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American Enlightenment

Index American Enlightenment

The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual and philosophical fervor in the thirteen American colonies in the 18th to 19th century, which led to the American Revolution and the creation of the United States. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 150 relations: A. Owen Aldridge, Age of Enlightenment, Alexander Hamilton, Algernon Sidney, All men are created equal, American Enlightenment, American philosophy, American Revolution, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Anglicanism, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, Architecture in the United States, Aristocracy, Astronomy, Authoritarianism, Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Thompson, Bernard Bailyn, Cadwallader Colden, Cato's Letters, Cato, a Tragedy, Charles Willson Peale, Classical liberalism, Classical republicanism, College of William & Mary, Columbia University, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Common law, Commonwealth men, Congregationalism in the United States, Constitution of the United States, Country Party (Britain), Creator deity, David Hume, David Rittenhouse, Deism, Democratic-Republican Party, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, Emer de Vattel, English Dissenters, Equality before the law, Eric Foner, Ethan Allen, Ezra Stiles, Federal architecture, Fifth Virginia Convention, Founding Fathers of the United States, Francis Bacon, Francis Hutcheson (philosopher), ... Expand index (100 more) »

A. Owen Aldridge

Alfred Owen Aldridge (December 16, 1915 – January 29, 2005) was a professor of French and comparative literature, founder-editor of the journal Comparative Literature Studies, and author of books on a wide range of literature studies.

See American Enlightenment and A. Owen Aldridge

Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

See American Enlightenment and Age of Enlightenment

Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755, or 1757July 12, 1804) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first U.S. secretary of the treasury from 1789 to 1795 during George Washington's presidency.

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Algernon Sidney

Algernon Sidney or Sydney (15 January 1623 – 7 December 1683) was an English politician, republican political theorist and colonel.

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All men are created equal

The quotation "all men are created equal" is found in the United States Declaration of Independence.

See American Enlightenment and All men are created equal

American Enlightenment

The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual and philosophical fervor in the thirteen American colonies in the 18th to 19th century, which led to the American Revolution and the creation of the United States.

See American Enlightenment and American Enlightenment

American philosophy

American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States.

See American Enlightenment and American philosophy

American Revolution

The American Revolution was a rebellion and political movement in the Thirteen Colonies which peaked when colonists initiated an ultimately successful war for independence against the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding.

See American Enlightenment and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

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Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was an English peer, Whig politician, philosopher and writer.

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Architecture in the United States

The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the country's history of over two centuries of independence and former Spanish, French, Dutch and British rule.

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Aristocracy

Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.

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Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.

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Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath: a leading writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher and political philosopher.

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Benjamin Rush

Benjamin Rush (April 19, 1813) was an American revolutionary, a Founding Father of the United States and signatory to the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, educator, and the founder of Dickinson College.

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Benjamin Thompson

Colonel Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (March 26, 1753August 21, 1814) was an American-born British military officer, scientist, inventor and nobleman.

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Bernard Bailyn

Bernard Bailyn (September 10, 1922 – August 7, 2020) was an American historian, author, and academic specializing in U.S. Colonial and Revolutionary-era History.

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Cadwallader Colden

Cadwallader Colden (7 February 1688 – 28 September 1776) was an Irish-born physician, scientist and colonial administrator who served as the governor of New York from 1760 to 1762 and again from 1763 to 1765.

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Cato's Letters

Cato's Letters were essays by British writers John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, first published from 1720 to 1723 under the pseudonym of Cato (95–46 BC), the implacable foe of Julius Caesar and a famously stalwart champion of Roman traditionalism (mos maiorum).

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Cato, a Tragedy

Cato, a Tragedy is a play written by Joseph Addison in 1712 and first performed on 14 April 1713.

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Charles Willson Peale

Charles Willson Peale (April 15, 1741 – February 22, 1827) was an American painter, soldier, scientist, inventor, politician, and naturalist.

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Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a political tradition and a branch of liberalism that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics and civil liberties under the rule of law, with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech.

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Classical republicanism

Classical republicanism, also known as civic republicanism or civic humanism, is a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity, especially such classical writers as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero.

