

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The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom

The Adventures of Mr.

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The Doll (novel)

The Doll (Lalka) is the second of four acclaimed novels by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus (real name Aleksander Głowacki).

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The Holocaust in Poland

The Holocaust in German-occupied Poland was the last and most lethal phase of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" (Endlösung der Judenfrage), marked by the construction of death camps on German-occupied Polish soil.

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The Manuscript Found in Saragossa

The Manuscript Found in Saragossa (also known in English as The Saragossa Manuscript) is a frame-tale novel written in French at the turn of 18th and 19th century by Polish author Count Jan Potocki (1761–1815).

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The Peasants

The Peasants (Chłopi) is a novel written by Nobel Prize-winning Polish author Władysław Reymont in four parts between 1904 and 1909.

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The Spring to Come

The Polish novel Przedwiośnie (a title translated alternatively as First Spring, Publisher: Polska Akademia Nauk (Polish Academy of Sciences), Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich "Ossolineum", 1980. Before the Spring,Bill Johnston, Northwestern University Press, 1999. Early Spring,Adam Michnik, Irena Grudzińska-Gross, Roman S. Czarny, University of California Press, 2011.. Springtime,Geert Lernout, Wim Van Mierlo, Continuum International, 2004.. or Spring To ComeMarci Shore, Yale University Press, 2006..) was written by the leading Polish neoromantic writer Stefan Żeromski, and first published in 1925, the year he died.

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The Trilogy

For the general use of the term "trilogy", see Trilogy. The Trilogy is a series of three novels written by the Polish author Henryk Sienkiewicz.

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Third Partition of Poland

The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918.

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This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen

This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen, also known as Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber, is a collection of short stories by Tadeusz Borowski, which were inspired by the author's concentration camp experience.

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Three Bards

The Three Bards are the national poets of Polish Romantic literature.

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Tomasz Zan

Tomasz Zan (21 December 1796 Miasata, Molodechno, Russian Empire (now Belarus) – 19 July 1855 Kakoŭčyna, Orsha, Russian Empire), was a Polish poet and activist.

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Torquato Tasso

Torquato Tasso (11 March 1544 – 25 April 1595) was an Italian poet of the 16th century, best known for his poem Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered, 1581), in which he depicts a highly imaginative version of the combats between Christians and Muslims at the end of the First Crusade, during the Siege of Jerusalem.

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Trilogy

A trilogy (from Greek τρι- tri-, "three" and -λογία -logia, "discourse") is a set of three works of art that are connected, and that can be seen either as a single work or as three individual works.

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Ukrainian language

No description.

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University of California Press

University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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Vernacular

A vernacular, or vernacular language, is the language or variety of a language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population.

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Wacław Berent

Wacław Berent (Warsaw, 28 September 1878 – 19 November or 22 November 1940, Warsaw) was a Polish novelist, essayist and literary translator from the Art Nouveau period, publishing under the pen names S.A.M. and Wł.

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Wacław Potocki

Wacław Potocki (1621, Wola Łużańska - 1696) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), moralist, poet, and writer.

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Wacław Sieroszewski

Wacław Sieroszewski (1858 – 1945) was a Polish writer, Polish Socialist Party activist, and soldier in the World War I-era Polish Legions (decorated with the Virtuti Militari).

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Warsaw

Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning

The Warsaw Society of Friends of Science (Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, TPN) was one of the earliest Polish scientific societies, active in Warsaw from 1800 to 1832.

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Warsaw Uprising

The Warsaw Uprising (powstanie warszawskie; Warschauer Aufstand) was a major World War II operation, in the summer of 1944, by the Polish underground resistance, led by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), to liberate Warsaw from German occupation.

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Władysław Orkan

Władysław Orkan (27 November 1875 – 14 May 1930) (actually born as Franciszek Ksawery Smaciarz, changed surname to Smreczyński, but primarily known under his pen name, Orkan) was a Polish writer and poet from the Young Poland period.