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College of William & Mary

The College of William & Mary in Virginia (abbreviated as W&M), is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

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Commentaries on the Laws of England

The Commentaries on the Laws of England (commonly, but informally known as Blackstone's Commentaries) are an influential 18th-century treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford between 1765 and 1769.

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Common law

Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions.

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Commonwealth men

The Commonwealth men, Commonwealthmen, Commonwealth's men, or Commonwealth Party were highly outspoken British Protestant religious, political, and economic reformers during the early 18th century.

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Congregationalism in the United States

Congregationalism in the United States consists of Protestant churches in the Reformed tradition that have a congregational form of church government and trace their origins mainly to Puritan settlers of colonial New England.

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Constitution of the United States

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States.

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Country Party (Britain)

Country Party was the name employed in the Kingdom of England (and later in Great Britain) by political movements which campaigned in opposition to the Court Party (that is, the Ministers of the Crown and those who supported them).

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Creator deity

A creator deity or creator god is a deity responsible for the creation of the Earth, world, and universe in human religion and mythology.

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David Hume

David Hume (born David Home; – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who was best known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical skepticism and metaphysical naturalism.

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David Rittenhouse

David Rittenhouse (April 8, 1732 – June 26, 1796) was an American astronomer, inventor, clockmaker, mathematician, surveyor, scientific instrument craftsman, and public official.

See American Enlightenment and David Rittenhouse

Deism

Deism (or; derived from the Latin term deus, meaning "god") is the philosophical position and rationalistic theology that generally rejects revelation as a source of divine knowledge and asserts that empirical reason and observation of the natural world are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a Supreme Being as the creator of the universe.

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Democratic-Republican Party

The Republican Party, retroactively called the Democratic-Republican Party (a modern term created by modern historians and political scientists), and also referred to as the Jeffersonian Republican Party among other names, was an American political party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the early 1790s that championed liberalism, republicanism, individual liberty, equal rights, decentralization, free markets, free trade, agrarianism, and sympathy with the French Revolution.

See American Enlightenment and Democratic-Republican Party

Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury

Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (or Chirbury) KB (3 March 1583 – 5 August 1648) was an English soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher of the Kingdom of England.

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Emer de Vattel

Emer (Emmerich) de Vattel (25 April 171428 December 1767) was a Prussian international lawyer.

See American Enlightenment and Emer de Vattel

English Dissenters

English Dissenters or English Separatists were Protestants who separated from the Church of England in the 17th and 18th centuries.

See American Enlightenment and English Dissenters

Equality before the law

Equality before the law, also known as equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law, legal equality, or legal egalitarianism, is the principle that all people must be equally protected by the law.

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Eric Foner

Eric Foner (born February 7, 1943) is an American historian.

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Ethan Allen

Ethan Allen (– February 12, 1789) was an American farmer, writer, military officer and politician.

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Ezra Stiles

Ezra Stiles (– May 12, 1795) was an American educator, academic, Congregationalist minister, theologian, and author.

See American Enlightenment and Ezra Stiles

Federal architecture

Federal-style architecture is the name for the classical architecture built in the United States following the American Revolution between 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815, which was influenced heavily by the works of Andrea Palladio with several innovations on Palladian architecture by Thomas Jefferson and his contemporaries.

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Fifth Virginia Convention

The Fifth Virginia Convention was a meeting of the Patriot legislature of Virginia held in Williamsburg from May 6 to July 5, 1776.

See American Enlightenment and Fifth Virginia Convention

Founding Fathers of the United States

The Founding Fathers of the United States, commonly referred to as the Founding Fathers, were a group of late-18th-century American revolutionary leaders who united the Thirteen Colonies, oversaw the War of Independence from Great Britain, established the United States of America, and crafted a framework of government for the new nation.

See American Enlightenment and Founding Fathers of the United States

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, 1st Lord Verulam, PC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I.

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Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)

Francis Hutcheson LLD (8 August 1694 – 8 August 1746) was an Irish philosopher born in Ulster to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became known as one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.

See American Enlightenment and Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)

Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.

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Freedom of religion in the United States

In the United States, freedom of religion is a constitutionally protected right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment.

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The Fundamental Orders were adopted by the Connecticut Colony council on.

See American Enlightenment and Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

George Mason

George Mason (October 7, 1792) was an American planter, politician, Founding Father, and delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, where he was one of three delegates who refused to sign the Constitution.

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George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American Founding Father, military officer, and politician who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

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Georgian architecture

Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830.

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Gordon S. Wood

Gordon Stewart Wood (born November 27, 1933) is an American historian and professor at Brown University.

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Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas.

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Gothic Revival architecture

Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that after a gradual build-up beginning in the second half of the 17th century became a widespread movement in the first half of the 19th century, mostly in England.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Henry F. May

Henry Farnum May (March 27, 1915 – September 29, 2012) was an American historian and Margaret Byrne Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke

Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (16 September 1678 – 12 December 1751) was an English politician, government official and political philosopher.

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Individualism

Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.

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Ithiel Town

Ithiel Town (October 3, 1784 – June 13, 1844) was an American architect and civil engineer.

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J. G. A. Pocock

John Greville Agard Pocock (7 March 1924 – 12 December 2023) was a New Zealand historian of political thought.

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Jack P. Greene

Jack Philip Greene (born August 12, 1931) is an American historian, specializing in Colonial American history and Atlantic history.

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Jack Pole

Jack Richon Pole, FBA, FRHistS (14 March 1922 – 30 January 2010) was a British historian of the United States.

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James Harrington (author)

James Harrington (or Harington) (3 January 1611 – 11 September 1677) was an English political theorist of classical republicanism.

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James MacGregor Burns

James MacGregor Burns (August 3, 1918 – July 15, 2014) was an American historian and political scientist, presidential biographer, and authority on leadership studies.

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James Madison

James Madison (March 16, 1751June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

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James Wilson (Founding Father)

James Wilson (September 14, 1742 – August 21, 1798) was a Scottish-born American Founding Father, legal scholar, jurist, and statesman who served as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1798.

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Jane Colden

Jane Colden (March 27, 1724 – March 10, 1766) was an American botanist,Makers of American Botany, Harry Baker Humphrey, Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435 described as the "first botanist of her sex in her country" by Asa Gray in 1843.

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Jared Eliot

Jared Eliot (November 7, 1685—April 22, 1763) was an American colonial scientist, minister, and physician.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher (philosophe), writer, and composer.

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Jefferson Bible

The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, commonly referred to as the Jefferson Bible, is one of two religious works constructed by Thomas Jefferson.

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Jeremiah Dummer

Jeremiah Dummer (1681 – May 19, 1739) was an important colonial figure for New England in the early 18th century.

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John Adams

John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801.

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John Locke

John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".

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John Milton

John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, and civil servant.

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John Trenchard (writer)

John Trenchard (1662 – 17 December 1723) was an English writer and Commonwealthman.

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John Witherspoon

John Witherspoon (February 5, 1723 – November 15, 1794) was a Scottish-American Presbyterian minister, educator, farmer, slaveholder, and a Founding Father of the United States.

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Jonathan Edwards (theologian)

Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was an American revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Congregationalist theologian.

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Joseph Addison

Joseph Addison (1 May 1672 – 17 May 1719) was an English essayist, poet, playwright, and politician.

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Joseph Priestley

Joseph Priestley (24 March 1733 – 6 February 1804) was an English chemist, Unitarian, natural philosopher, separatist theologian, grammarian, multi-subject educator, liberal political theorist.

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Leopold von Ranke

Leopold von Ranke (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.

See American Enlightenment and Liberalism

Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" is a well-known phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence.

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Martin E. Marty

Martin Emil Marty (born February 5, 1928) is an American Lutheran religious scholar who has written extensively on religion in the United States.

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Mathematics

Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.

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Michel de Montaigne

Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne (28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592), commonly known as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance.

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Montesquieu

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 168910 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher.

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Some philosophers distinguish two types of rights, natural rights and legal rights.

See American Enlightenment and Natural rights and legal rights

New Haven, Connecticut

New Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.

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Noah Webster

Noah Webster Jr. (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and author.