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Władysław Reymont

Władysław Stanisław Reymont (born Rejment; 7 May 1867 – 5 December 1925) was a Polish novelist and the 1924 laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature.

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Władysław Syrokomla

Ludwik Władysław Franciszek Kondratowicz (September 29, 1823 – September 15, 1862), better known as Władysław Syrokomla, was a romantic poet, writer and translator working in Congress Poland of the Russian Empire.

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Włodzimierz Sokorski

Włodzimierz Sokorski (2 July 1908, Oleksandrivsk – 2 May 1999, Warsaw) was a Polish communist official, writer, military journalist and eventually a Brigadier General in the Soviet-dominated People's Republic of Poland.

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Wincenty Kadłubek

Blessed Wincenty Kadłubek (1150 – 8 March 1223) was a Polish Roman Catholic prelate and professed Cistercian who served as the Bishop of Kraków from 1208 until his resignation in 1218.

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Wincenty Pol

Wincenty Pol (20 April 1807 – 2 December 1872) was a Polish poet and geographer.

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Wisława Szymborska

Maria Wisława Anna SzymborskaVioletta Szostak gazeta.pl, 2012-02-09.

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Witold Gombrowicz

Witold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969) was a Polish writer and playwright.

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Wojciech Kuczok

Wojciech Kuczok (born 18 October 1972 in Chorzów) - a Polish novelist, poet, screenwriter, film critic and speleologist.

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Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.

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Wydawnictwo Literackie

Wydawnictwo Literackie (abbreviated WL, lit. "Literary Press") is a Kraków-based Polish publishing house.

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Yiddish

Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish/idish, "Jewish",; in older sources ייִדיש-טײַטש Yidish-Taitsh, Judaeo-German) is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews.

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Young Poland

Young Poland (Młoda Polska) was a modernist period in Polish visual arts, literature and music, covering roughly the years between 1890 and 1918.

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Załuski Library

The Załuski Library (Biblioteka Załuskich, Bibliotheca Zalusciana) was built in Warsaw in 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops.

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Zbigniew Herbert

Zbigniew Herbert (29 October 1924 – 28 July 1998) was a Polish poet, essayist, drama writer and moralist.

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Zbigniew Morsztyn

Zbigniew Morsztyn (Morstin, Morstyn) (ca. 1628 – December 13, 1689) was a Polish poet.

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Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal)

Zbigniew Oleśnicki (5 December 1389 in Sienno, Masovian Voivodeship – 1 April 1455), known in Latin as Sbigneus, was a high-ranking Roman Catholic clergyman and an influential Polish statesman and diplomat.

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Zemsta

Zemsta (Revenge) is a Polish comedy by Aleksander Fredro, a Polish poet, playwright and author active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions.

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Zielony Balonik

Zielony Balonik (literally, the Green Balloon) was a popular literary cabaret founded in Kraków by the local poets, writers and artists during the final years of the Partitions of Poland.

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Zofia Kossak-Szczucka

Zofia Kossak-Szczucka (10 August 1889 – 9 April 1968) was a Polish writer and World War II resistance fighter.

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Zofia Nałkowska

Zofia Nałkowska (Warsaw, Congress Poland, 10 November 1884 – 17 December 1954, Warsaw) was a Polish prose writer, dramatist, and prolific essayist.

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Zygmunt Krasiński

Count Zygmunt Krasiński (19 February 1812 – 23 February 1859), a Polish nobleman traditionally ranked with Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki as one of Poland's Three National Bards — the trio of great Romantic poets who influenced national consciousness during the period of Poland's political bondage.

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Zygmunt Miłkowski

Zygmunt Miłkowski, pseudonym Teodor Tomasz Jeż (March 23, 1824 Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire — January 11, 1915 Lausanne, Switzerland) was Polish romantic writer and politician who struggled for independence of Poland as leader of Polish Union (Liga Polska).

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1905 Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government.

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Redirects here:

Literature in Poland, Literature of Poland, Polish Literature.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_literature

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