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Non-denominational

A non-denominational person or organization is one that does not follow (or is not restricted to) any particular or specific religious denomination.

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Obscurantism

In philosophy, the terms obscurantism and obscurationism identify and describe the anti-intellectual practices of deliberately presenting information in an abstruse and imprecise manner that limits further inquiry and understanding of a subject.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia, colloquially referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the nation, with a population of 1,603,797 in the 2020 census.

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Philip Dray

Philip Dray is an American writer and historian, known for his comprehensive analyses of American scientific, racial, and labor history.

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Philosophes

The were the intellectuals of the 18th-century European Enlightenment.

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Philosophy

Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.

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Presbyterian Church in the United States of America

The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA) was a Presbyterian denomination existing from 1789 to 1958.

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Princeton University

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.

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Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.

See American Enlightenment and Project Gutenberg

Puritans

The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant.

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Religious views of George Washington

The religious views of George Washington have long been debated.

See American Enlightenment and Religious views of George Washington

Republicanism

Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others.

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Republicanism in the United States

The values and ideals of republicanism are foundational in the constitution and history of the United States.

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Richard Steele

Sir Richard Steele (– 1 September 1729) was an Anglo-Irish writer, playwright and politician best known as the co-founder of the magazine The Spectator alongside his close friend Joseph Addison.

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.

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Samuel Johnson

Samuel Johnson (– 13 December 1784), often called Dr Johnson, was an English writer who made lasting contributions as a poet, playwright, essayist, moralist, literary critic, sermonist, biographer, editor, and lexicographer.

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Samuel Johnson (American educator)

Samuel Johnson (October 14, 1696 – January 6, 1772) was a clergyman, educator, linguist, encyclopedist, historian, and philosopher in colonial America.

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Samuel von Pufendorf

Samuel Freiherr von Pufendorf (8 January 1632 – 26 October 1694) was a German jurist, political philosopher, economist and historian.

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Science

Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.

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Scottish Enlightenment

The Scottish Enlightenment (Scots Enlichtenment, Soillseachadh na h-Alba) was the period in 18th- and early-19th-century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments.

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Second Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress was the late 18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolution and the Revolutionary War, which established American independence from the British Empire.

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Secular state

A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.

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Self-evidence

In epistemology (theory of knowledge), a self-evident proposition is a proposition that is known to be true by understanding its meaning without proof, and/or by ordinary human reason.

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Separation of church and state

The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state.

See American Enlightenment and Separation of church and state

The Age of Reason

The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a work by English and American political activist Thomas Paine, arguing for the philosophical position of deism.

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The History of England (Hume book)

The History of England (1754–1761) is David Hume's great work on the history of England (also covering Wales, Scotland, and Ireland), which he wrote in instalments while he was librarian to the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh.

See American Enlightenment and The History of England (Hume book)

The Law of Nations

The Law of Nations: Or, Principles of the Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and SovereignsLe Droit des gens: Principes de la loi naturelle, appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des Nations et des Souverains is a legal treatise on international law by Emerich de Vattel, published in 1758.

See American Enlightenment and The Law of Nations

The Machiavellian Moment

The Machiavellian Moment is a work of intellectual history by J. G. A. Pocock (Princeton University Press, 1975).

See American Enlightenment and The Machiavellian Moment

The Religion of Nature Delineated

The Religion of Nature Delineated is a book by Anglican cleric William Wollaston that describes a system of ethics that can be discerned without recourse to revealed religion.

See American Enlightenment and The Religion of Nature Delineated

The Spectator (1711)

The Spectator was a daily publication founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in England, lasting from 1711 to 1712.

See American Enlightenment and The Spectator (1711)

The Spirit of Law

The Spirit of Law (French: De l'esprit des lois, originally spelled De l'esprit des loix), also known in English as The Spirit of Laws, is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law by Montesquieu, published in 1748.

See American Enlightenment and The Spirit of Law

Theology

Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.

See American Enlightenment and Theology

Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries.

See American Enlightenment and Thirteen Colonies

Thomas Clap

Thomas Clap or Thomas Clapp (June 26, 1703 – January 7, 1767) was an American academic and educator, a Congregational minister, and college administrator.

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Thomas Gordon (writer)

Thomas Gordon was a Scottish writer and Commonwealthman.

See American Enlightenment and Thomas Gordon (writer)

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, planter, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In the old calendar, the new year began on March 25, not January 1.

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Trinity Church on the Green

Trinity Church on the Green or Trinity on the Green is a historic, culturally and community-active parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut in New Haven, Connecticut, of the Episcopal Church.

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Two Treatises of Government

Two Treatises of Government (full title: Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government) is a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke.

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Unitarianism

Unitarianism is a nontrinitarian branch of Christianity.

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United States Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, formally titled The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in both the engrossed version and the original printing, is the founding document of the United States.

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University of Pennsylvania

The University of Pennsylvania, commonly referenced as Penn or UPenn, is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Virginia Declaration of Rights

The Virginia Declaration of Rights was drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish "inadequate" government.

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Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet (21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his nom de plume M. de Voltaire (also), was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian.

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Wigwam

A wigwam, wickiup, wetu (Wampanoag), or wiigiwaam (Ojibwe, in syllabics: ᐧᐄᑭᐧᐋᒻ) is a semi-permanent domed dwelling formerly used by certain Native American tribes and First Nations people and still used for ceremonial events.

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William Blackstone

Sir William Blackstone (10 July 1723 – 14 February 1780) was an English jurist, justice and Tory politician most noted for his Commentaries on the Laws of England, which became the best-known description of the doctrines of the English common law.

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William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor.

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William Smith (Episcopal priest)

William Smith (September 7, 1727May 14, 1803) was an Episcopal priest who served as the first provost of the College of Philadelphia, which became the University of Pennsylvania.

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William Wollaston

William Wollaston (26 March 165929 October 1724) was a school teacher, Church of England priest, scholar of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, theologian, and a major Enlightenment era English philosopher.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Wyandot people

The Wyandot people (also Wyandotte, Wendat, Waⁿdát, or Huron) are Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands of North America, and speakers of an Iroquoian language, Wyandot.

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Yale University

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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1800 United States presidential election

The 1800 United States presidential election was the fourth quadrennial presidential election.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment

Also known as American Enlightnment, Enlightenment in America.

, Freedom of religion, Freedom of religion in the United States, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, George Mason, George Washington, Georgian architecture, Gordon S. Wood, Gothic architecture, Gothic Revival architecture, Harvard University, Henry F. May, Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, Individualism, Isaac Newton, Ithiel Town, J. G. A. Pocock, Jack P. Greene, Jack Pole, James Harrington (author), James MacGregor Burns, James Madison, James Wilson (Founding Father), Jane Colden, Jared Eliot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jefferson Bible, Jeremiah Dummer, John Adams, John Locke, John Milton, John Trenchard (writer), John Witherspoon, Jonathan Edwards (theologian), Joseph Addison, Joseph Priestley, Leopold von Ranke, Liberal democracy, Liberalism, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Martin E. Marty, Mathematics, Michel de Montaigne, Montesquieu, Natural rights and legal rights, New Haven, Connecticut, Nicolaus Copernicus, Noah Webster, Non-denominational, Obscurantism, Philadelphia, Philip Dray, Philosophes, Philosophy, Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Princeton University, Project Gutenberg, Puritans, Religious views of George Washington, Republicanism, Republicanism in the United States, Richard Steele, Robert Boyle, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Johnson (American educator), Samuel von Pufendorf, Science, Scottish Enlightenment, Second Continental Congress, Secular state, Self-evidence, Separation of church and state, The Age of Reason, The History of England (Hume book), The Law of Nations, The Machiavellian Moment, The Religion of Nature Delineated, The Spectator (1711), The Spirit of Law, Theology, Thirteen Colonies, Thomas Clap, Thomas Gordon (writer), Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Trinity Church on the Green, Two Treatises of Government, Unitarianism, United States Declaration of Independence, University of Pennsylvania, Virginia Declaration of Rights, Voltaire, Wigwam, William Blackstone, William Shakespeare, William Smith (Episcopal priest), William Wollaston, World War II, Wyandot people, Yale University, 1800 United States presidential election.